Tree Legend | Zishhu: Elderly Liangcai Love is the homeland

Tree legend · depth affects China's trees

(152)

Zishhu: Eternal Liangcai Love is the homeland

Du Rong

Recommended word

Zishu is an excellent ornamental and material tree species. Zishu is not only planted and used by the ancients for a long time, but also known as "Wooden King". It always occupies a place in our culture. In the ancient Chinese carving printing, Zimu is the first choice for making carvings. Zishu has played a huge role in spreading Chinese culture and promoting Chinese civilization. The ancient people of my country have the custom of planting mulberry in front of the house and house, so Sang Zi feelings are the nostalgia for their hometown.

Tree file

Zishu, Ziwu family, a genus of Ziwu, is up to 15 meters. The crown umbrella shape, the main trunk is straight, and the tender branches have sparsely pour. Leaves are raw or near the opposite, sometimes rotation, wide ovate, length and width, about 25 cm long, the top is gradually sharp, the base heart shape, full or shallow wave -shaped. Corolla bell, pale yellow, 2 yellow stripes and purple spots on the inner mask, about 2.5 cm long, and about 2 cm in diameter. Fruit linear, drooping, 20-30 cm long, thick 5-7 mm. The seeds are oval, 6-8 mm long, and about 3 mm wide. There are flat hair at both ends. Blossom from June -July, August -October.

Zishu is not only densely blossoming and strong ornamental. From ancient times to the present, Zishu has also been a "good material", and it is essential in the construction of the palace and Yayuan.

Zishu is native to Northeast China, North China and Western Forests. It is one of the earliest artificial planting trees in ancient my country. The tender leaves are edible, and the old leaves, fruits, root skin and wood are good. Zi Shu wood is light and durable, and is a good material for making furniture and musical instruments. The flowers are densely flowing, and the pale yellow bell -shaped corolla is very beautiful.

Zishu culture, which is cited by Zishu, praise, Chinese medicine compatibility, garden landscape, etc., is an important part of Chinese culture.

Zishuwen

Many ancient classics recorded Zishhu in ancient my country. "Shangshu Yiwen" has "Taishe Weisong, Dongshe Weibai, Nangushe Weizi, West Society Wei Li, Beishe Weihuai". "The Book of Songs · Xiaoyu" has "Veon and Zi, you will respect respect". "Tube" has "the soil of the Five Wo ... Tongzhang and Bai Baizi". "Huainan Honglie Solving Volume 5 · Time Training" has "June officials and the trees." The Jin Dynasty Yuan Hong's "Hou Han Ji Jiu Jiu · Emperor Xiaoming Emperor Ji" has "the husband and the Chinese king of the Chinese".

"Shan Hai Jing" describes the distribution of Zishu in many places. "Dongshan Jing" has "380 miles south, and the mountains of Yu Ei, there are many Zizi ... and the south of the south waters to seven hundred miles, the Mencius Mountain, and its wooden Zitong is more peaches." "Zhongshan Sutra" has "the mountains of Baili in the Northeast, the Mountain of Da Yao, the Mu Duo pine cypress, Duzi Sang Duo Machine ... and the three hundred miles in the northeast, the mountains of the Yangyang, there are more golden jade on it, Its Mu Duozi Sang ... It is also 70 miles in the west, and it is called Bing Mountain, and its Mito Zi Zitan Duoyu ... and 40 miles in the southeast, which is called Jishan, and it is on Duo Meizi Duo Sang. "

In addition, many ancient books such as "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records", "Hou Han Book", "Song Book", "Water Sutra", and "Qi Min Yao Shu" have the content of Azuyu.

Tang poetry involves many verses of Zishhu. Li Yan's "Niu" has "want to go under the peach forest, first go through the Zi tree." Du Fu's "Poison Hot Send Jane Cui Jian Zhan Sixth Brother" has "Chu Cai chooses Qi Zi, Hanyuan returns to 骝". Han Yu's "The Story of Cui Li" has "the saints seeking attendant today, and promoting Qi Zi to accept". Lu Wen's "Daozhou Revisiting the Book of Scholars' Books" has "a few people know a few people know Qi Zi, and the old garden is herself." Bai Juyi's "Secretary of the Secretary of Lu Lu" has "smelling a panton, knowing Hui Qi Zi Cai". Liu Zongyuan's "You Nan Ting Ye Ye Yueyun's Seventy Rhyme" has "Returning to comfort Songzi, Chen Li Kaifang Peng Artemisia". Wang Yan's "The 21st Poems of the Provincial Poetry · Yuan Nen Duan Gate forgive" has "Born in the column," when the threshold cluster ". Weng Chengzan's "The King of Fung Fujian Gui Jingluo" has "this wish to return to Zili, and pre -rely on the Soul Dream Show of Venus." Tang Siyan's "Hetao King Qi" has "the fallacy is accompanied by Qi Zi, and then it will be generated."

