The academy of the Qing Dynasty Yixue

Yixue and Academy are an important part of ancient education in my country, and play an important role in the training of talents in traditional society. In the early Qing Dynasty, Yixue and the Academy had a clearer boundary. With the development of the times, the two have gradually shown a lot of similarities in organizational, system, model, role, etc., and the phenomenon of academy of righteousness is more prominent. The academy of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty blurred the border of righteousness and academy, and became a issue that needed to be valued in the history of education.

The boundaries of the academy and the academy are clear

Yixue first appeared in the Han Dynasty, and the peak of its development in the Qing Dynasty was stable into two types: the first is an educational institution for ethnic minorities established in the settlement of ethnic minorities. Essence For example, in the fifty -two years of Kangxi (1713), the Qing Shengzu "made the provinces and counties, the prefectures and counties, and the famous teachers were extended to gathers the inspirational to study the child's life." Another example is that in the first year of Yongzheng (1723), the children near the villagers were within a certain period of time. The main teaching content of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty is "primary school". Essence This shows that the Qing Dynasty Yixue was educated at the level of education, and teaching was mainly based on training.

The academy initially appeared in the Tang Dynasty and matured in the Song Dynasty, becoming an important supplement to official studies and an innovative highland of traditional academics. The name of Zou Yuan in the Ming Dynasty: "Academy, there are no ancients. There are Songs of the Song Dynasty, clarifying the sacred texts, such as the White Deer, Goose Lake, Shigu, Yuelu, all of them, and later, the academy is all over the field. , Also imitated the party's order, and the auxiliary academic government did not catch the clouds. "During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the academy in the prefecture -level county was mostly local education center. Together with Yixue The academy is based on the development of adults. Therefore, the main difference between righteousness and academy is that in ancient education, they belong to different levels of educational organizations. The degree of teaching and schooling of academia is higher than that of Yixue.

It is quite common to be named the academy as the academy

Although the concept of righteousness and academy is relatively clear, the phenomenon of academy of righteous studies in the Qing Dynasty actually appeared. It mainly manifested that it was the phenomenon of "Academy" named "academy". In the historical period, a few righteous studies have the nature of the academy. Take Jiangxi as an example. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Tsai Yiyi of Ruichang, Qiangang Yisha in the Jie family of Fengcheng in the Yuan Dynasty, and Wanan Liu's Confucian Lin Yifu. High, although there is no "academy" name, there is a real work.

Unlike, the general teaching level of righteousness in the Qing Dynasty, the low level of school running, and limited social impact, but the name of "academy". For example, the Zhang family of Kangxi, which is built in the 46th year of Kangxi, was built in the 46th year of Kangxi, the eight years of Daoguang (1828), the Shixi Academy in the Ouyang family of Jiangxi, the Liu family of Liu family in the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), etc. They are all the trainers of the children of the ethnic group. Taking Ouyang's as an example, the children in the family ancestral hall were used as a child in the family ancestral hall, but "the hustle and bustle of the clan together is not quiet, and the children are not raised as a holy power." "The" Family "on the side of Chongdao. The response of the 8 -bedroom Qingminghui was donated for a total of 179 thousand texts. In the short period of time, Shixi Academy was completed. It can be seen that the nature of Shixi Academy is the ethnic group of the Ouyang family to teach Tong Meng.

In addition to Jiangxi, there are many such situations in other direct provinces in the Qing Dynasty. (Later renamed Mengzheng Academy), Lai Fengguilin Academy (a Yoshikari), Lichuan Shuangjiang Academy (a loyalty academy) and Ruhua Academy (a Nanping Yixue) Enshi Fengshan Academy, Yunmengmengzawa College, and so on. If the educational and historical materials in folk literature such as the Hubei (ethnic) of the Qing Dynasty, the number of righteousness in the name of "academy" will be more.

Multi -movement is caused by this phenomenon

Both Yixue and Academy are important educational institutions in the Qing Dynasty. The author believes that there are the following reasons.

