The melodious bells on the top 13 of the Bund witnessed the development of Shanghai Customs Port Trade

On New Year's Day in 1928, the bells of Hongliang sounded in Shanghai. Following the direction of the bell, everyone's eyes gathered in the modern building No. 13, Bund, and it is the customs building.

Installing a large clock on the customs building is not only aesthetic, but also for navigation. The customs building used to be the highest building in Shanghai. The ship entered the port. At first glance, you could see the Customs Clock Tower and the bells. At the same time, it was also reported for the crew of various countries.

In the Bund's series of buildings, Bund No. 13 is neither the oldest nor the most unique, but the bells of the customs building contain the traces of time, witnessing the development and changes of Shanghai Customs Port and Trade.

Shanghai Customs Building

1 The "Hurd Times" of China Customs in China

The big bell on the Customs Clock on the Bund was once the "Asia's largest bell" and is still the iconic building in Shanghai. But this building is not the case at the beginning, it has undergone four generations of changes. The earliest Jiang Customs was in the old county of Shanghai. In 1853, the knife would occupy the Shanghai County. Wu Jianzhang, the supervisor of Shanghai Daotai and Jiang Customs, escaped into the concession. The town and Baihezhu set up temporary customs. In the end, due to the resistance and difficulties of foreign officials and merchants, the customs work was paused. Foreign invaders forced Wu Jianzhang to make no way, and planned "Customs quoting outsiders responsible for taxation."

On September 12, 1863, the British Hede was appointed by the Prime Minister of the Gate as the Jiang Customs Taxation Department, and also managed Hankou, Jiujiang, Zhenjiang and Ningbo Customs. On November 15 of the same year, because Lee Thailand signed "Li Ahe Tong" with the British Navy's Aris, he was removed by the Qing government's Prime Minister Yamen, and he was appointed by Hede. By 1908, Hurd returned to his vacation and left his vacation. He took charge of the Chinese customs for 47 years and became the longest person in charge of China's customs.

Shi Liangping (Counselor of the Shanghai Municipal People's Government): After Hurd managed the Chinese customs, he never had the data of the entire China ’s tariff import and export, and the data of the entire import and export trade of China. He introduced a system, which did modernize the statistics, inspections, taxes, and bills of the entire customs, which was very different from the previous period of the Qing government.

In the half -century of Hurid's in charge of the Chinese Customs, he transplanted the British financial system and rotation avoidance system, and also put administrative organizations, personnel management, and taxation specifications in a strict and unified system. From the aspects of the recruitment, promotion, and evaluation performance of the customs officers, Hurd introduced a modern management system for Chinese customs. The customs management system established by Hurd had a profound impact on the development of Shanghai's trade.

Clarify the power of the Department of Taxation

The Department of Taxation focuses on the exemption of customs administrative and personnel in various places in their hands, and implements vertical unified leadership on division and customs in various places.

Create a new personnel system

In order to manage the customs work and introduce the Western personnel management system in order to manage the customs work, the Department of Taxation has maximized the work efficiency of customs officers, which was more advanced at that time.

Create a new accounting system

Under the auspices of Jin Denggan, who had been strict accounting training, the customs accounting system made a series of reforms. This accounting system was hailed as a new state treasury system at the time.

Create a new statistical system

In 1864, the customs of various customs had compiled the statistics of different specifications. Since 1866, this work is concentrated in Shanghai, and in 1873, a trade booklet was established, responsible for printing the customs and annual reports of customs trade statistics, and compiling the general trade report.

Create an audit system

In order to strengthen the customs inspection of customs, under the General Taxation Department, the Inspection Division in charge of accounting is set up.

During his tenure, Hurd made the Chinese customs get rid of the disadvantages of chaotic and corruption before, and established a reasonable management system. Under his host, the Chinese customs had undergone tremendous changes, the customs' tax functions were fully exerted, and the tariff income of the Qing government increased year by year.

The Foreign Taxation Department introduced the rigorous, scientific, and reasonable civilian system into the Chinese customs management system, leading the journey of the standardization and rule of law of Shanghai's leading country.

