Ren Jie: Types of Literary Criticism Direction and Paradics Evolution

Abstract: Since the 21st century, the criticism of literary criticism has become a phenomenon. Criticism, while revealing the disadvantages of literary criticism itself, also reflects the differences in the concept of critics, and also shows the contradictions and conflicts between different types of criticism. It is of course necessary to criticize contemporary literary criticisms based on the general principles of value concepts, ethics, and ideological stances, but it should also be noticed that different types of criticism of criticism, pointing and functional differences should also be noted. In the era of electronic media that had undergone huge changes in literary production methods, there were many new forms of literary criticism, facing new challenges, and different criticisms of mutual learning as the development of literary criticism development.

Keywords: literary criticism types point to paradigm evolution electronic media

Author: Ren Jie, a doctoral student at the School of Literature and Journalism of Sichuan University (Chengdu 610207).

Source: "Chinese Literature Critical" 2022, Issue 2 P182 — P188

Editor in charge: Ma Zheng

Literary criticism is an indispensable part of literary activities, as Torodolov pointed out, "Criticism is not an external attach to literature but an indispensable side of literature." All truths. " Literary criticism has played a vital role in promoting and constructing in the development of literature. In contemporary literature, if there is no guidance and promotion of literary criticism, there will be no new period of literature in the new era, and there will be no update iteration of various literary trends. Literary criticism not only has a kind of live and instantaneous, but also the basic work of literary research and literary history.

In the 1990s, with the rapid progress of the Chinese marketization process, literature gradually lost its light in the social trend full of business atmosphere. This is especially true of literary criticism. While professionalism and college, it also flows to the edge of social life. It is difficult to have a sensational effect. What's more noteworthy is that the interior of the literary criticism is still in the argument and confrontation of various discourse systems, which has produced huge division, which greatly reduces the power to face and intervene in the literary world. After entering the 21st century, due to the further changes in the social environment and the media, the various "crisis", "dilemma" and "disadvantages" of literary criticism have repeatedly become the focus of the literary world. Not only that, literary criticism has become the object of "criticism" on another level.

When criticism and even criticism of literature and criticism have become a contemporary trend, what we need to think about should not just make literary criticism achieve an ideal state of true true state, but we need to explore the essence of the problem through this phenomenon. In fact, many thesexes have discussed this when criticizing contemporary literature criticism, but perhaps because I want to "issue orders" too much about literary criticism, they have lost a calm and calm look. , Insufficient analysis. By sorting out the criticism and specific direction of criticism criticism since the 21st century, clarify the entanglement and disputes of different discourse systems during the period, it is not difficult to see that in addition to the revelation of the disadvantages of criticism itself, it also reflects the differences of critics' criticism of concepts. Show the contradictions and conflicts between different criticism type/paradigm.

How can literary criticism be criticized

Obviously, the literary criticism since the 21st century has been declining, but this does not mean that the number of critics and the decline in the production of literary criticism are actually the opposite. Articles are far better than in the past. However, from the perspective of the context of the entire society, the influence of literary criticism is much worse than before. In the era of "loss" of literature, literary criticism was also struggling in the micro -in -form. To some extent, it can be said that it is because of the literary criticism of Rong Guang no longer that the critics will be confused and anxious, and in anxiety against criticism itself, and re -establish the value and standard of criticism in the way of "self -criticism".

Despite the impact of changes in objective environment, in the perspective of critics of contemporary literature criticism, criticism itself has many "diseases", so contemporary literary criticisms that tend to "decline" should of course be "criticized". In summary, the criticism of contemporary literature criticism is basically concentrated in the following two major aspects. First of all, the criticism of critics. Many themers believe that under the immersion of marketization, critics have lost their "original intention" when they are engaged in literary criticism. "The situation is common. Coupled with the help of the media, the style of literary criticism is prevailing. In this way, criticism has lost its own value and the significance of its due significance, and it has a wrong guidance for literary reading, destroying the overall literary ecology. Even literary criticism "not only loses the ability to deal with society and the times, but also loses its own independence and critical function." Therefore, some critics are distressedly that "the" comment 'of Ah Bing "has covered the earth, but it is difficult to find the" criticism "of pursuing truth and conscience." The loss of the bottom line of criticism directly leads to the decline of literary criticism. How to return and how to reshape an true criticism of criticism has become a problem in contemporary literary criticism.

