Liu Chunsheng: two thousand years of hollow phantom

Two thousand years of hollow phantom

Liu Chunsheng

The hollow money is a kind of ancient overwhelming money. The money is also known as spending money from the hollow money. The hollow craftsmanship has already been in ancient times, especially as the jade wall of rituals. It reached its peak in the war of the Han Dynasty. This was the aesthetic taste of the ancients at that time. The art popularity has always been influenced and penetrated by each other. Therefore, the sorrowful money of the past has also followed the flow, and the hollow money appeared. The earliest hollowout has appeared in the Han Dynasty.

Although the hollow money is attributed to overwhelming money, there are still differences between them. First of all, its shape does not have other types of overwhelming money closer to ancient money. For example, the winning money is mostly outer circle, and there are many texts. The hollow money does not have the above two conditions (only very few exceptions, which are non -mainstream).

From this perspective, it is more appropriate to say that it is an ancient money -shaped jewelry. Therefore, the definition of hollowingouts refers to the ancient money -shaped ornaments that are used by metal in ancient China and the auspicious content of the auspicious content of the hollow process.

Golden

Historically, the monograph on research on hollow money has not been recorded so far. Only words are scattered in various coins. Earlier is the "Quanzhi" written by Hong Zun in the 19th year of Shaoxing. In the gods of Volume 14, a "light shadow money" is described and attached to the picture. "Right light shadow money, Dong Mingji said: When Emperor Hanwu was promoted to the platform, he looked at the southern end, and there were three green ducks. The Japanese color was dark, and the green duck turned into a three child. Before a few times, the body was photographed, and the name was light. "

Han Shuanglong Pisces Shuangyu Money

This is of course a beautiful legend, but it can be seen that the so -called light shadow money is to say that when the figure is shaking, the shadow that passes through the money is also shaking, which is in line with the characteristics of hollow money. This is a story that the ancients described the hollow money earlier. They were a little mysterious. Hong Zun also included it into the head of the gods.

The "Cave Holdings" quoted by Hong's, the author Guo Xian (Guo Ziheng) is the Eastern Han Dynasty. Different wind and soil production. Although he is mostly legendary, legends and myths also come from life, not all of the creation of unprecedentedly. Based on this, it can be said that at least the Eastern Han Dynasty had hollow money. This has been confirmed by physical materials.

During the Daoguang people, the ancient money collection everyone Liu Xihai (Yan Ting) read Quan Zhi, and wrote a poem to wins the money: "Hua Lou Sanque Bath Pisces, Feng Wu Dragon Xiang Miao Yingshu, the water onside the water , Yunzhong's Pavilion is hollowed out. "The last sentence in the poem refers to the hollow money of the pavilion in Yunnan.

Han Fisherman's Eagle Money

Some people are also called "exquisite money". For example, Wang Xizheng, who was in Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, listed four types of hollow money in his "Spring Examination", which were called "double cranes soaring" and "two birds. "" Two Lions Drama "," Lin Feng Chengxiang ". He also pointed out: "The above hollow money ... vulgar and exquisite money, also known as spending money, is named because the two sides are transparent." The income in the book is 38 products.

The main feature of hollow money is the expression of its hollow process. Hollowout is a common manifestation of traditional Chinese sculpture technology. It first appeared in jade and affects the art forms produced in the future, such as paper -cutting, shadow, assorted windows in buildings, and transparent carvings in traditional furniture. The hollow money is the artistic expression of traditional Chinese hollow craftsmanship, which is unique in expressing the traditional Chinese auspicious patterns.

The connection between hollow money and overwhelming money should be traced back to the source of their occurrence -Shang Zhou to the Warring States Period. They follow two development routes.

Song Longhu pays for money

The former took the road of jade, and wearing Guo is round. This kind of money is more common. This is a vein with the jade and jade in the war of the Han Dynasty. There are some hollow money with beads in the side wheel, which can even be regarded as the final rhyme that is popular in the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty Jade Valley pattern. Until the Qing Dynasty and even the Republic of China, the hollow costs of circularly wearables were still casting and circulating.

