The soil is degraded, and the Northeast is particularly serious | Earth Knowledge Bureau

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As a "earth skin", soil is the source of our 95%food. However, these silently dedicated soils are now facing a shortage of shortage.

According to United Nations news reports, a football field size of a football field is eroded every five seconds. At this speed, by 2050, more than 90%of the world's soil may occur in a crisis of degradation, which has led to a series of chain reactions such as grain production reduction, cleaning water, and threats of biodiversity.

Hydropower, gravity, wind, freezing, etc. can cause soil erosion

Among them, hydraulic erosion is a common and most important one

(Figure: Tuwa Creative) ▼

For my country, which only accounts for only 10%of the world's arable land, but it is necessary to carry about 20%of the world's population, the problems such as "getting tired", "thinning", and "thinning" of the soil are also severe.

Since the soil has experienced the vicissitudes of the sea, why is it still degenerating? What is the current status of soil health in my country and how do we deal with it?

The more the soil is cultivating and returning to the poverty, the more the land is, the more you can do it

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

Where does the soil come from?

Among the elements of nature, the soil can be said to be the lowest -key. Although it is always quiet on weekdays, the soil has the ability to affect global climate change.

According to statistics, the carbon content in the global soil is more than three times the carbon content in the atmosphere, more than four times the total carbon contained in existing survivors, and is the largest carbon bank with a veritable land ecosystem.

As the most common carbon library of land -fossil energy

Since people discovered this heritage, it is completely inseparable from it

(Figure: shutterstock) ▼

However, the soil on the surface of 500 million to 440 million years ago did not exist.

At that time, the surface of the earth retreated and the land area increased, which provided some green algae (now the ancestors of most land -raising high plants) living on the shore.

The green algae land -based incident evolved from a single -cell algae

(Source: Shifeng Cheng, 2020) ▼

In the early days before 400 million years ago, in the early days ago, fungi, jackets, and moss gradually stepped onto the weather shell, promoting the weathering of the rocks and accumulating organic matter, and became the original beginning of soil formation and development.

After the Two -Stack of Charcoal to 270 million years ago, as the crustal movement intensified, the shallow waters and swamps disappeared, and the fern plants evolved into a barezon plant and gradually became forest.

By gradually evolving, plants occupy more land resources

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

During this period, with the change of natural conditions, the soil has also entered a stage of diversified development. For example, the coal and red rock systems distributed in the southwestern region of my country at that time were now the ancestors of iron aluminum and iron soil.

From 135 million to 11,000 years ago, the middle -generation Baiji Period to the fourth year of the new generation. With the disappearance of the ancient China Sea, the large mountain systems such as Himalayas were bulged, the southeast of our country, the pattern of drought in the northwest. It is more complicated and make my country a large soil country containing 12 soil, 61 soil and 231 sub -categories.

China is vast, and the regional differences are obvious

The soil type is extremely rich, and it can be used for different ways according to local conditions ▼

Together with the soil around the world, these soils form a certain coherent soil ring.

The concept of soil ring was first proposed by Matson in 1938. After that, this concept was added to the natural circle, biosphere, water rings, and rock rings, and it was an important link for material circulation and energy flow in it.

For example, for rock rings, the existence of soil can minimize external strength and protect rocks.

For the biosphere, soil is also an important living environment

It is a home where many creatures depend on survival and reproduction

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

However, although the soil is developed from rocks, it is still very different from the rocks--

Fertilizer is the biggest difference between soil and rocks. It is the most significant label of the soil itself. It is also a savings for plant growth nutrients, moisture, air and calories.

The soil's native fertility decreases, and now the land is not fertilized.

(Figure: Flickr) ▼

When humans develop, renovate, fertilize, sowing, etc., it will allow the soil with a certain natural fertilizer to plus the first layer of artificial fertility. The effective fertility after the two superimposed is to measure crop yield and economic benefits. Important indicators.

However, with the increase of population and urbanization, people's intensity of the development and utilization of soil resources gradually increases, which has led to more and more soil not only did not increase fertility, but instead appeared "thinning", "less", "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming" "becoming less". Tiring "such as degeneration. In our country, there are a lot of soil degradation.

Planting the land will use the golden garbage, and one bag is even more pushed in two bags.

(Figure: wiki)

Northeast stolen, northwest erosion

In the soil, those who are responsible for transmitting fertilizer to plants are often the top humus layers and organic layers. Those who are susceptible to degeneration are also this part of the soil.