The second is criticism of criticism methods and concepts. Why do you criticize? How to criticize? What is the theory in literary criticism? These issues have always attracted much attention in the literary criticism of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign. Because the number of literary creation since the 21st century and the drama of the literary environment, the concepts and methods of literary criticism have been continuously proliferated in keeping "old" and "new". Unprecedented division. This is clearly reflected in different critics' dissatisfaction with contemporary literary criticism and methods. For example, some people refer to a large number of contemporary literary criticisms. Essence Some scholars have pointed out that contemporary literary criticism generally lacks a history of literary history, which leads to "high hats" flying in the judge work. For more discussion, the biggest problem of contemporary literature criticism is the lack of self -closure and criticism, mainly manifested as blindly applying western theory, indulge in the internal analysis of text, and split the relationship between literature and society. These disadvantages are often regarded as the "patent" criticism of "colleges". Critics believe that in the college system, the critics in order to make the literary criticism of the label of the "simple and easy operation" label show the academic content, and they often rotate among various theories, trying to enhance the academic academic academic academics through theoreticalization. Character. Indeed, through the theoretical candle photos, criticism showed a strong explanatory power. The hidden structure, gaps, prototypes, and subconscious hidden in the text have been identified, and the meaning of literature is constantly expanding and extending.在这一过程中，文本似乎已不再重要，理论的运用与阐释成为批评的终极追求，于是更多的问题也随之出现：“当批评不再指向具体文本或者不再进行艺术批评，而When a lot of theoretical doctrines and concepts of theoretical doctrine, criticisms have become higher and deeper, and even far away from the literary circle. "Due to the new and different from the theory, literary criticism is more" academic ", but also at the same time as" academicity ". The carnival that can almost become conceptual can be referred to. The relationship between the text and the real world that the text and the real world that have been revealed in criticism have long been tied up. Critics are throwing behind. "

There is no doubt that the above -mentioned criticism of contemporary literature is not targeted, but has many factual basis. Many of the disadvantages and deficiencies of contemporary criticism referred to by many criticism opinions are indeed reasonable. However, as the discussion, the "criticism" of these critical phenomena is legal and reasonable, and it can even be said to be "Ken Zhongyuan", but it is with many of the many remarks that criticize the current literary creation. Similarly, they are all invalid -constantly being produced and constantly forgotten. "In other words, the" pathogenic "of contemporary literature criticism only shows and describes or describes, or" orders "that are high -end. No help. How to improve literary criticism through criticism is a question worth continuing to think. So how to treat and criticize criticism is extremely important.

In fact, most people who criticize contemporary literature criticism are critics, and critics that critics and protests are not just the disadvantages of contemporary literature criticism themselves, but also fundamental criticism and conceptual concepts. difference. A typical example is the debate on how to evaluate contemporary literature by the "garbage theory" of overseas sinologist Gu Bin. In this argument, critics represented by Chen Xiaoming and Wu Yinqin believe that "Chinese literature has reached unprecedented unprecedentedly unprecedentedly unprecedented "Heights", and critics such as Xiao Ying and Wang Binbin believe that "current Chinese literature is in a very low state -the low valley that should not be available." Between the "singing" and "singing decline" of contemporary literature, we can see how huge differences in the concept of criticism of different critics. When critics measuring the standards of contemporary literature are inconsistent, their criticism of contemporary literature criticism naturally also point out.

In the face of criticism of criticism, we often feel such doubts: Is there a perfect criticism that is not "criticized"? From this questioning, if you only look at the criticism itself, the critical criticism is related to the differences in the differences between the problems and the differences in the concept of criticism, and there are also contradictions and conflicts between different types of criticism. The type of criticism can be an issue that can be explained because specific criticism of criticism is more inclined to judge contemporary literary criticism from macro dimensions such as criticism standards, criticism stances, and criticism. The differences between the types of types have caused some unnecessary confusion. There is no doubt that criticism of contemporary literature criticism is of course necessary to criticize contemporary literary criticism with the general principles of value concepts, ethics, and ideological positions, but at the same time, it should be seen that many criticism criticisms are in fact. There is quite itching of boots. Further, criticism of criticism requires types of pertinence. When criticizing contemporary literature criticism, in addition to "scraping bone healing", it should also distinguish between different criticism and paradigms. This is because the criticism of different types/paradigms itself is different. Criticism is inevitable in a non -corresponding way. At the objective level, distinguish the characteristics and functions of different criticisms in order to make appropriate "criticisms" in order to help the development of literary criticism.

