Archaeological discovery and progress of the study of ancient books in Qin Shi

Qin rose from the west to destroy the six countries with a strong national strength and achieved unification. The political construction of the Qin Empire had a long -term impact on future generations, so the significance of Qin Shi was valued. The construction of the Qin people's classics has lagged behind in the east. Historical descriptions also started later, and the number of ancient books in Qin was not large. The memories of classic literature such as "Historical Records" were very precious. With the advancement of archeological work, we have obtained many aspects of information and enrich our understanding of Qin Shi and Qin culture, so the research of Qin ancient nationality has obtained better conditions.

Inherited Chen Zhi: The "New Certificate" of the ancient books of Qin Shi

Mr. Chen Zhi is an influential scholar who practice the "dual evidence law" in the history of the Qin and Han dynasties. Mr. Zhang said: "(Chen Zhi) is rigorous, the materials are solid, the literature materials and archeological objects are combined, and the archaeological objects are accurate and the style of style is simple." "" Mr. Chen Zhi Memorial Collection ", Northwest University Press, 1992 edition, p. 15) This is a correct path for literature research and ancient book research. As Mr. Li Xueqin pointed out, "The road he developed has affirmed most of the academic circles. This is exactly the dual evidence method advocated by Wang Guowei to make a further play, so as to achieve rich results." ("" "" " Mr. Chen Zhi, his affairs "," Mr. Chen Zhi Memorial Collection ", pp. 23-24) Chen Zhi" New Certificate of Historical Records "and" Hanshu New Certificate "advocated" (History) as the scriptures, to unearthed antiques to unearthed antiques The academic concept of the information as the "" is a widespread affirmation of the academic community. The history of Qin Guofu's history of Qin is "Qin Ji". Qin Shihuang Burning Book Burning Books The so -called "Historian Officer" Qin Ji "was burned (" Historical Records "Volume 6" Qin Shihuang's Benji "), that is, historical records of various countries have been banned, and only Qin's historical records can be kept. "Historical Records" Volume 15 "Six Kingdoms New Year" said: "Unique" Qin Ji ", and it does not contain the sun and the moon, its article is slightly not." Yu Yu because of "Qin Ji". It can be seen that his book "Historical Records" has adopted the content of "Qin Ji". Later generations said: "Historical Records" "According to" Qin Ji ", this is why the Qin people are very detailed!"

We can no longer see the original appearance of "Qin Ji" today. From some signs, we can know that in this history book written by the Qin people, there may be "strange" records of "strangeness". Mr. Li Xueqin once analyzed a few briefs called "Secretary of the Tomb" in the Qin Jianyuan briefing of Tianshui, "I feel that the story is quite similar to some of the books such as" Search God ", and the times have 500 years ago In the coming year, it has more important research value. " Jian Wen described a person named "Dan" three years after his death, telling the insights in another world after death. The article begins with "August 28 years of August, and Di Chi dares to dares to the royal history", and there is the word "seven years" in the article, and the style is like a documentary document. (Li Xueqin: The Story of "Story of the Monster Story of Malaysia", "Cultural Relics", No. 4, 1990) The important cultural phenomenon of this important cultural phenomenon is of a certain enlightenment significance for us to know the history of the Qin people. The history of Qin Shi of "Historical Records" is based on "Qin Ji", and he does not want to say more. In fact, "Han Shu" is also a literature that Qin Shi must pay attention to. "Han Book" is the first history of discipline. Although the theme of Han history was written, Liu Bang and his comrades of the Han Dynasty were adults in Qin Shi. Their thoughts and deeds retained the memory of Qin Shi. And Han and the world, its political construction inherits the Qin system. "Han Book" naturally cannot avoid Qin Shi. The "Hanshu" Volume 20 "Ancient and Modern Man Tables" also includes the review of the figures of Qin Shi.

It should be said that Chen Zhi's "New Certificate of History" and "Hanshu New Certificate" opened a working path such as the "proof of ancient objects". After Chen Zhi, many scholars continued to do such a work and achieved remarkable achievements. If young scholars are willing to do the work of "Historical New Certificate" and "Hanshu New Certificate" after Chen Zhi, the conditions have been mature.