Soil degradation refers to the temporary and permanent decline of soil quality under the influence of natural factors and human factors, which can generally be divided into three types: physics, chemistry and biological.

Soil and soil loss is one of the very common forms of physical degradation

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

Among them, physical degradation and chemical degeneration performance is the most intuitive. For example, thinning soil layers, soil desertification, soil plates, etc. are typical cases of physical degeneration of soil; soil salinization, soil acidification, and loss of nutrients are the manifestations of soil chemical degradation. Soil is not just agriculture, the foundation of animal husbandry

It is one of the basic conditions for human survival on the earth

(The more bald, the more bald, the more the picture: the idea of ​​the insects) ▼

The black land in northeast my country is one of the representatives of soil degradation.

As one of the three major black soil belts in the world, the Northeast Black Earth District accounts for about 12%of the total area of ​​the global Black Turpur, mainly distributed in the Hulunbuir grassland, Xing'an Ridge, Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain, and Changbai Mountain. It mainly includes six types of soil types of black soil, black calcium soil, dark brown soil, brown soil, white pulp and meadow soil.

Northeast soil types are roughly distributed ▼

The accumulation of tens of thousands of years of geological activity and humus has formed a black soil layer with an average thickness of about 60-80 cm. Although the loess layer of hundreds of meters thick on the Loess Plateau is insignificant, the organic matter content contained in the black soil is nearly 10 times that of the loess. The excellent black soil makes the vast northeast land a veritable Grain.

The land is fat at home, squeeze the soil and oil flowers

One or two black soils, two or two oils, and the roots of chopsticks are germinated

(Figure: Tuwa Creative) ▼

In 2015, the food output of Northeast Heiqi District reached 119.735 million tons, accounting for 19%of the country's total grain output, and the annual output of commercial grain reached one third of the country. However, it is such a high -fat cultivation soil, but it is also facing a crisis of degeneration.

Northeast Heiqi District is an important commodity grain base in my country

The annual output can account for nearly one -fifth of the country's grain output

(Figure: Tuwa Creative) ▼

According to the "White Paper of Northeast Black Land (2020)", due to the reclamation of slope arable land and soil erosion, the black soil layer in some areas "thinner" 0.7-1 cm per year. You know, the formation of 1 cm thick humus generally needs to go through 200-400 years. Nearly one meter thick black soil needs to experience the accumulation of tens of thousands of years to form.

Such a precious black land is also used as consumables by humans ▼

In addition to slowly "thinning", in recent years, black soil has also often "thinner lightning" overnight, and stolen is the culprit.

For example, Wuchang City, Heilongjiang, was widely known for high -quality rice, but now it is often popular due to the stolen black soil incident. The stolenrs drove the excavator and drew the black soil unscrupulously. They put the excavated "tadpole soil" to dry, filter, and shatter them in the storage field to plant flowers and plants. chain.

Especially in recent years, "Mori Decoration", which has become popular in recent years

Black soil has become a conventional option for many indoor plants

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

Compared with the degradation of the Northeast black soil, the soil degradation on the Loess Plateau is also very serious. Hydropower and wind erosion are the main form of "thinning" of the loess. According to the dynamic monitoring of water and soil loss in 2019, the total area of ​​soil and soil loss in my country reached 2.7108 million square kilometers, which accounted for almost one -third of the country's land area. Among them, the area of ​​sloping land in the Loess Plateau area accounts for about 70 %.

It is difficult to walk in the yellow cars of the sky, and it is more common in mountains and mountains.

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

Although natural factors occupy a large part of soil erosion, human factors are undoubtedly another important reason for accelerating erosion. The soil erosion is not only damaged to the natural productivity of the original soil, but also leads to the economic vicious cycle of "more reclamation, the more poorer, the more poorer and the more poverty".

In addition, due to different levels of sediment stasis caused by soil erosion, ecological safety of threatening waters on the ground suspended rivers and river stasis can also occur.

In addition, the more frequent extreme weather, the river flows flow

It is also exacerbating the deterioration of soil and soil health (Figure: one picture network) ▼

Today, my country is still one of the most degenerative countries in the world. How to alleviate people's contradictions and curb soil degradation has always been an important topic that affects national ecological security and food security. Only when the soil is healthy, the filtered water and the production of crops can be reassuring after processing.

