Kunyun Fengyun ｜ Tea Horse Ancient Road: Ancient civilization of political, economic and cultural exchanges

From the south, the main producing area of ​​Yunnan is Pu'er City, passing through Dali Prefecture and Lijiang City, and entering Shangri -La into Lhasa, Tibet. For thousands of years, in the mountains and mountains in Yunnan, the gully horse ringing sounds endlessly. Countless horses gangs out of the "big channel" of political, economic, and cultural exchanges with a tough perseverance. Through the continuous peaks and crossed the endless rivers, this steep transportation road is the "tea horse road" as the world calls. "Tea Horse Ancient Road" and "Shangri -La" have become the two most influential brands in Yunnan today.

Trace

Fun in the Tang and Song dynasties in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the Malaysia bell sounded for thousands of years

Speaking of the history of the ancient tea, it can be traced back to the Han and Tang dynasties. The tea -horse ancient road originated from the tea -horse market in the ancient southwest of the southwest. It was prosperous in the Tang and Song dynasties.

In the lives of various ethnic groups, Tibetans regard tea as a necessity of "one day", but the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau area where the Tibetan lives does not produce tea. Coupled with Wencheng, Princess Jincheng and Princess Tubo, the political, economic, and culture of the Tang Dynasty and Tubo appeared and integrated. The customs of tea drinking in the Tang Dynasty were also introduced into Tubo and gradually became a social atmosphere. In order to transport the tea in Sichuan and Yunnan into the Tibetan area, and to enter the horses involved in Tibetan areas into the Mainland, a transportation line mainly based on tea trade, with the efforts of the Tibetan Chinese traders and gangs, in the support of the central government of all ages, the support of the central government of all ages. Under, it was opened.

The ancient tea and horse roads in history are not just one. It is a huge traffic network composed of many branches and lines with many branches and lines. Among them, the Sichuan -Tibet Line starts from Ya'an, Sichuan, and passes through Kangding, Batang and other places to Lhasa, Tibet. The Yunnan -Tibet Line starts from the main producing areas of Pu'er tea in Yunnan. Tibet, directly to Lhasa.

According to historical records, the ancient roads of the Yunnan -Tibet Tea Horse were formed in the Tang Dynasty. It was closely related to the expansion of the Tubo dynasty and the trade activities of Nanzhao. In 937 AD, Duan Siping established Dali State and became the most powerful feudal centralized rulers in Yunnan, and also promoted the local economic development. At that time, the trade between Tubo and the Dali State not only had no interruption, but instead expanded due to the establishment of a large market for the establishment of the Dali State and the Song Dynasty. Dali countries mainly transport crafts, armor, lacquerware and other crafts to the Mainland, as well as precious medicinal materials such as musk and bear bile, and obtained Chinese books, pupa, porcelain, Chinese medicinal materials, metal crafts, etc. from the Mainland. Tubo has obtained products for manufacturing agricultural and animal husbandry tools, knives, and tea, cloth, sugar and other products for the manufacture of agricultural and animal husbandry tools, knives.

In the late Northern Song Dynasty, some people (now Naxi) who lived in northwestern Yunnan (now Naxi) gradually formed forces in the Lijiang area, continuously expanded to the border between Tibetan areas, and opened up trade channels in the surrounding areas. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1382), some leaders were given the surname of Mu, and the following year, they were appointed as Lijiang Zhifu. Since then, after hundreds of years of commercial and trade transactions, the Naxim Tusi has developed the Yunnan -Tibetan board roads that have been used in war into a commercial channel based on transportation products.

In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1661), the court approved Tibet in the city of Beisheng (now Yongsheng). Historical records recorded that there were as many as 30,000 tea from Pu'er sold in Tibet at that time. The Qing government added a tea bureau in Pu'erfu and Simao Hall. Businessmen operate tea to lead the official "tea quotes". In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), it was approved to set up a tea barrier in Zhongdian City in 1688 (now Shangri -La). During the heyday, there were as many as tens of thousands of livestocks in the gangs. Since then, the trade between the tea -horse trails of the Yunnan and Tibetan line has developed rapidly.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng (AD 1729), the Qing government set up "Youle and Le" in Youle Mountain, the united soldiers' 500 defensive cottages, levied tea donations. At that time refined. In the first year of Qianlong (1736 AD), in view of the popularity of the abuse, the Qing government moved the same knowledge to Simao, and changed its name to Simao. Since then "Tea Yuan Sales" and prosperous.

From Daoguang to the early years of Guangxu (1821-1876 AD), Simao City Commercial Traveling gathers, more than a thousand Tibetan merchants each year traded in business, and some Indian business brigades were transported tea and lumin. It became a "tea business". India, Myanmar, Siam (now Thailand), Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia have businessmen who come and go between Xishuangbanna, Simao and Pu'er, forming an extremely prosperous tea horse business.