Jingzhou Xiongjiazuka King Tomb unearthed from jade network information

Nanyue King Tomb Museum Collection Jade Tale Online Information

Xuzhou Museum Collection Jade Ware Network Information

The latter uses the shape of Fang Kong money as a carrier. As early as Fang Kong Qian's childhood, it was generated, such as the half of the money with auspicious language. Later, the five baht money and the fifty dollars of the five baht and Xin Mang Daquan appeared more with auspiciousness and patterns over the money. Fang Kong spent money for more than 2,000 years. Production.

Song Linfeng

Most of the hollow money is circular, and early products are bronze casting. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, brass casting became the mainstream. Bian Guo and Guo Guo with hollowed money have three rounds, two -wheeled and single -wheel wheels, and there are also single and two -wheeled interior. Generally speaking, the variety of the same pattern, which is worn earlier than the circle, Fang Fang, Fang Fang, Fang Fang Wearing more rare. Those who are younger than the rotation; those who have beads are earlier than those who have no beads (there are also special examples); perforation is mostly rounded, and the same decorations are generally cast on both sides. Except for patterns and texts, , It should have the external characteristics of coins.

Some hollow money is more characteristic of hanging ornaments. Generally, hanging hanging on the round money body. These hanging shapes are almost the same as the variety of entities such as auspicious and Buddhist Taoism, which are almost the same. However, it is more convenient to combine the two molds, so that these hollow money is used as a weip.

Songqun chicken money

In the casting of money, it is common to combine various molds of different contents to produce new varieties. Of course, the content of the performance must be generally consistent, at least inner connections. Most of the hollow money patterns are the same on both sides, just like the coordinated money in the ancient coins, but there is also an interesting phenomenon. Some of the patterns on both sides are different. Embroidery, this kind of money is generally exquisitely cast, and the age is earlier, and it is rare after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Compared with other spending money, the hollow money is more symbolic, especially the varieties of flower patterns. There is a pattern like flowers like grass and dragons. Contact. The content of a lot of varieties seems to be, not, and the information they want to convey has not been deciphered so far, and the mystery needs to be discovered.

Golden Money

As far as the current discovery is concerned, most of the hollow money is auspicious things, the picture must be intentional and the meaning must be auspicious. There are almost no spells, monsters and other content. People are worn on their chests and waists; or hang them on a certain occasion to pray for Taiping Fushou, avoid evil disasters, seek wealth, and congratulate for a century.

And because the double phoenix, Shuanglong, dragon and phoenix, Pisces, etc. in such hollow money are mostly used for weddings, some people also call the hollow money of such subjects as accounts sprinkler. The theme of hollowing out costs is rich and colorful, mainly: character stories, plants, plants, animals, pavilions, etc.

There are dragons, phoenixes, poultry, and fish common in animal themes, tigers, lions, sheep, chickens, rabbits, deer, etc. among the beasts.

Dragon is the first of the four spirits in ancient Chinese legends, so the theme of the dragon is the most common in hollow money. The first hollow money with the dragon as the protagonist was the first dragon in the Han Dynasty. The style of the jade was imitated. Only the form of the dragon head is portrayed, and both the body and the dragon claw are extremely refined. It is the same as that of the "Han Bao".

Tang Tuanlong Qian

The earlier varieties seen in Shuanglong hollow money were Shuanglonglong, the two dragon tails kissed upwards, Prime Minister was right, and there were flame beads between the two dragons. The shape is simple, the proportion is appropriate, the paste is dark, and there are a bit of the forest. This type is the early Shuanglong variety, which can be traced back to the Sui and Tang dynasties. The five generations to the Song Dynasty were still cast.

Song Fang wears Shuanglong money

Song Yuan wears Shuanglong money

The form of Shuanglong has undergone major changes in Liaoning and Jin, from the two dragons to the first and tails. This form is maintained until there is no major change in the Qing Dynasty. In the early days of rear -tail dragons, the money was thick and heavy, wearing Guo Yuanhun, a fine copper, in the dragon cloud, as a teeth dancing claw -like, the horns, Lin, and mane are all domineering.