Adapt to local conditions, curb soil degradation

The formation of soil requires the role of a long geological cycle and a small biological cycle. It is easy to damage and it is difficult to repair. The maintenance of soil health does not see results in one or two years, but a process that needs to be adhered to for a long time. Therefore, it is not easy to repair degenerate soil.

In the northeast, in addition to the landfilling and repairs of the digging black land, researchers are also committed to scientifically analyzing the farmland ecosystem, using protective farming techniques such as less farming, exemption, straw coverage exemption, and reducing black land erosion. Protect soil fertility.

In 2001, the Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, established the first northeast of the northeast of the protective farming test base of the northeast, Mishazi Township, Dehui City, Jilin Province. The sowing machine improves the soil recovery process.

The return of straw to the field can solve problems with abandoned straws nowhere to be pushed, incineration pollution air, etc.

It can also improve the soil structure, cultivate fertilizer, and improve crop yield

(Figure: Tuwa Creative) ▼

In the Loess Plateau, two main forms of slope erosion and tutor erosion. Since the 1950s, the state has successively launched measures to increase vegetation in planting tree -planting, natural recovery of vegetation, and building terraces. Build a silt dam, carry out land treatment projects, and the governance of small basin, intercept the sediment of the gulcation, and use the silt to build fields to treat the corrosion of the channel. The implementation of these technical policies has undoubtedly played an important role in the water and water conservation of the Loess Plateau.

The terrace that is very common in the mountains

It is a field mode that is improved to reduce erosion and surface runoff

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

In the 15 years from 2000 to 2015, the growth rate of vegetation indexes in the Loess Plateau was much higher than the national average. However, the average soil erosion dropped from 47.37 tons per hectare to 18.77 tons. The annual reduction of soil erosion reached 3.44 billion tons. Essence

Even the Houkou Waterfall, known for its majestic yellow turbidity, has "pure"

(Figure: One picture network) ▼

With the increasing maturity of the soil and water conservation technology, in recent years, people have combined the governance of the Loess Plateau, the governance of the mountains and forests of the Loess Plateau with the construction of the rural revitalization project. Many villages.

In addition to using traditional methods to solve the problem from existing soil, people also think about it and want to get rid of the soil restraint.

As a result, soilless cultivation came into being. This method of using nutrient solution or solid matrix and nutrient solution to replace soil planting crops is also a major trend in the development of refined agriculture in the future.

Compared with the low space utilization rate of traditional agriculture

In addition to the use of vertical space, there is no burden on the soil.

(Figure: shutterstock) ▼

my country joined the soil -free cultivation research team in 1937. After experimental research and production and application, it has now entered the stage of large -scale industrialization. Not only bring high -quality taste to ordinary people, it can even allow astronauts to gain planting fun and absorb rich nutrition in space.

In space, if you don't want to eat liquid food or prefabricated dishes every day

Just learn to grow vegetables (Figure: Twitter) ▼

"Born in all things in the soil." It is the emergence of all kinds of soils that there are geographical iconic crops such as the large and full rice in the northeast, the green crickets on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau, and the sweet and sweet Luochuan Apple in Shaanxi.

Under today's complicated global trends, soil health should be paid to ensuring the stable development of the economy and society. "People take food as the sky, food is based on the soil." If the world loses soil, the prosperity of economic prosperity and cultural prosperity will no longer exist.

The soil is the skin of the earth, and the growth and prosperity of all things rely on here

If the skin does not exist, will Mao be attached? (Figure: One picture network) ▼

references:

1. "Overview of China's Earthless Cultivation Industry in 2019"

2. "Natural Geography" Wu Guanghe and other editors

3. "White Paper of Northeast Black Land (2020)"

4. "Silent soil" Gong Zi and Chen Hongzhao Zhang Ganlin

5. Huang Huiqiong. (2021). Cooking global soil degradation is urgent. Ecological economy (02), 5-8.

6.https://www.cas.cn/cm/202107/t20210712_4798122.shtml

7. Li Ranyan. (2017). Research on the use and protection of cultivated land utilization and protection of the Northeast Northeast my country (Master's Dissertation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences).

8. Li Zongshan, Yang Lei, Wang Guoliang, Hou Jian, Xinzhong Bao, Liu Guohua & Fu Bojie. (2019).

*The content of this article is provided for the author, which does not represent the position of the Earth Investment Bureau

Cover: shutterstock

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