Song poetry involves more verses of Zishhu. Mei Yaochen's "Send Liu Chengbo's Works to Puyang Zai" has "Mingzheng Tongzi, carved with miscellaneous treasures". Wang Anshi's "Times to the Far Rhythm" has "the origin of Qi Zi often cuts first, who is said to stay for a long time." Liu Ye's "Send Wang Xianggong" has "Shan Lan Qi Lian Songzi, Ershui waves are chaotic." Su Shi's "Tengxian Time West Garden" has "Fan Houzi Classes, Shou Zhang Fuhua". Zhao Dingchen's "Twenty Days of the Gate on the Twenty -Three Days of the House of Zhang Jizhong, the old house of the house", there is "Dark Ten Years, Zishu Suddenly". Shi Zhengjue's "Zen and the Lord of the Lord to Praise the Praise · One" is "the wild of the leopard fog, and the dragon Lei roar the Chuan of Taohua." Shi Yinsu's "Live and Sit Thirty -two Songs · The Second Fourth" has "Duobao heard that he has emerged, so it is not Baizi and Songshan." Xu Xiangdao's "Poetry" has "Zhiqi will be planted, and Yilan is still art." Chen Pu's "Yi Yi Shao Wu Jian Ning Ning Ye Sitting in the Book of Digong · One Seven" has "the founding of the country is really strange, not planting Zi paint and tung chairs" and so on.

There are also many verses about Zi, Ming, Qing, and contemporary. Everyone is familiar with Mao Zedong's "Seven Must -Change Xixiang Longsheng Poetry Give Father" in the fall of 1910: "Children are determined to leave their hometown, and they can't learn from their names. "This poem takes the momentum of Ling Yun, reflects the grand ambitions of young Mao Zedong's hard work for the rise of China, and has been praised by countless Chinese children.

Cither

The ancients of our country recognized that the tender leaves of Zishu could eat, and the old leaves and fruits and roots can be used as medicine. Its wood is light and tough, humid and durable, and elegant. The king of hundreds of woods.

The Song Dynasty Lu Yan's "Ya Ya · Volume XIV" has "the flowers of the Peony of the Peony today, the Zi is the king of the wood, and the Gai Mo Morne is the Zi". For a long time in my country, Zimu was a precious wood trade in Jiangnan. "Historical Records of the Biography of Freights" records "Jiangnan out of Nanzi Jiang Guijin Xilian Dan Sandan Rhinoceria". This was the types of goods in the trade of goods at that time, and Zimu ranked among them. From ancient times, ordinary people have the custom of planting mulberry in front of the houses and houses in front of the house. Zishhu is a fast -growing tree species. When it comes to the governor of the disaster, it can save lives. The wood wood is light and the texture is beautiful. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's "Poetry Collection · Volume Twelve" includes "Sangzi Ermu, the ancient house of the ancients, and under the wall of the tree.

Zimu is elegant, and it exudes a faint aroma. It has the effect of anti -ants. It is an excellent material for making wardrobes, boxes, boxes or boxes. People who are particular about the people make dressing boxes or jewelry boxes with Zimu. The ancient army contains arrows or short knives boxes, which are also made of Zimu. Archaeological experts identified that the cage of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Warriors and Horses No. 1 pits, the material was Zimu.

Zimu wooden board is light and tough, and has excellent acoustic quality. It is a good material for making musical instruments. "The Book of Songs · Dingzhong" has "the hazelnum of the trees, the chair Tongzi paint, and the piano." my country's archeological excavation verifies the ancient Zimu to make musical instruments. Twelve pieces of Zeng Houyi were unearthed, 10 of which were carved with wood carving, painted paint paint, and the color was gorgeous. The wood was identified as Zimu. Other archeological excavations also have examples of Zimu making instruments.