Mountain Bell Lingma Gang Lai (Photo Conferry of the Office of the Yunnan Provincial Local Chronicle Compilation Committee)

After the 1960s, especially in the nearly 10 years after the reform and opening up, Chama Ancient Road has been replaced by the National Highway of 214, 318, and 317, and is no longer as prosperous as before.

Inspect

30 years ago, the concept of the tea horse's ancient road was proposed 30 years ago

"Tea Horse Ancient Road" is not an ancient concept. In 1990, Mu Yanhong, a professor of Yunnan University and a well -known national culture research expert, led the organization. The six -person inspection team participated in Chen Baoya, Xu Yongtao, Li Xu, Wang Xiaosong, and Li Lin. The mysterious veil of the ancient road, and in the book "Dian, Tibetan Sichuan Grand Triangle Culture Exploration" published in 1992, was proposed for the first time to propose the concept of tea horse ancient road.

In the summer of 1990, Mu Yanhong and other six people took a team of horse gangs to go north from Zhongdian, Yunnan (now Shangri -La) to Changdu, Tibet, and then across Hengduan Mountain to Kangding in Sichuan, and finally returned to Zhongdian. They have to confirm the real existence of the ancient tea and horses and conduct some academic investigations along the way. They have undergone various unexpected tests this time, and they must face the danger of death at any time. In the caves of the deep mountains, under the steep rocks, a pile of white bones remind them of the difficulty of walking this road. In more than three months, they walked for more than 2,000 kilometers to cross dozens of large snowy mountains above 4700 meters above sea level. The language and culture made a systematic inspection, collected and recorded nearly one million words of information, took more than 3,000 documentary photos, recorded hundreds of folk stories and music tapes, and collected thousands of physical specimens.

Finally, they named the ancient road network on the Asian continent as the ancient road network with tea as the bond.

Dragon of the Chama Ancient Road (Figures of the Office of the Yunnan Provincial Local Chronicle Compilation Committee)

Six people, such as Mu Yanhong, published the first paper "On the Historical status of the Tea Horse Ancient Road" and the first monograph "Dian Tibetan Sichuan Grand Triangle Culture Exploration" in 1992. The name "Tea Horse Ancient Road" began to spread quickly in the literature. Six people, such as Mu Yanhong, were quickly called "the six gentlemen of the ancient roads of the tea horse" by the academic community.

witness

A corridor of politics, economic, and cultural exchanges

With the rise of modern transportation, although the tea -horse ancient road has lost its former status and function, it is a historical testimony of the formation process of the Chinese nation. As a precious historical and cultural heritage of Chinese multi -ethnic family today Hui, and over time, it has increasingly highlighted its meaning and value.

The tea -horse ancient road is like a huge net. The people of all ethnic groups in southwestern China have strengthened and communicated through this network, promoted the interaction, development and integration of politics, economy, and culture, and enhanced their emotions. The ancient road spread the tea culture of the Mainland to the vast Qinghai -Tibet Plateau, and entered a large number of mainland industrial and agricultural products to the Tibetan area, which further enriched the material life in Tibet. At the same time, the advanced craftsmanship, technology, and capable craftsmen in the Mainland also entered the area -involved area with the ancient roads, promoting the development of the economic and society of the Tibetan area. The tea -horse road has become a channel to promote regional economic and social development.

Camellia Ancient Road is also a "sky road" to promote national and regional cultural exchanges. The tea -horse ancient roads are through the snowy clouds of the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau, the western Sichuan Plateau, and the Hengduan Mountains organically connected the many different ethnic groups, different languages ​​and different customs, so that they can maintain their own characteristics, communicate with each other, and collaborate with each other, collaborate with each other, and collaborate with each other. develop. In particular, the trading activities of the ancient tea -horse road have become an important channel for the two major civilizations of Han and Tibetan, which promotes the communication of the Han and Tibetan nations and is close, united, and integrated in behavior, psychology, and emotion.

The jurisdiction of the Chama Ancient Road is located in the junction of the southwest of China and the Mainland in the Central Plains. Its expansion and the prosperity of the tea horse trade have promoted the stability and consolidation of the southwest of China. When all the routes that entered China during the Anti -Japanese War were intercepted, the ancient tea -horse trails via Tibet to India became the main international business channel in the middle and late southwest of the Anti -Japanese War. In order to check the supplies, the horse gang ran away, and the copper bell sounded through the valley.

Light

Ma Gang Town turned into a tourist destination

For thousands of years, the World Preface has replaced it, and the tea -horse ancient road has witnessed the changes in the history of Pu'er tea from beginning to end. Today's tea -horse ancient road no longer assumes the main responsibilities of the Yunnan -Tibet trade, but the cultural heritage and historical and cultural significance it contains are still sought after by future generations.

Today, near La City, La City, Lijiang Ancient City, Shaxi Ancient Town in Jianchuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnanyi in Xiangyun County, Naocoli Village in Pu'er City, etc., which were born in the ancient road of tea and horses, welcomed thousands of The town, which was lively because of the horses, has become a tourist destination with rich connotation today.