The directions and differences of different criticism types are as different types of literary creation. Literary criticism also shows different forms in specific practice. Many critics have discussed this. For example, Iglton pointed out that "different literary models are likely to apply different standards"; Stubine set out from different criticism subjects, and divided literary criticism into "books books. The criticism of the spontaneous criticism of "people" and the criticism of the profession of "criteria and genre" and the criticism of the master of "seeking beauty"; and according to Wellek's statement, the criticism includes both "principles, categories, skills, etc. The 'theory' "also covers" Criticism 'for discussing specific literary works ". Critics have also classified contemporary literary criticism. For example, Chen Sihe divided contemporary literary criticism into two categories: media criticism and college criticism. Gao Jianping believes that the most concerned criticism of contemporary contemporary is to promote criticism, support and criticism. In addition, many successful critics, such as radar and Ding Fan, have different differential divisions of contemporary literary criticism according to their respective standards.

In literary criticism, different types of criticism not only exist objectively, but also have different directions and "limits." In other words, in different directions, different types of literary criticisms of different types, or different paradigms, they have their functions and purposes. If they are out of their own types, criticism of criticism is likely to become an invalid saying. Then, correspondingly, if the criticism of criticism is targeted at the type of criticism, it will naturally feel like Zhang Guanli. For example, some theories believe that "the function of literary criticism requires that literary and art criticism must be popular." Obviously, this is often the concept of "popular criticism". However, Langsem, one of the founders of the "New Critical School", firmly believes that "criticism must be more scientific, or more accurate and systematic", that is, "the appropriate place for criticism is in the university." Lanseum adheres to the position of criticism sent by the college today. Due to the different types of criticism, Langseum can criticize the lack of systemicity and not academicization. "Popular criticism" can also criticize Langsem's concept of criticism too closed, and it is difficult to exert the real effect of criticism. In this regard, it is particularly important to distinguish between different types of literary criticism and conduct targeted criticism.

In the literary criticism since the 21st century, various types of criticism are often used, which makes contemporary literary criticisms full of contemporary literary criticisms. In fact, according to the actual situation of contemporary literary criticism, the types of contemporary literature criticism can be distinguished from two aspects: According to the differences in the subject, contemporary literature criticism can Essence For example, the division of Tipo, "spontaneous criticism" (media criticism) was implemented by the public, and "career criticism" (college criticism) was completed by experts. The theory, make all the books, establish a certain connection regardless of when. "The" artist's criticism "(writer criticism), as the name suggests, is a kind of thinking and research by writers to their literary creation. This distinction seems to be outdated today. According to this, the so -called "criticism of the association" is the literary criticism conducted by critics in the Writers System. The rise of "Internet criticism" is a casual comment by netizens for literary and artistic creation. It should be emphasized that different types of criticism do not mean the differences in the carrier. The college criticism can be published in newspapers and networks, and media criticism can still be published into books.

In response to different criticism methods and functions, contemporary literary criticism can be divided into impression criticism, aesthetic criticism, social criticism, public criticism, theoretical criticism (new criticism, feminist criticism, prototype criticism, etc.). Each type of criticism has its own characteristics and prescribedness. The type of critical type will eventually lead to the failure of criticism. Only on the basis of differential types of criticism of different arguments can we understand their words. There are conflicts and contradictions between types. For example, many critics emphasize that literary criticism should assume corresponding social responsibilities and intervene in social life. However, some people believe that literary criticism is "a kind of artistic activity that continues to pursue the freedom of mind, understanding and looseness", and there is no need to "try to play a" public "moral character." Obviously, the inherent differences between social criticism and aesthetic criticism are also reflected here.