Zimu has moderate hardness and is very stable in size. It is an ideal material for making carving. Before the emergence of ancient Chinese character printing, the content of each page of the printing of the printing is carved. The carved wood should not be too hard nor too soft, and the ink absorption and ink are good. Zishu wood is not warped and cracking, the layout is smooth, the carvings are easy, and the ink absorption and ink are good. Therefore, the printed carving is selected. Today, when printing is very convenient, people still use "Fu Zi" to indicate that the manuscript is about to be printed. The word is derived from the ancient carving printing.

Zishhu is tall, the main trunk is straight, and the wood texture is beautiful. The Yueyang Tower of the famous building in the south of the Jiangnan is magnificent and majestic, and the 12 eaves columns that support the strange eaves are all huge and straight.

Zi tree wood is moisture -resistant and rotten, and is the top material for making coffins. The coffin of the ancient emperor was made of Zimu, which is called "Zi Palace" or "Zi Coffin". "Book of Rites · Tan Gong" records: "The coffin of the emperor; the water leather coffin was quilt, its thick three inches, the coffin one, the two coffins, and the four." Ninety -seventh, foreign relatives List Fu Fu's 67th "recorded" Chengdi collapse, not lucky Zi Palace "and other records.

In addition, Zimu is widely used in indoor decoration, arts and crafts, wooden tire paint arts, military and ships and other industries.

Zi tree medicine

Many ancient medical books in my country recorded medicines such as Zishi, Zi Baipi and Zimu.

"Shennong Materia Medica" records: Zishu "main heat, go to the three worms, leaves the pork creation, three times the pig's hypertrophy, raw valley." The fever is not removed, the cold is severely cold, the cold poison enters the stomach, and the heat concentration does not disperse the cricket: cooking azi skin, drinking a little, good ". Tang Shenwei in the Song Dynasty "Syndrome Materia Medica · Volume Fourteen" has "Zi Baibi, bitter, cold, non -toxic. The main heat, go to the three worms, treat the disease in the eyes. Hanoi Valley ".

"Compendium of Materia Medica · Volume Thirty -Five" has "Zi Baipi: Smell, Cold, Non -toxic. Indications at thermal poison, go to the three worms (books). , Terry on the body. The decoction bath is pounded by Fu (don't record). The decoction of the soup is to wash the children's heat, all sore skin itching (Daming). "Shi Zhen)".

The contemporary medical masterpiece "Chinese Materia Medica" records the roots, wood and fruits and leaves of Zishu. Zi Baipi: Medicinal, bitter, cold. Bile, stomach meridian. Function and Indications, clearing heat and dampness, lowering the vomiting, insecticidal and itching. Indications on damp -heat jaundice, gastric vomiting, scabies, eczema, itching of the skin. Zimu: bitter, cold. Function and Indications, vomiting, and relieving pain. Indications cholera do not vomit or diarrhea, hands and feet gout. Zishi: sweet, flat. Function and Indications, benefit water and swelling. Indications are unfavorable, puffiness, ascites. Ziye: Bitter, cold. Function and Indications, clearing heat and detoxifying, killing insects and itching. Indications for children's fever, sores, and ringworm.

Zi Shujing

Zishu is slender, like a roots of chopsticks hanging on the tree

Zishhu is tall and dignified, with lush branches, yellow flowers in spring and summer, and the autumn and winter line -shaped fruits are suspended. The shape is very cute and has a good ornamental effect. There are different Zishu landscapes in all parts of my country.

Several aimal trees on the north side of the east gate of Haidouzhuang, Haidian District, Haidian District, Beijing are tall and upright. In June of the Zushu period, a string of wind chimes -like pale yellow flowers bloom between the large and thick heart -shaped leaves. The wind is intoxicating.

Anshan City, Liaoning Province, plant Zishu as the major greening tree species. Every year, the Zishu blooms, and the pale yellow flowers are covered with branches, becoming many streets in Anshan City. There are many Zish trees in Jingshan Street in Dandong City. This street has become the Zishu Landscape Street in Dandong City. Pedestrians stopped to enjoy flowers during spring and summer flowers.

