Dharvisky: Great scientist

The great Russian writer and thinker Fei Mi Murvosky (1821-1881), although it has already died in the thirty years before the beginning of the Russian culture (1890-1917), it has died, but It can be said that in the sense of ideology, he directly promoted the prosperity of the silver era of Russian culture, especially the religious culture or religious philosophy of the researchers and its nature. Therefore, there is a saying that the silver era of Russian literature just constitutes the golden age of Russian philosophy.

In the letter to his brother on August 16, 1839, Tothayevsky said that he had completed the same task that he knew both and cracked the mystery of society through reading and writing: "I have confidence in myself. People are a secret. It should be unbuttoned. If you are cracking this secret in your life, let alone waste time; I am studying this secret because I want to be a person. "This shows that" becoming a person "and Studying the secret of "people to be a man" is not only a life of a writer or thinker, but also the key to knowing the "human learning" thoughts and "humanism" of knowing Dostoevsky.

"Human learning" and "humanism"

Baiyin's famous thinker and religious philosopher Buerjayev (1874-1948) believed that Dostoevsky was his spiritual mentor. In the article "Revelation on the Creation of Dharvisky's Creation", he put forward the concept of "human scientist" when comparing Pieve Tolsta and Dostaevsky: Seurvsky, first of all, a great human scientist, the depth of human nature, human nature, and secret researcher. All his creations -all the experiences and experiments of human learning. ——It is not an artist as a realist, but a founder of an experimental and an empirical form of human nature. . "Belgayev's admiration for the study of the people's studies of Dha Estyevsky, the reason is: except for Dostaevsky," No one has never had such a theme of people. Follow. And, no one has such a genius to reveal the secrets of human nature. "

So, what is the difference between humanitarian or humanistic or humanistic or humanism that "human learning" or "humanism" is well known in the existing Chinese vocabulary? In short, although human studies include humanitarian research, and in the sense of values, humanitarianism is certain, but after all, the two are different: people who have complete people's research and their essence, existence and historical development laws are A discipline, and humanitarianism is an evaluation of the relationship between the nature of people and the existence of people. It is a kind of values; human studies include humanitarianism, but do not attribute to humanitarianism. According to the view of Russian philosopher Sergei Holu, the people to establish today's academic circles are to overcome the limitations of people's unilateral understanding of people's unilateral understanding of people through a complete scientific understanding of people. As we all know, the word Humanism has at least three translations in Chinese -"humanism", "humanism" and "humanitarianism". In the Chinese context, the latter two translations can sometimes be used as other refers: "humanism" is sometimes used to "humanism", "humanitarianism" is sometimes used to translate humanitarian behavior and spirit Essence In addition, "humanism" refers to the literary and artistic spirit that shows humanity during the Renaissance.

If we say that we are used to using Humanism to refer to those ideological and theories of people's moral ethics, political economy, and rights and obligations about people's moral ethics, political economy, and rights and obligations. For example, French literary theorist and thinker Francois Lya (1924-1998) was in the book "Non-Human: Talk Time". What is it? What is the matter of human nature? Therefore, Xia Xiaoyan in the book believes that using "humanitarianism" as the translation of Humanism can reflect Lita's exploring the "man's way", that is, the original intention of human nature or human nature. Then, we can see that in the creative context of Dostaevsky, Bergayev's "human learning" and "humanisticism", the negation of human definition (that is, "Non -human "), there is a lot of approval with modern and contemporary humanitarianism, because when Liva talked about Humanism, some ideological presets are hidden, such as humanitarian Does the person say in the sense of doctrine become "l'inhumain" in a embarrassed way? Does the "book" of people mean "non -human" living in people? It is not difficult to find that the shadow of "non -human" survived Valcovsky, Laskarskov, Ivan Karamazov, Religious Judge, and absurd people, which were survived in Totor's pen. On the body.

Indeed, in "Brothers of Carramazov" in "Brothers of Carramazov", Ivan Karamazov said to the three brothers Ah Liaosha. The broad, even too broad, I can't wait to make him narrow. Ghost knows what is going on, really! It is really shameful in reason, but it is beautiful in my heart. I believe that for most people, beauty does exist in the city of Soma -Do you know this secret? What makes people sad is: beauty is not only terrible, but also a mysterious thing. God is fighting, and the battlefield is the heart of man. "The essence of man, especially goodness, etc., need to use the process of showing the" non -human "to express it. The literary forms of "human learning" and "humanism" can also be regarded as his unique dialectics. Dhaevsky's people learn dialectics

The humanistic ideas of Dostoevsky are not only reflection and response to his previous humanitarian thoughts, but also the call and expectation of humanitarian thoughts in his development. European humanitarianism, humanism, humanistic, and humanistic traditions have the influence of the Russian Orthodoxism and the new content given by himself. Humanist thought is essentially a unique Hominology or Anthropology, that is, treating a complete person in development and a multi -faceted attitude. The humanitarian ideas of Dostoevsky have gone through the process of respecting the little people to the critical and God to dialectically treat mortals, but the faith, hope, and love of human and human society have always been their nationalist emotions and universalism. The intrinsic and original motivation of the complex. However, some paradoxy highlighted by the humanitarianism of Thaedevsky East, which not only reflects his ideals that he is eager to use religion to solve moral issues, but also shows the crisis of humanitarianism that he cannot overcome alone.