2 The largest transportation hub in Shanghai from "Fiber Road" to Sixteen Shop Wharf

China was first established in 1685, when four customs were set up: Guangdong's Guangdong Customs, Xiamen in Xiamen, Zhejiang Customs in Ningbo, and Jiang Customs in Shanghai. After the opening of Shanghai, with the increase in freight, the trade volume of Shanghai Port has increased sharply, and Jiang Customs has become the largest source of tariffs in the Qing government.

In 1843, a group of British merchants followed their first consul, Bofful, to this strange city. At this time, the river bank of the Huangpu River was a natural beach. During the ebb, Jiang Shuiji was stagnant in the center of the river bed, exposing a large beach. During the tide, the river had never crossed the river beach. The Huangpu River is the main river in Shanghai. Due to the urgency of the river, the boat that walks against the water must be pulled away. For hundreds of years, the footprint of the fibrous husband has stepped on a twin -curved trail on the Huangpu River Beach. People call it the "fiber road". This fiber road is the earliest road of the Bund.

The west of the fiber road is farmland, and there is a small cottage between the stars. Seemingly deserted, but experience and intuition told these foreign merchants that this is a "beautiful jade" that has not been carved. After repeated negotiations with Shanghai Daotai, the eight foreign banks first settled out of the Bund.

Ship companies not only live in the central position in the Shanghai Shipping Industry, but also play the role of leaders. Once the Shanghai Shipping relied on artificially controlled sand ships. In the most developed, Shanghai Port had more than 5,000 sand ships. However, after the port was opened, the number of sand ships in Shanghai declined sharply with the squeezing of foreign ships. Xiong Yuezhi (researcher at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and a special professor of Fudan University): Western ships are motivated by machines, with a large load capacity, a relatively fast pass, and more places to be able to adapt. The wooden boats were affected, and many transportation profits were plundered by foreign countries.

The Western Minister led by Li Hongzhang founded a ship Investment Bureau to compete in the Chinese shipping industry to avoid all the benefits of shipping by foreigners.

Li Hongzhang appointed Tang Tingshu as the General Office of the Investment Council of the Ship, which is equivalent to the general manager. Tang Tingshu is a comprador from Shanghai Yihe Western Bank. Xu Run is a comprador from Baoshun Ocean. The two of them are not only strong in foreign languages, but also have a great appeal in the business community. In particular, Tang Tingshu is called "the first person in China."

From then on the ship Investment Bureau has started a new journey:

"Official Supervisor Office"

The "Shipping Merchants Public Bureau" was renamed the "General Administration of Merchants". The difference in the word changed the business policy of China Merchants Bureau.

Blood by the foreign bank price suppression

Relying on the coordination of officials and business, by relying on the bottom of the grain of 400,000 yuan per year, China Merchants and Merchants fought for three years of commercial warfare. By the end of 1876, the opponent almost reached the point where it was unprofitable. The initiator Qi Chang was a serious loss and the stocks plummeted. Qichang lost heavy losses, and could only sell all shiplifts, shrinking the ship business in China.

Hergeoning Qichang Shipping Company

With the banner of Li Zhongtang, with the support of the Nanyang Minister Shen Zhen, Sheng Xuanhuai miraculously made up 1 million paid in two months. The ship China Merchants acquired all the industries of the US -funded Qichang Shipping Corporation in one fell swoop, which caused a sensation in the entire shipping industry for a while. This is also the first time that Chinese companies have enrolled in a huge foreign enterprise through competition and acquisition. The shipping right of Jianghai.

After China Merchants acquired Qichang Wharf and the four docks, it was named Jinliyuan Wharf, also known as Nanzhang Wharf, and built 13 floating docks along Pudan. This is the predecessor of the sixteen shop pier. Later, due to the expansion of the China Merchants Bureau, a large -scale expansion of the Sixteen Shop Wharf has since become Shanghai's largest commercial center and transportation hub. The Bund in 1880 has a considerable scale, attracting gold rushists from all over the world. There are nearly 300 outer ships on the Huangpu River every day. These foreign ship companies inherit the routes of China's coast, the Yangtze River and even ocean.

3 Create the International Shipping Center from Bund to Yangshan Deepwater Port

After the reform and opening up, Shanghai's economic vitality began to burst out. Huangpujiang could no longer carry a new generation of container giant wheels, and the heavy task of shipping must be handed over to the sea. At the beginning of Pudong's development and opening up, in order to alleviate the urgency of international freight, the Shanghai Municipal Government decided to carry out the Yangtze River Walkway governance project and build a container terminal at Waigaoqiao.