The 4 -year -old Zi tree of 4 years old in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, was included in the ancient tree of ancient trees in Nanjing for strict protection. The four ancient Zi Tree crowns have a maximum of 8 meters and a maximum of 15 meters. Although after a century of storms, the flowers are still full of flowers every spring and early summer, adding fragrance to the surrounding residents, and attracting people passing by. Panjiabang Village, Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, is an ecological cultural village in the country. The village has more than 1,200 years. The tree is 22 meters high and the crown is 7 meters. Swaying the gesture of Panjiabang's eye -catching golden business card.

The former residence of Zhang Zhizhong, Hongjia, Huanglu Town, Chaohu City, Anhui Province. A tall Taka tree with a thick co -hug was planted by the general. After a century of baptism, it was still leafy. The people who visit the former residence look up at the tall Zishu, and they will give up the infinite respect for the generals.

In the northeast corner of the Mengmiao Temple of Zoucheng, Shandong Province, a huge Zish tree explored from northwest to southeast to Qisheng Hall. This nearly 500 -year -old Zishu has a prosperous flowers every year, attracting many tourists to linger. When visiting the Meng Temple in autumn and winter, you can also appreciate the slender cowpea -shaped citrus crickets.

In the past 10 years, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, has been planting rural trees. It has bloomed in many places such as Donghuan Road and Xinxing Street at the end of May each year at the end of May each year, attracting many citizens to enjoy flowers and leisure. In particular, there are more than 600 azi trees in the Citizen Plaza of Nanhu. The light yellow flowers are covered with branches during the flowering season.

In addition, Changchun City, Jilin Province, my country, and Baoji City, Shaanxi Province have greenered in many places. They pay attention to the choice of Zishu as sidewalk trees, add color varieties to the spring of the city, add the strange landscape of "cowpea" to the streets in the autumn streets, and help the construction of beautiful China.

About the Author

Members of Du Rong China Writers Association, who work in the State Forestry and Grassland Bureau, engaged in ecological literature creation, including "Impression Ecology", "Hometown Back" and "Soul Soul" and other collections.

"China Green Times" July 11, 2022

Trees legend

Deeply affecting Chinese trees

Starting from March 12, 2019, the China Green Times, the Chinese Forestry Society, and the Asia -Pacific Forest Organization jointly launched the public welfare communication activity of "trees legend and deep influence of China", pay tribute to the trees, and be grateful to those trees that bless China bless China Essence

Every kind of tree is a living history book and a legend of beauty. From ancient times to the present, the impact of trees is always ubiquitous in the survival and reproduction of the Chinese people, folk customs, socioeconomic, national character, and even civilization.

The "trees legend and depth affects China's trees" public welfare communication activities. Through experts and media interaction with the public, from the aspects of ecology, economy, society, history, aesthetics, and humanities The far -reaching impact on China and Chinese people, spread the knowledge of trees to the public, promote forest culture, and promote the construction of ecological civilization and beautiful Chinese.

The "China Green Times" specially opened a large -scale special column of "The Legend of Trees · Deeply affects China".

To understand the "trees legend and depth affecting China's trees" public welfare communication series, you can pay attention to the "ecological topic" WeChat public account, check historical news, or call the editorial department for consultation, telephone: 010-84238477, 84238470.

Submitting mailbox for the legend of the tree legend:

[email protected]

Tree legend · depth affects China's trees

Click on the title.

(1) Ginkgo, eternity through time

(2) Huangdi hand -implanted cypress: national root Huaxia soul

(3) The treasure of the country's treasures and the fragrant dool sandalwood

(4) Baihua, the white boy through the glacier period

(5) Golden Leaf Elm, China's "Golden Branch Jade Leaf"