Pay attention to the fate of people is the issue of focusing on people's freedom. Bergayev pointed out that Dharvyevsky's work focuses on investigating the fate of people who are in freedom. Freedom is the core of the thought of Dostoevsky. The prerequisite for human studies is that human personality has absolute significance and value. The root cause of traditional humanitarian thoughts cannot exhaust human and human tragedy, in fact, it is because of the complexity, multi -facetedness, contradictory or dialectical nature of people's own own. This is also the supplement and unique contribution of humanitarianism in the development of humanitarianism in the development of humanitarianism. As Bergayev believes, Dostoevsky has experienced two periods of old and new humanitarianism as Nietzsche. The old humanitarian tradition of Russian literature inherited by the former refers The sympathy of deception, bullying and falling "," the values ​​of Russia's benevolence ", but the principle of" he overcomes the principles of old humanitarianism and superficiality, he reveals a kind of Fully new tragedy humanitarianism. In this regard, only Nietzsche can be compared with him. In Nietzsche, the old European humanitarianism is over, and human tragedy has been proposed in a new way. People have pointed out many times. , Dostoevsky foreseen Nietzsche's thoughts. Both of them announced new discoveries about people. They were first great scientists. Doomsday. Dharvsky's revelations about people and Nietzsche about people and Nietzsche are all about people. "And traditional humanitarian thoughts can not be completely included in Dharvyevsky to people. The depth of insight, whether it is materialist humanitarian or Christian humanitarianism, because these humanitarian ideas are too complacent and optimistic. In real life, the reality of human nature shows more tragedy. "It contains much larger and much contradictions that can be imagined than humanitarian consciousness." Burgayev, the heirs of the thought of Totorvsky, even foreseen the tragedy of the Hiroshoevsky era, which mainly refers to the spiritual tragedy of people and society after losing idealism.

The dialectics of human studies is the essence of the thought of Thamiervsky's orthodoxism. Essence "Totorvsky" "completely denying that people are essentially chasing interests, pursuing happiness, and seeking satisfaction. Negotating people's nature is rational. The needs of all happiness. " Therefore, in Dharvyevsky, "man -is an irrational animal". Just as the "Basement" announced: Our "most important and most precious things, that is, our personality and our personality."

From "abstract people" to "whole person"

The evolutionary process of the people of the people of Totorvsky's learning thoughts shows that he has always treated humanitarianism as an individual, that is, to see the people around him as ordinary siblings, and at the same time, he is alert to the "" " Abstract people "and look forward to the appearance of" whole person "in later years. Therefore, Belgayev believes that the reason why Tosthaevsky's creation is studying the work of human learning is that he depicts the result of people's baptism of Apollo -style fascination and crazy state: On the road leading to the deepest mysteriousism, the image of people and people was finally preserved in the end. In Dutchievsky, there are generally two meanings: ordinary people, ordinary people, or abstract people, people who pay attention to illusions, and he basically uses these two meanings. For the latter, for the latter The derogatory meaning is sometimes identified carefully. However, in the creation of Dostoevsky, the word has also appeared in the third meaning, namely the universal person, and the person with universal feelings. This is the only time he used in a German doctor Jin Jian On the castle.

During the March of 1877, "Writer's Diary", Dostoevsky continued to pay attention to the death and funeral of Jinjianbao, because this Russian doctor who believed in the Christian Protestant religion was colleagues who believed in other religions, and often were poverty. Patients, especially Jewish faires for free treatment, and even postponed pockets to relieve their poverty. Therefore, after his death, people of different beliefs from the way to hearing the news on the way to the funeral of him, regardless of whether he heard the news, regardless of whether he heard the news, regardless of whether he heard the news. Whether he had been healed by him, he was grateful to him, commemorating him, and praising his great personality. In the article "A Funeral of a" Universal "funeral", Dutchyevsky regards Dr. Jindingbao as an ordinary person, ordinary person, and a "universal person"; in In the article "A Rare Things", he further believes that people like Dr. Jindingbao who are dedicated to rescue disease without asking for goodness are the "ordinary people" who are about to conquer the world and make the world united. The path of saving the world is started by these individual ordinary ordinary people. Although this is only "a rare thing": "Concluded: Without the existence of these single individuals, you will always want to make up for an integer. , But these individuals can unite everything ... ... I do n’t need to wait for everyone or expect many people to become as good as them. They are so powerful to save the world. Such good people are such good people. There is no need to be too much. In this case, how can we not have hope? "It can be said that in this context, the" universal person "was mentioned in the" Pushkin "speech published by Dostoevsky in 1880 The first edition or prototype of his ideal person, the concept of "whole person".

Therefore, as long as people continue to exist and the potential of human beings are still developing, the research on the nature of people and people will not be exhausted. However, the thoughts of human and human nature for human and humanity are in the changing society and the development of us. The artificial starting point and the desire of literature and literature and artistic creation have enduring enlightenment. When we read and commemorate the Dharvisky, we should pay more attention to his insights on human and human nature and reflect on ourselves. A title worthy of pride!

(Author is an associate researcher at the Institute of Foreign Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Content source: Literature and Art News July 6, 2022

WeChat editor: Lu Yimeng

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