Liaoyuan wearing Shuanglong money

Liaoyuan wearing Shuanglong money

Golden Fang wears Shuanglong money

Golden Fang wears Shuanglong money

Jinshui pattern Guo Dulong money

During the Liao and Jin dynasties, the double dragon hollow money worn by a variety of squares was a rare product in the theme of Shuanglong. Its shape is graceful and luxurious, with smooth lines and lifelike.

There is a large -scale large -scale large -scale hollow money in the Ming Dynasty. Its bronze is excellent, the money is large and heavy, and Shuanglong has unique shapes. It has the charm of Mingguan Kiln porcelain and the brocade of the brocade in the palace. There is only my own respect, and it is impossible to live. The two sides of the money are painted with cinnabar, which is a rare product in the palace or aristocratic supplies.

Ming cinnabar Shuanglong money

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the double dragon in the hollowedout also became the end, and the image of the dragon was dull and angry. Not like dragons like "insects", and dragon's pimple like a council, so some people name this type of double dragon drama "spring dragon", which is very vivid and appropriate. It seems that the feudal system for more than 2,000 years will be the omen. Although there was a type of double dragon hollow in the Qing Dynasty, a circle of "life" was cast on its wide edge. It seemed to be singing an song for the Qing Dynasty, but history was not transferred by people's will after all.

Song Feng wears lotus money

Feng is also one of the ancient Chinese four spirits. The hollow money variety of Shuangfeng theme is less than the theme of Shuanglong. The earliest seeing Shuangfeng was hollowed out in the Tang and Song dynasties. The peony was the most common form in the theme of Shuangfeng. The rare products in the theme of Shuangfeng were Fang Yian Shuangfeng during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. Bian Guo brought a variety of varieties with carved flowers and different patterns on both sides.

Yuan Shuangfeng hollow money

One of Shuangfeng Qian came from Yunnan, and some people said that they were double peacocks. Yunnan is the hometown of peacocks, where the ancestors combined with the image of the peacock with the coins are no longer appropriate.

Song Shuangfeng Qian

The early version of Shuangfeng hollow money can be traced back to Song, and there are still casting in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is very common to cast large spans in large spans. Because of its elegant composition and loved by people, it has been cast after the Song Dynasty, and so far, the pseudo -products are endless. In the early version, Guo Zhu's circle was clear and deep, the casting was fine, the density of copper was large, and the hand felt. The late version of the bead circle is a paste, and the lines of the peacock and the tail are not clear, and the money has become thinner.

From the Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hollow money of Shuangfeng theme has never stopped. Some of the double phoenixes in the composition are full, some are slender; some are complicated and graceful, some are simple and ethereal, some are realistic, some exaggerated.

Song Shuangshi money wears money

Song Shuangshi Tompering money

Double lions are also a large sectarian money. The lion occupies an important position in traditional Chinese culture, auspiciousness and mighty. Among the folk lion dance, the so -called "hydrangea" held by the Lion is also a spherical material composed of several money -shaped shapes. Perhaps hollow money also absorbs such a picture. Therefore, some people call the hollow money of this subject as "double lion drama hydrangea", which is generally two cute and lively little lions chasing two "money". Seeing large and small, large and rare, the image of the lion is more pattern; the small and vivid, lively and cute. There are casting from Song, Liao Jin to Yuanming. Deer Homing "Lu", also said that deer is a long -lived fairy mount, so it is more performed in the hollow money. It is generally common in the form of double deer. It is usually decorated with auspicious grass and looks beautiful.

Song Shuanglu Money

Looking back at the deer, a small deer on both sides of this money jumping in auspicious grass. The moment of this money was very vivid and vivid. It is a high -quality boutique in hollowed out. The image of the little deer in this money is different, and the shape is different. It is one of the characteristics of early hollowing out. The casting of this hollow money should be from the late Tang Dynasty to Song, and there are very few in the world.

The double -deer hollow money is rare, and it is rare. It has been cast into Song Zhiming in the age. Bian Guo has a single round and two wheels, and there are also triple rounds.

Louge money is another outstanding representative of Yunnan's hollow money. The age is the same as peacock money. Divided into size, square wear, fine complex mattresses and minimalist freehand several types, the casting is fine! Among them, small versions and rounds are rare.