(6) Chinese pigeon tree, green messenger of green

(7) The life of Mao Baiyang, simple and magnificent bank

(8) Camphor tree, Oriental Jiamu send nostalgia

(9) Bamboo, representative elements of national culture

(10) Eucalyptus in the south: the beams of the country of China

(11) Indus trees: trees that can express their expressions

(12) Pine trees: proud of bones stand up to the world

(13) Changbai Song: The magical existence of mysteriously

(14) Populus euphratica, heroes shaped by nature

(15) Fallicine leaf pine in North China, loyal alpine guards

(16) Bamboo, the spiritual totem in the soul

(17) Red Flower Magnolia, only Jiaohong real kingdom

(18) Oak trees, you have more than just the bronze branches and iron dry

(19) Gongsun Shu, the Eastern Holy One Yao China

(20) Tea, an oriental magic leaves

(21) Agarwood: King of Plant Diamond Wanxiang

(22) Mulberry: "Oriental God Tree" bred the Silk Road Civilization

(23) Olives: Drifting through the sea just to meet you

(24) Paulong, Yale Qingyin spreads the world

(25) Metasequoia, resurrected "fossil" plant

(26) Guohuai, Yushu's Linfeng more thousand years older

(27) Thin Shell Mountain Walnuts, collecting the aura of the earth

(28) Yue Hua, outline the alpine tree line with life

(29) Falconum Wood Lotus: Magnolia New Gui Tree

(30) Camphor tree and Jiangxi's very much source

(31) Episerrack of Desert, immortal legend on Gobi Beach

(32) The crown fruit, the "Oriental God Tree" with a lot of talents

(33) Tsubaki Tree: One wooden calendar spring, autumn, one Ye Manchun (34) Stink Tsubaki: The name "Black History" is the name of the mediocre material

(35) Muhuhuang: Loyal Haijiang Guardian

(36) Banyan tree, Dugu becomes a forestry of forestry

(37) Non -sufferings: Godci Jiamu Huizhi Cangsheng

(38) Great Rideline: Brothers Song, Mawei Huangshan

(39) Trees: Waves and Siye Fanfan

(40) Dahua yellow peony, Yougu Qihua natural treasure

(41) Red Bean Shengnan Kingdom is the most acacia

(42) Daqingshu, after witnessing history after vicissitudes

(43) Expusive: All of them benefit humans

(44) lychee, forest jade brews nourishing mannida

(45) Huanglianmu: The potential of the majesty stands unlimited

(46) Wangtianshu: "Giant" in the tropical rain forest

(47) When I met Tonghua Mei Mei, I heard Tong oil fragrance

(48) Writer Zhang Kangsan: Fall in love with Yuanbao Feng

(49) Shanmu, so as to insert Yashan along the diameter

(50) If there is no Hongsong, who will raise the blue sky?

(51) Starting mulberry tree, Huaxia civilization all the way west

(52) Cizhu and Wind Green Bamboo

(53) Magic jujube trees, a tree of mother -in -law, a tree red

(54) Bu Yiren is regarded as the fragrance of the god tree

(55) Bauhinia blooming forever

(56) Hongsong, the head of the "New Three Treasures" in the Northeast

(57) Xiangxiang: The gourmet Zhen fruit inherited for thousands of years

(58) Jujube travels to the world, the beauty of the beautiful fruit is blessed

(59) Wooden lotus: biological fire protection guard

(60) Maple Xiangshu: Frost Leaf Red in February Flower

(61) Plum blossoms do not fight for spring and clear gas

(62) Wooden ginger leaf Ke Tianci sweet tea

(63) Wolfberry benefits all beings to interpret Chinese red

(64) There are many good materials in the world

(65) The Saints of the Yi family compete for Yan Qunfang

(66) Thousands of brown offspring at home are not poor

(67) Peach blossoms still laugh in the spring breeze

(68) Oil tea: Xiangpiao has become rich for thousands of years

(69) Hou Pu: Chunhou and simple thousand -year -old medicine

(70) oil tea: king of wood oil oil

(71) Teak: The King of Wanmu of the Buddha

(72) Foreign pine: "foreign households" become the pillars

(73) Tree: Duobao tree with eye -catching people

(74) Li Zhichun with rain 10,000 hectares of white snow fragrance

(75) Oil Nan: Tropical Rainforest "Oil Storage Storage"

(76) Purple Magnolia, also the same medicine is also appropriate

(77) Gemu: The indomitable "tough guy"

(78) Kapok: Red Flame Burning "Hero Tree"

(79) Sandalwood, the golden tree of gold

(80) Shan Cangzi: The natural fragrant bag of attacking

(81) Red Bean: Acacia Saint Love has a soft spot

(82) Mangrove: Coastal Line Green Guard

(83) Acacia Tree: A affectionate home book

(84) Step Blim: Hainan Special Material "Big Brother"