The conflict between types is more significant in the opposition and defense between media criticism and college criticism. Since the 21st century, media criticism has shown unique style with the characteristics of "journalism" and "event". From the standpoint of media criticism (public criticism), when the college criticism occupied by contemporary literature criticism Naturally, the college has criticized criticism that has lost its social and publicity, but Lu Li is dazzling but weak. However, media criticism is also disdainful of the college critic. To a large extent, from the perspective of the college's critics, media criticism has caused the society to misunderstand many criticisms and cover the true meaning of criticism. Not only that, for the dissatisfaction of media criticism (popular criticism) to the college criticism from real life, some researchers believe that the problem of the college critics "is not in the so -called theoretical closed or separated from reality, but in the opposite direction, it has made a big big direction. Faults, that is, too much theory and too reality. "

It is precisely because the critics that criticize the criticisms and different criticisms/paradigms are different, so many controversy will occur in contemporary literary criticism. In his own opinion, opponents believe that online literature has no literature at all, and it is difficult to call literature. Supporters have pointed out that online literature has actually become the main force of current literary production and literary consumption. Of course, it is necessary to focus on the research. If the criticism of contemporary literature criticism is observed from the perspective of the type/paradigm of criticism, it is found that many thesexes often criticize the difference between different types of criticism when criticizing contemporary literature criticism. Seemingly reasonable, but it is difficult to establish "criticism". "Without criticism of criticism, criticism will die by itself." Although there are indeed many bad tendencies and problems in contemporary literary criticism, when criticizing contemporary literature criticism, we must notice the type of literary criticism itself. Each criticism has its own insight and blindness, so the coexistence of different types of criticism is particularly necessary. Of course, the emphasis on the type is not a limitation of literary criticism. The criticisms of many outstanding critics in history such as Belinsky and Lu Xun can not be used in a single type, but reflect the diverse staggered and integrated integration. Characteristics. At the same time, it should be realized that when many critics at the moment criticize contemporary literature criticism, because they often do not pay attention to the distinction between types and paradigms, the criticism of criticism does not show its due utility, and even becomes a kind of contemporary literature for contemporary literature. The criticism of criticism is completely denying.

Types of literary criticism mutual learning

Different types of literary criticisms have a situation of "public -speaking and public reasoning, my mother -in -law saying is reasonable", and the reason is not difficult to understand, as critic Wu Liang pointed out that in the face of literary works like the "world", there is no People can understand all their mysteries, "what literary works are shown are often the area where critics are condensed." In other words, the full -scale criticism of a certain work does not exist. No matter how learned and talented critics, when facing literary works, they can only enter from one of the cross -sections you can see, so the outstanding criticism masters like Saint -Boff will ignore or even degrade him with him. Contemporary Balzac, Fulou Bye and Podlair. Criticism is always imperfect. The pursuit of a comprehensive and perfect literary criticism is like a bamboo basket.

From the perspective of criticism subject, many times the differences between critics are greater than commonality, because "Faced with the same object, different critics have different perspectives, positions, standards, and methods. It will be different. " Therefore, critics must not be "only my respect", thinking that only literary criticism that conforms to their own criticisms and methods is criticism, and degradation of other literary criticisms. Just as Ti Bo has stated, different types of criticism "Although they can quarrel with the boundary, they all have their own fields, and they belong to their own hunting areas that are not allowed by others." Literary criticisms cannot reach a general and unified unity The criticism and type of criticism, in the "criticism of the Republic", each type of criticism should have their own space.

The difference between the type of literary criticism is not the purpose of creating different criticism between different criticisms. From a historical perspective, many types of literary criticism in contemporary literature are developed in the continuation of the former. The new method is born in the old theory and old methods. Old theories and old methods may not lose their explanation in the new era of literature. Each criticism type and method have valuable value. Over time should not be an indicator of it. The death and abandonment of old theories and old works "," The method of literary research is also the same ... Valuable and useful genres can coexist at the same time and contest peace. " Obviously, there is no type of criticism theory and type in literary criticism. All kinds of criticisms are supplemented with each other and have the significance and value of existence.

In fact, in the era of the current great change of literature, while emphasizing the type of criticism as a "method", critics should pay more attention to and think about it. May How to criticize the era when this literary environment has changed. Due to the impact of the rapid development of electronic media and the continuous advancement of the commercial economy, in the 21st century, the concept of "literature" in the general sense has long been broken, and online literature has become the main wave of literary "markets", especially science fiction, especially science fiction. Types of literature and grave robbing novels have become social hotspots under the blessing of adapting film and television. In addition, traditional texts are no longer the only medium in literature. As various audiovisual media rise and popular, "literature" has generally turned into products and participants in daily life. In this new literary production and dissemination environment, the relationship between works, authors, readers, and the world has begun to change and reorganize. What is the problem of literature is once again re -examined.