Song Lou Ge Money

The hollow money in the first month of the flowers is also a specialty in Yunnan. In the first month of the flowers, the scene of the heavenly alliance shows the vows and desires of young men and women for love. There are many modern fakes. The main points of identification are that the fakes are usually thick, the lines are rough, and there are no unique paste of the lane or handed down.

Song Chaotuan Guili Money

There is also a "champion return" story money produced in the Yunnan area, which is rare in the world. The champion of the top of the high school list, riding a high -headed Malaysia to return to the countryside, is the so -called "spring breeze proud horseshoe disease". There is an old man in the pavilion to look at the window, hoping to return. There are little crickets in front of the horse, and there is a Ruizer who reported good news before traveling. The whole picture is festive and peaceful, and it is a rare variety in hollowed money.

There is also a product similar to this hollow money. The picture is a woman and a man, which seems to be a scene of performance. If so, it is likely to be the first half of the story of the "No. 1 Guide" story, which shows the scene of the mother's sending a child to study, and the "No. 1 Yuan Guili" is a well -known ending. Tell a story with two money, which is unique in hollow money or even all of all the money. It can also be said to be the "set of money" in the hollow money.

There is also a pattern of several individuals who handle the hollow money from Yunnan, and its meaning has not been answered. Recent investigations, in the ancient Yunnan cultural relics in Yunnan, there is often a circular bronze jewelry. Many people are decorated with the outer edge to make a circle of decorations. The meaning of this composition has now been solved.

Song dance money

There is also a variety of mouse themes in the hollow money, which is based on the legend of "mouse stealing oil" by the people. The folk songs include: "Little mice, on the lamp, stealing oil, and not getting down." This kind of hollow money for this kind of mouse theme is a moment when the mouse steals oil. The meticulousness, especially its cunning and greedy expression, is unbearable.

Song Ruizi stealing oil money

Folk customs, the 25th of the first month of the lunar calendar is the "Filling Festival", which is the day. It is said that the lights are not allowed that night, and the mouse will marry a daughter on that night.

Tang Yan dance money

There is also a variety of rabbits in the hollow money. There are four rabbits and five rabbits. Before the age, it was also a rare variety in the hollow money. The animal theme in the hollow money is a variety of 12 zodiac signs. Its use may be related to the zodiac avoiding evil.

Song Yang Xiaoqian

There is a double mermaid in the hollow character story. For the connotation, most people think that a pair of men and women will step down a fish, showing the fun of labor or life. However, if you do n’t observe the clear version, you will find that the dress of the two characters is more like a soldier's armor, and the two people's hands are more like shields. Therefore, I think this hollow money shows the scene of war. The two soldiers with armor represent the two sides of Chu and Han, and the better thing is to represent the river or river. Named "Chu and Han Fight". As for whether it is accurate, the Fang family must be judged.

Another is a woman and a master of fish. Some say that women are in catfish, and some say they show the lives of fishermen, but they all feel that they are not very appropriate. In the former, how can the women's kitchen be able to perform well, and why do they only capture catfish alone? The latter is more suitable for fisherman's life. Therefore, the connotation of this money is still a mystery that needs to be cracked. The ancients often associate fish and sex, so is the hollow money of this plump woman and Shuo fish connected with expressive sex?

Liao Gao relief Pisces money

Song Siyu Money

Yuan Pisces Money

One type of hollow money is the subject of fish -themed theme. Most of them are Pisces, there are also three fish, four fish, etc., the size is available, the smallest is two cm, and the larger ones are 5-6 cm. Fish is metaphorically sex in the early Chinese culture. Both sex is happy, and fish and water are happy. Later, the homophonic evolved into richness and wealth. Wealth is the common hope of human beings. Therefore, after Liaoning and gold, the theme of fish is common in copper mirrors, money and other decorative patterns, and it is not fresh in hollowed money. However, fish is still a relatively rare variety in the hollow family.