(85) Liu De Chunfeng hangs down thousands of silk strips

(86) Yu Ganzi: Natural Medicine Food Health Pills

(87) Phoenix trees flying fire Phoenix

(88) Hainan Rough: Natural Anti -Cancer Pioneer

(89) Southwest birch, not ordinary things on earth

(90) Coconut: Tropical treasure tree Hainan business card

(91) Jackfruit: Queen of Tropical Fruit

(92) The fir: The most beautiful ancient tree in the vicissitudes of the sea

(93) Figs: Sugar buns on the tree

(94) Dianshan Tea: Double Flower Oil Double World World

(95) 桫椤: "Fern King" of Dinosaur Cones

(96) Jiangnan Shengdan Orange Seasons are all incense

(97) Lagerstroemia: Who has no flowers in a hundred days of red

(98) Northeast Rawwin Jishi Guanyin Shan

(99) Ren Dou: The green elves on the stone

(100) Bodhi: Blessings of the Wisdom Tree Fulin beings

(101) Caplans: Eastern Pearl of Eastern Crops

(102) "Poison King" in the tree see blood sealing throat

(103) Three hard and wide: good brothers do not forget each other

(104) Pei Yushan fruit millennium China 榧

(105) Jingxiang Tao: Burning its southern country of Hua Yao

(106) Moringa: Nutritional Health Wood Vegetables

(107) Pomegranate: The world's Qishu Kyushu famous fruit

(108) Hawthorn tree: pure "love tree"

(109) Bauhinia: Spring Breeze Tu Fan Dai Bauhinia Full of Yangcheng

(110) Rubber: From being "stuck neck" to becoming a "cockpit stone"

(111) osmanthus: Weiyou Dangui sent a love

(112) Tree: The source of the name honey and the Buddha's association

(113) Huanghua Wind Suzuki Full Tree Gold Armor

(114) Southern State's gardenia smells incense and knows elegance

(115) Mongolia: It is both a "tough guy" and a "warm man"

(116) Xingshu: Renai incarnate into the spring messenger

(117) "Sand Big" was originally a mysterious treasure chest

(118) Dogwood: Xiu Xianli Elderly Medicine

(119) Tree: unique visual feast

(120) "Emerald" and "Black Agate" in olives

(121) Lacquer tree: Chinese lacquer lacquer lacquer skills shine

(122) Wuyu Chi is in the middle of September of the maple garden

(123) "Half -La Zi" Qianjinyu has a thousand gold prices

(124) Thin Shell Mountain Walnut: Wooden Oil "New Molica

(125) persimmons: delicious tree grain in the fruit in the fruit

(126) Pepper: Disease and Diseases of Tongue Tongue Tongue

(127) Fruit Emperor Loquat, alone for four o'clock gas

(128) Fire spin

(129) South Sour Jujub

(130) Palm: The South State Style of the South State (131) persimmon tree: Persimmon Ruyi Life

(132) Begonia: Yingchun Tu Rui Flower Zhongxian

(133) Aoyama Yingxiao Yan Dujuan Congxiang Rui

(134) Blizzard: The fragrance of weak resistance

(135) Tree: The King of Materials

(136) There is a dark fragrance when the wax plum blossoms open

(137) Drilling the sky in the winter will Liu Hongruo burns the clouds

(138) Seabuckthorn: Natural Vitamin Treasury Treasury

(139) Xintao replaced the old rune Fushou auspicious coming

(140) Huaihuai: Star Liangcai Immortal Legend

(141) （: The meaning is beautiful

(142) Rose flow

(143) Autumn Frost Dyeing Spear Red Mid -mountainside

(144) Strang: The edge is superbly exposed

(145) Sakura: Gorgeous blooming for a moment

(146) Begonia flowers bloom, live up to spring light

(147) Wisteria: dense leaves send cool fragrance rhyme drunk spring breeze

(148) Lacquer tree: I wish the world to be gloss

(149) Bodhi tree: extraordinary wisdom incarnation

(150) Li Shu: The garden is full of fragrance and the wind rises through the wall east

(151) Liu Shan: Extraordinary of Rigidity and Sepanic Essence

Executive Editor | Wen Yali

Edit | Anlu

Submit mailbox |[email protected]

- END -