In the mid -1990s, the main leaders of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government pioneered the bold ideas of "jumping out of Shanghai to see Shanghai" and built deep -water ports in the outside sea. After a series of exploration and inspection and preliminary analysis, it is believed that Yangshan Sea has obvious comprehensive advantages as the alternative port site of Shanghai's Shenshui Port.

Dai Angang (Professor of Fudan University): The port can be said to be the source of Shanghai's source. There are ports, then trade, cities, finance, and industry. Moreover, Shanghai's port has always paid forward with the times. For example, from Qinglong Port to Sixteen Shop, from Sixteen Panel to Waigaoqiao, from Outer Gaqiao to Yangshan Deep Water Port, its trajectory is closely following the world. Slouting pace. So some people now describe Shanghai Port to the sea from Shanghai, which is very vivid.

On June 26, 2002, the first pile of 32.5 kilometers of cross -sea bridge was launched. As a result, the construction of Yangshan Shenshui Port Wharf began.

During the first to fourth phase of Yangshan Port, the builders spent countless sleeping nights on the islands of this ocean.

December 2005

Construction on Xiaoyang Mountain Island has a berth of 1,600 meters long shoreline, 5 can stop at the fifth -generation and sixth -generation container ships and take into account the berths of the 8000 -standard box.

Build a 32.2 kilometer -long Luchao Port to the cross -sea bridge from the mountain island;

Construction of supporting infrastructure such as highways, substations, and water pipelines.

2006 Phase II

Follow the first phase of the project to the west, the pier shoreline is as long as 400 meters, and the construction of 40,000 to 100,000 tons of container is built. The total area of ​​land is about 888,300 square meters. The annual throughput of the container is 2.1 million standard boxes Essence

2008 third issue

There are 40,000-150,000 -ton container -specific berths. The design and approved annual throughput capacity is 2.8 million standard boxes. It was completed in June 2008 and officially put into trial operation.

Fourth Phase 2014

For the first time, an automated device and control system are adopted, and the computer control bridge crane is used to load and unload the container, and the unmanned automation guides the transport vehicle transportation container.

From the first period to the fourth phase, today's Yangshan Shashui Port is not only China's largest container port, but also the most comprehensive container port in the world. In 2021, the Shanghai Port container throughput exceeded 47 million standard boxes, ranking first in the world for 12 consecutive years; the international transit box throughput broke the 6 million standard box, an increase of about 13.4%year -on -year. This is the fifth consecutive time that the annual container throughput of the Shanghai -Hong Kong -Hong Kong annual container throughput is the fifth consecutive time in 2017 for the first time in the world. At the same time, in the past five years, the total amount of goods trade in Shanghai has exceeded the 10 trillion yuan mark for the first time, that is, from 7.92 trillion yuan in 2017 to 1021 trillion yuan.

In the past five years, the construction of the Shanghai International Shipping Center has always grown in fighting and waves, breaking the waves. The development index of the Xinhua Baltic International Shipping Center shows that the Shanghai International Shipping Center ranks third in the world for two consecutive years, becoming the world's recognized international shipping center after Singapore and London. As the hub that carries the two important functions of China Unicom's domestic and international markets, Shanghai Port has stabilized the largest port of the world's container through efficient and safe operation.

(Source: Jiefang Daily)

The Yangshan Bonded Port Area has become the core carrier of the construction of the Shanghai International Shipping Center. It is further improving various functions, promoting the prosperity of the shipping market, serving the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta and the Yangtze River Basin, and promoting China's foreign trade development.

The wheel of history rolled forward. From the Bund to the deep water port of Yangshan, the bells on the customs building continued to record the development of the Shanghai Customs Port and trade.

*Source of the article: Wang Shengqiao, editor -in -chief of "Shanghai Trade Centennial", has been deleted

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"Shanghai Centennial" series

Fudan University press

Publishing time: January 2022

Editor Liu Hong "Shanghai Commercial Centennial"

Editor Wang Shengqiao, "Hundred Years of Trade in Shanghai"

Editor -in -chief of Jiao Yan "Shanghai Retail Centennial"

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