Information gain of archeology and Qin Shi ancient books

Taking the history of the early Qin as an example, the work of archeologists in eastern Gansu enriched and increased the original information of Qin Shi literature. As a result, we know what kind of productive level has the operational level of civilization and what kind of civilized historical significance has reached the operation of animal husbandry, farming and forestry. It can be seen through archeological discovery what choices did the Qin people made between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin in the early days. In the early days, Chu Shi can also see such a choice. The Qin people finally selected the aggressive direction to develop eastward through the Weihe River Basin. From Yong in the western Guanzhong, to Xianyang in Central Guanzhong, the archeological discovery of the Qin site and the tomb of Qinling, the knowledge obtained from the ancient books of Qin Shi has greatly gain. The excavation of the site of Liyang City includes the unearthed Tao Wen in "Langshi", which makes us see "City Puyang", "Rain Jin Yanyang" and "Migration of Puyang" in the ancient books of Qin Shi. , "Bai Yanyang" ("Historical Records" Volume 28 "Feng Zen Book"), and "Yiyi North, Rongzhai, Dongtong Sanjin, and how big" ("Historical Records" Volume 129 "Freight Colonial Biography Biography Biography Biography" ") The meaning of the meaning of in -depth understanding.

The archeological harvest of Qingongyuan Cemetery comprehensively enriched our Qin history knowledge, and some found that it exceeded the content recorded by ancient books. For example, "Historical Records" Volume 6 "Qin Shihuang Benji" believes that Xianyang's plan has the content of "from Afang, belonging to Xianyang, and Xiangtian Pavilion Daohan to the camp". The archeological work on the Qinqiao of the Weihe River broke through the information capacity described in the Historical Records in a certain sense. "Historical Records" Volume 91 "Biography of the Biography" records "hundreds of thousands of people of Lishan". "Historical Records" Volume 6 "Qin Shihuang's Benji" pointed out that "the beginning of the emperor is ascended to the throne, wearing the Mountains, and the world, the world sends more than 700,000 people." According to the soil amount of Qinling's soil measured by archeologists, we described the general construction period of "Burning Emperor Laoshan" and "Laoshan", and the labor productivity provided in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" " According to the information of Cheng ", you can know that the re -earth project of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is roughly used by about 700,000 people, confirming the saying of" Historical Records "" the world's disciples to send more than 700,000 people ". Text certificate of archeology and Qin Shi ancient books

Regarding the records of "The Emperor Qin Shihuang", Volume 6 of "Historical Records", "The Emperor of the Emperor is the Weixing Xianyang" and the "Night Extra the Pirate Lanchi", Zhang Shoujie's "Justice": "Qin Ji" cloud: "The emperor's capital Changan, introduced Weishui For the pond, it is built as a pantra and alert, the carved stone is the whale, two hundred feet long. Before operating the Jianzhang Palace, the model of building a sea in Gongyuan was already in the palace. However, we see the content of "Continued Han Book · County State" about "Lanchi", and Liu Zhao's note: "Historical Records" said: 'Qin Shihuang micro -line out of the night, "Three Qin Qin pool." Three Qin Qin pool. "Ji" said: 'The emperor quoted Weishui as Changchi, two hundred miles, and thirty miles north and south. , Liu Zhao, a scholar in the Southern Dynasties, has clearly thought that from the "Three Qin Ji". And "Speaking" Volume Liuyi on the "San Qin Ji" "Lanchi" strip of "Xin's San Qin Ji" did have such content: "Qin Shihuang made the Lanchi, introduced Weishui, two hundred miles, and twenty miles north and south. . The carved stone is two hundred feet long. "Zhang Zhao, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, judged that Zhang Shoujie's so -called" Qin Ji "was actually" Three Qin Ji ", but just wrote a" three "word.

However, Qin Feng mud has the "seal of the pond." "Ozim" is "sea". Qin Feng mud also has "each pool", which should also be "Haichi". It can be seen that Qin has the official position of managing "Yamashi", that is, "Haichi". The possibility of artificial lakes like the ocean in the Qin Palace still exists. During the united war, Qin Shihuang had to collect the architectural patterns of the country's palace in each of the conquest of a country and copy it in the highlands north of Xianyang. This is Volume 6 of "Historical Records", "Qin Shihuang's Book of Book", the so -called "Qin every prince, writing the palace, as the Xianyang Kitana". This record was confirmed by archeological investigations. The replica of the Yan State Palace is in the northeast direction of the Xianyang Palace, which is consistent with the orientation of Yan and Qin. Qin's Lanchi Palace is also in the northeast direction of Xianyang Palace. The Qin people who are "unearthed from the Yan State" are replicated south of the Yan State Palace building. If this artificial lake symbolizes the Bohai Sea and considers the geographical location, it is also in line with the Qin people's space awareness. Then we may be able to think that Zhang Shoujie's "Justice" so -called "Qin Ji" cloud: "The emperor's capital Changan, introduced Weishui as a pool, built as pans, carved stones as whales, two hundred feet long '", perhaps it is indeed indeed indeed From "Qin Ji". Or it can be preserved that Liu Zhaoju, the "Continued Han Book", supplemented the relevant content of the "Three Qin Ji", can also be used as a highly trusted Qin Shi ancient book understanding.