In the face of these complex and tricky issues, not only the construction or methods of constructing unified and universal criticisms or methods have become impossible, but the existing members of the "criticism of the Republic" are also left -right and right, and it is quite difficult to fight when they intervene in the literary world. In response to this situation, some critics who adhere to the literary position have conducted some discussions on the way out and development of the new century literary criticism. The guidance effect, etc. But in general, the critics mainly focus on the "pure literature" level, and it can even be said that in the face of current literary changes, literary criticism is actually selectively "lingering". Maintaining its own independence in the complex literary environment is also reflected in the critics rarely respond to emerging literary production methods such as online literature and public account literature. In this situation, the types of criticism of criticism have become a necessary choice. On the one hand, critics must hold their footsteps, adhere to the basic literary principles, and dare to make their own judgment; on the other hand, critics need to recognize the function of different literary criticisms and understand their argument (rather than simple ones, not simple ones According to accusations), there should also be a consciousness of reference to different types of criticism, and innovation of existing literary criticism. In other words, in order to make literary criticism more effective, different types of literary criticism need to be used as a reference on the basis of maintaining their own characteristics to promote the development of criticism. In the efforts of life and trying to intervene in society, you can not be on the tower of ivory, so as to be more socially influential. Therefore, borrowing media criticism and online criticism is an important path for its development. Severe and academic nature, in order to increase depth and height, does not cause literary criticism to become an introduction or news gimmick.

In the audio and hearing era composed of various emerging media such as WeChat, Weibo, short videos, live broadcasts, and listening books, literary criticisms if they want to change the "decline" situation of many theoreticals, they will You must not only pay attention to the usual "mainstream" literature, but you need to face the complex and diverse literary world. While advocating a diverse and complementary criticism, you can work hard to build a "criticism" based on the consciousness of critics, because "the only criteria for criticism of criticism It is personal feelings and experience. "It is also actively looking for criticism of current literary production and enhancing the instantaneous and effectiveness of literary criticism. This kind of criticism/paradigm does not come out of thin air, but to find a possible innovation in the existing types of literary criticism, not only the "evolution" on the media, but also includes the "common deposit difference" of criticism of criticism. And more associated with the "literature" itself. Only in this way, critics will not be "lost", and can form a benign situation of literary creation and literary criticism interaction.

Surplus

Since the 21st century, the growth of online literature has been the era that cannot be ignored. Many college critics have begun to criticize and study emerging literary forms such as online literature from watching to practice, and some researchers have also tried to construct "new paradigms of online literature criticism", but in everyone can become through the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet to become the Internet. In the new media era of "critics", it is difficult for critics to "legislate" for literary production and literary criticism. In the "criticism" behavior of follow -up, praise and the list, professional critics do not have a greater right to speak than ordinary readers. Once the authoritative authority has long been eliminated in increasingly generalized online criticism. Even in the field of "pure literature", the voices of ordinary readers in the media such as Weibo, Douban, and WeChat public account may not be weaker than professional critics. To some extent, the current literary criticism has a "micro public" nature. In the "database -type 'reading' criticism", the critics and critics have been "synchronized" and become one in one one. Plant "digital bee colony". As a result, the presence of professional critics is constantly decreasing.

However, it is not necessary to deny the current value of the critic. When the concept and scope of literature are expanded and extended again and again, literary criticism naturally needs to "move with things". At the moment of the new media that has been integrated into daily life, the literary criticism is not facing the end, but the new life; not a difficult situation, but an opportunity. Whether it is the new media of the professional literary criticism, or the "suction" of the personal public account, Weibo, etc. of the critics; whether it is a literary criticism with video or audio, or the "writer, critic, etc. Criticism's "live broadcast, all show many possibilities of literary criticism. Obviously, these criticism forms can no longer be summarized in the general sense of "type", and it takes time to test whether it can be truly established. ; Although hesitant is still hesitant, it is in full swing. At the same time, we must not help but realize that the evolution of the form of literary criticism and type of literary criticism does not mean that criticism and reproduction of prosperity. For the serious literary criticism, everyone can "criticize "The new media world occupies a place, how to balance the weight of various literary criticisms and guide the active development of literary criticism, which has become a new challenge.

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