The largest family of hollow money is flower money, and the theme of the performance is various flowers and plants. The title of "spend money" also stems from this. Almost all the auspicious plant flowers in the concept of traditional Chinese culture such as peony, chrysanthemums, peach blossoms, lotus flowers, honeysuckle, plum blossoms, etc., can be found almost in the hollow. From Wei, Jin to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the casting period continued.

The earlier was the lotus, which had nothing to do with the Buddhist prosperity during the Han and Wei dynasties. There is a large and exquisite flower hollowed money, which is parallel to three -hole, which is the product of the gold and Yuan period. It is relatively rare. The late version is found in the early Qing Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. Copper was bronze and brass.

Song Lian's money

There are several unknown meanings in hollow money, a steering wheel that is very like a modern car; a rudder wheel like a ship. One is arranged for five ingots around perforation. They are mostly from the hometown of Khitan. The form is obviously affected by the grassland culture. The former is very like the expansion of decisive wear. The folk patterns often enlarge the four corners to Bian Guo and use this as the graphic of the coin. One of the rudder may also have the shadow of the transit Falun in Buddhism. What is the meaning of one like five ingots? There is no reasonable explanation so far. They should be Liao to Yuanming things.

Like other money, the casting of hollow money is also divided into official furnaces and civil furnaces. Some large and exquisite and copper -density hollow money should be from the official furnace. Some large and exquisite Shuanglong money may also be palace money. Since the hollow money is used to pray for blessings, both courts and people have the need for use.

There are reports unearthed in the tomb. A few years ago, a batch of things unearthed from Lositawu Hall in Hunan, with copper dogs and hollowed out money (Shuanglong money). Archaeological data says: "Turkish Tima sacrifice". At the same time, there are other sacrifice products unearthed. It is estimated that this hollow money should also have the same (sacrifice) function. But this is just an isolated case, and it cannot be determined that the hollow money has the function of this aspect. Maybe this hollow money is only temporarily arrested and part -time.

Song Sida a lot of money

According to what we are seeing, we can roughly divide the ancient Chinese hollow money into several stages:

Han, Tang, and Five Dynasties are the occurrence and development period of hollow money;

Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan are the heyday of hollow money;

Ming and Qing are the decline of hollow money.

The hollow money has been loved by the officials and the people from the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Yuan and the Qing Dynasty, and became one of the people and the people. In fact, now people call money to win money as "spend money", and the word "spend money" first refers to hollow money.

According to a large number of hollow money that has been handed down and unearthed, some unique rules can be summarized, such as: early hollow money is small, such as the Han and Tang dynasties (early Tang). Too small money) less casting big money. From the beginning of the late Tang and the fifth generation, there have been more money. During the Song Dynasty, especially the Southern Song Dynasty, the government cast a lot of money, and it was naturally affected by it. The heavy varieties appeared during this period. This phenomenon shows that the size of the money spent is also affected by the use of coins to a certain extent.

Song Siqian

I have always paid attention to the casting process of hollow money. Once, I accidentally met someone to sell a hollowed out of the hollowed out of the hollow, and I bought it. It was exactly the same with the same double dragon hollow money in my hand to compare it in detail. After getting started, it was found that because the two sides of the hollow money were the same, this imperial double dragon money left a thin layer of "meat" in the part that should be hollowed out. The problem is that the hollow money has been "hollowed out" when the cast is completed, or did it become hollow after processing after being cast?

I specially asked for the casting expert, Mr. He Yu, a senior engineer. He said that from the perspective of craftsmanship, the hollow of the hollow money was formed after the casting, and it was not artificially hollowed out after the casting. However, after the casting, the burrs produced by the flowing copper were underclariced (of course, some of course have not been processed).

Give Lin'er money tomorrow

This opaque money is not a semi -finished product, it is a sub -product that does not meet the requirements of the process. Most of the hollow money we see now, the hollow parts can hardly see the burrs formed by the copper, all of which have been grinded. Even if the processing was not fine at the beginning, after many years of wearing rope hanging, it was blunt. Some fakes now do not look jerky and rough without post -processing and use. This is also one of the basis for falsification.