Naocoli Village in Ning'er County, Pu'er City was an important and busy post on the ancient road of the Pu'er Mansion. It has deep Pu'er tea culture, tea -horse ancient road culture and horse gang culture. According to legend, no matter from the black peacock, you can walk from the black peacock, or from Simao, and the gangsters who enter Beijing via Government Avenue will take a break at the Corri Malaysia store. The horse gangs in and out of the Rongfama shop must wet the river in front of the shop. The tiring or sleepy horse facing the cool river, he will shed tears, so he was named "Ma Cry." Seeing the horse as a life of Ma Guotou went to the official government several times, the government then the wishes of Ma Guotou, built a "wind and rain bridge" with a length of more than 20 meters and a specification of five grids. Nacoli ".

The beautiful villages in the country are preserved with a relatively good tea-horse ancient road site (Chuncheng Evening News-Kaiping Journalist Zhang Tong)

As the sound of the copper bell hoof gradually drifted, the tea trade of Curi Village slowly faded out of the public vision. In order to reproduce the prosperity and prosperity of the year of Nacoli Tea Horse Station, Ning'er County is characterized by the tea -horse ancient roads, horse gangs, and ethnic minorities. 4.377 kilometers of tea and horse ancient roads resumed construction; 17 landscape tourist attractions such as the solid tree Lianxinxinqiao, the station square, the saddle people bridge, the saddle and rain bridge, the saddle suspension bridge, the horse palm shop, and the Tongxin Pavilion. Today, walking in Naocari Village, tea horse ancient roads, Rongfa horse shops, wind and rain bridge, and many relics and relics such as horses lamps, horse drinks and stone troughs used by horse gangs, are watching the thousands of years on the ancient roads on the ancient road quietly. Vicissitudes. Tea Horse Ancient Road is from south to north, passing through many ancient towns in Yunnan, and located in Shaxi Ancient Town in Jianchuan County, Dali Prefecture. Due to its rich products and convenient transportation, rice, salt, sesame oil, dairy products, daily necessities have everything. Shaxi naturally becomes an indispensable post on the ancient lane of the tea horse. In 2001, the Shaxi (Temple) area was selected as a list of endangered architectural protection lists in the world. It was known as the "only surviving ancient market market on the ancient road of the tea horse" and began to return to the eyes of the world again.

Although Shaxi's prosperity has faded, it still retains history and culture. Strolling in the ancient town, the peaceful and peaceful atmosphere makes people can't help slowing down, it is the first feeling it gives people. The old buildings that have been vicissitudes everywhere contain a historical and cultural atmosphere. Ancient theater, Siden Street, and Yujin Bridge located on the east of the ancient town have witnessed historical changes in the ancient town of Shaxi.

In 2020, the Southern Silk Road Branch of the National Fangzhi Pavilion officially settled in the ancient city of Jianchuan, Dali. At present, the construction of the first phase of the project has been completed, and the Chama Ancient Taoist Museum of Shaxi Ancient Town is one of them. The museum is divided into four chapters of "the song of time and space stretching the ancient road", "the song of the lively bitter travel life", "the outline of green gold trade", "the light of the beauty of the United States and the United States".

Nowadays, you can not only experience the peaceful tranquility of the millennium ancient town, but also experience the spirit of horse gang life and cultural spirit in the Chama Ancient Road Pavilion.

【View of Youth】

It's like a bridge

Undertake the future of history

If it wasn't for this trace, I wouldn't know the name "Tea Horse Ancient Road" with only 30 years of history, let alone what kind of ancient road it was.

When I first met the "Tea Horse Ancient Road", I was still in my childhood. At that time, I only knew that it was a road to "walk" with a horse to transport tea. Real contact with the "Tea Horse Ancient Road" was a trip to college and classmates when I was in college. We went to Shaxi Ancient Town. In memory, Yujin Bridge outside the ancient town is very suitable for taking pictures. If some villagers take the horse, it is a beautiful picture. The ancient town is quiet, quiet to unimaginable the lively scene. Traveling is always in a hurry, and the history of the Chama Station failed to fully feel the long history of the Chama Station in the punch -in -type play.

The work of the reporter has allowed me to have a lot of tea and horses. In the explanation of local tour guides, I have more understanding of the tea horse's ancient road, and I have a different feeling for the horse gangs who have been walking in the mountains. With the local government's tourism development in the Village of Naci in recent years, tourists can glimpse old objects such as horse lamps and stone grooves used by horse gangs and stables.

The former tea horse road has been loaded in history. Today, although it no longer assumes the responsibility of traffic exchanges, it is well known to future generations with its deep cultural and historical heritage. The ancient towns and ancient villages along the way also became tourist attractions because of it. I can't help but sigh that since its birth, the ancient road has been driving the economic and social development of towns along the way. It is like a bridge, undertaking history, connecting the future.

Luo Zongwei is 27 years old

Spring City Evening News-Kaiping Journalist Luo Zongwei

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