New knowledge of the new study of cultural relics and ancient books of Qin Shi

Shang Yang and Qin Xiaogong co -chaired the reform, becoming an important figure in the history of Qin, and a well -known politician affecting China's history. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" Volume 68 "Shang Jun Biography" specifically described his deeds, and other chapters also had relevant records. It can be said that Shang Yang is a character that focuses on "Historical Records". However, in a Jian Jian document unearthed from the Tomb of Chu, we saw the performance of Shang Yang that was not mentioned by the Historical Records. M1, M13, and M99 of the Jiangling Qin family have unearthed bamboo slips. The excavator believes that "the lower limit of its age was in the early stage of the Warring States Period, that is, before 278 BC." ) M1's first brief shows "Zhouke". M99's 15th simplified wrote: "Qin Ke Gongsun hired in Chuzhi, and on the day of Gengzi in August, the wild was sick." According to Mr. Yan Changgui's judgment: "'Gongsun Ye' is" Shang Ye '... This year is between 356 and 340 years ago. " There are also a record of "Qin Ke Gongsun (Yang)" that once went to Chu Di and King Chu to have contact with King Chu.

郢 郢. "(Hubei Province Jingzhou District Museum:" Jiangling Tianxing View No. 1 Chu Tomb "," Journal of Archeology ", No. 1, 1982) The preceding example of" Qinke Gongsun is hired in Chu ". Wen (Qi) King "should be engaged in high -level activities as national diplomacy representatives.

The identity of the "guest" in "Warring States Policy" shows that "Qinke", "Chu Ke", "Yanke", "Liangke", "Wei Ke", "Hanke", "Guardian", "Jin Contemptor" and so on. "Mandarin · Jin language five", "Warring States Policy · Western Zhou Strategy", "Lu's Spring and Autumn · Ying Yan" all appeared "Qin Ke". In the "Historical Records" Volume 68, "The Biography of Shang Jun" and Volume 7 "Biography of Gan Mao Mao", they also used the title of "Qin Ke". The former contains Zhao Liangyu: "Five husbands of husbands, Jing Zhi people also. Wen Qin Miao Gongzhi's wisdom and wishes see it. Diplomats. The unearthed the unearthed by Chu Jian's "Qin Ke Gongsun" and "Qin Ke Gongsun (Yang)", referring to the well -known Shang Ye. This information is of great significance to our understanding of the content of "The Biography of Shang Jun" and understanding Shang Yang's activity in the history of the Qin Dynasty. The Qin people were able to "water the food", so that the Zhao people thought that "cannot be fighting" ("Warring States Policy · Zhao Ceyi"), "Historical Records" Volume 5 "Qin Benji" described the "Battle of the Radio". Transport to river and Fen "(Du Yu's" Spring and Autumn Left Biography "). "Historical Records" Volume 2 Nine "He canal book" records: "From the west of Shandong, more than one million stones, even more limited, there are many defeats, and it is also annoying." Western Han Dynasty. In recent years, the discovery of Qin's "丞 秦 秦 秦" sealing mud can be clearly informed that Qin Shi already exists in the administrative settings of "厎 厎 而". The administrative position of "厎 的 的" is likely to be directly related to the "Zongzhu". The value of this cultural relics deepen the understanding of the history of Qin traffic. Our research and understanding of the ancient books like Qin history of "Historical Records" also gained new knowledge.

The academic development of archeology can provide conditions for the overall progress of ancient books and even literature research. The experience of academic history proves this. Looking forward to the future academic prospects, we also have optimistic expectations.

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Northwest University, consultant of the China Qin and Han History Research Association)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Wang Zimin

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