Song Xingguan Turtle Crane Qi Shou Qian

Due to the use of air -transparent techniques, the hollow money is visually beautiful and pleasing to the eye, which enhances the expression of the pattern. The objects expressed, whether it is flower and plants, etc., is more three -dimensional than flat semi -relief techniques. This is the first advantage of hollow money, and its expression has increased.

The second advantage of the hollow money is that it meets the convenient requirements of suspension. We can often see some people's perforations, especially some of the zodiac, Buddhist roads and monsters. This is a small hole that predecessors are hanging conveniently and drilled. However, although this artificial small hole provides hanging stools, it also destroys the integrity of money and damages the integrity of the pattern. Anyone who collects money knows that there are more good varieties with drilling holes. Because of the existence of holes, it affects the value of the cultural relics to a certain extent, and it also leaves regrets. In fact, it is a kind of destroy. Song Xingguan Turtle Crane Qi Shou Qian

However, the hollow money is more than one fell swoop. While improving the ornamental, it also provides convenience for the suspension. In addition, hollow money also saves raw materials. Copper is a more valuable metal and strategic materials. From this perspective, the hollow process does save the cost of casting. Due to the many advantages of the above, since the emergence of hollow money, production has not been interrupted since the emergence of the Han Dynasty, leaving a lot of excellent works for future generations.

Golden boy worship Guanyin money

The artistic expression of hollow money is strong, rich in connotation, and flexible creative techniques, which fully demonstrates the unique visual charm of traditional Chinese theme design patterns. The thoughts are delicate, delicate and complicated, and some are magnificent and magnificent. Both the composition design and the casting process have reached the stage of climbing the peak.

Song Shuangyang Shuangbi Money

The complexity and artistic achievements of its craftsmanship are not comparable to the text represented by currencies and money in currency and money. In this regard, the artistic position of hollowed out money should be spent in the family, which should spend a lot of money with artistic achievements.

Regarding the generation of hollow money, because they are rarely recorded in historical materials, compared with the use of money, the problem of the interrogation is much more difficult, and the hollow money in spending money is even more difficult. The non -hollow cost of spending money is different from the use of money and content, and its foreign Guo, shape, and money are nearly used for money. There is no doubt about the impact of the contemporary bank, so it can be compared with the money and money; but the hollow money can hardly have the above characteristics.

The so -called money shape is just because its size and shape are close to ancient coins, but in terms of mind, it may be just a brand for wearing or hanging, and there is no blood from ancient money. Therefore, it is even harder to start. Various hollow money with a wide range of cosmetics, which eras they are each expressed, have their own opinions, and it is difficult to reach consensus.

In fact, some of the relatively simple hollow money we see are much earlier than what we think. We can find the source from the existing varieties, because Dragon and Phoenix is ​​a common theme of ancient patterns, which can find some rules after comparison; and the flower themes are more complicated.

Song Siqiao Money

The collection of money and the collection of ancient coins have the same laws and elements, as well as their own unique laws and elements.

Like all artworks, the primary factor affecting its market price is artistic appeal, exquisiteness and scarcity. This is more prominent than using ancient coins. Its deep folk cultural connotation is the "living fossil" of the Chinese nation's traditional culture. Poetry, sincerely is the master of aesthetics!

After the appearance of a kind of money, due to the welcoming popularity of officials and the people, it can be continuously cast and spread for hundreds of years or even thousands of years. Such as the double dragon money in the hollow money, at least it appeared from the Tang Dynasty, until the Qing Dynasty and even the Republic of China were still being cast. Louge Qian generally believes that the Song Dynasty was available, and there were still turning casting in the Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty. This phenomenon can only be said to be early and late, and it is not based on authenticity. Generally speaking, in terms of exquisiteness and market price, the early version of spending money is better than the late version. The money collectors generally use the crew of the casting products and new contents after the Republic of China and the new imitation after the founding of the People's Republic of China. At present, these fakes are full of markets, and the money collectors and enthusiasts should be vigilant.

On May 11, 2006, the draft on February 12, 2017 was written in Beijing to ask Lu Xuan

Originally containing "Discovery" p. 96, the first edition of Writers Press in January 2014, the author has a little revision.

The picture is the author's collection.

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