First, the place is to Mu. Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the academy has not entered the government system, and it is not a part of the official academic system. The school's school funding is mainly dependent on social donations. The employment of the teacher, the selection of the apprentices, and the management model are relatively free and flexible. After the official learning gradually loses the function of Xingxian education and becomes the imperial examination preparation agency, the academy has become a clear stream that supplements its deficiencies. Xiang Mu.

The academy of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty was a concentrated manifestation of the educational organizer of the righteous science to the Mu Academy. In the name of the academy in the name of the academy, it has improved the level of school running in the form. It shows that the purpose of running the school to run the school is based on the spirit of academy education and the spirit of the academy, so as to expand the social impact of righteous studies. For example, in the twenty -ninth year of Kangxi, Liu Xiaoxian, Anhui Huaining County, led the public to advocate the establishment of "the pre -county governance of the county, and the titles of the Wannian, named Qianjiang Academy", which entrusts Liu Zhixian to build a good wishes for the construction of righteous studies and prosperous culture and education. At the same time, the academy of Yixue further showed that the social influence of the academy reached its historical peak in the Qing Dynasty.

Second, the management and control are relaxed. For the purpose of stable rule, the academy management and control policies in the early Qing Dynasty were relatively strict. Shunzhi's nine -year ordered order did not allow the college. In the first year of Yongzheng, Yongzheng ordered the official temple and academy to change the ancestral temple and academy. This situation did not change until the eleventh year of Yongzheng. It was said that Yong Yongzheng said: "Establishing an academy, choosing a provincial person with a good person and a good person to read it, to recite them, stubbornly inspire, something to do, there is something to do. Achievement, Yongyuan Kinkou's view is struggling, and one of the talents is also one of the talents ", and it is ordered to establish a city academy in the place where the governor is in Zhazha. Xi Minfeng and there is no flow, it is also the hopes of the me. " At this point, the policies of the Qing government's academy have shifted, which has created conditions for the rapid development of the Qing Dynasty academy. Under the demonstration of the provincial academy in the court, the regional center academy in Fuzhou County has risen. But followed by the official academy, the disadvantages of the academy, the quality was getting worse. To this end, the Qing government has repeatedly issued the decree. While strengthening supervision, it has continuously adjusted the management model of the college, but has not received good results. Therefore, since the middle of Qianlong, local gentry has entered the academy through donation of the hospital, setting up a board of directors responsible for administrative affairs, and promoting a series of reforms such as "Mountain Changs and Public Officials, and officials are not managers." Essence The relaxation of the Qing government academy's management and control policies made the private construction academy more flexible, and the reports of the officials and cases were visited. In the absence of institutional obstacles, in order to enhance the level of running the school and expand the impact of schooling, the academy of righteousness has become the active choice of local gentlemen.

Third, officials advocated. Compared with justice, taxation, public security, etc., the establishment of education institutions is not a priority for local officials in the Qing Dynasty, but it is a place that is easy to make in the performance of officials. It is regarded as "outstanding" political achievements. Therefore, local officials in the Qing Dynasty often paid attention to Sven, or built the school palace, or advocated the establishment of academies and righteous studies. As mentioned earlier, after the 11th year of Yongzheng's decree was established, the college has been given practical significance since the Song Dynasty as a high -level and high -level education synonym. It is an inevitable behavior of becoming local officials in the Qing Dynasty. Under the demonstration, advocacy, and pleasure of officials, this tendency has emerged as a trend of spreading from the city to the countryside, thereby promoting more rural rural academics to develop towards the academy.

The academicization of Yixue has a certain positive impact. On the one hand, this has caused the number of Qing Dynasty colleges to increase, with a total of more than 5,000 newly built academies, exceeding the sum of the four generations of the Tang Dynasty, Yuan and Ming dynasties. Moreover, the academy's righteousness is mainly located in the vast villages, filling a large number of gaps in the distribution of the space distribution of the academy of all ages. On the other hand, in this process, the academy of Yixue also promoted the change of the regulations of the academy, adapting to local conditions, and transforming the mature regulations of the academy. The basic regulations of academies such as lectures, sacrifice, learning, and book collection have evolved into the college of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty and evolved into examinations and curriculum awards.

As far as the study of education history in the Qing Dynasty was concerned, the academy of Yixue in the Qing Dynasty blurred the boundaries of righteousness and academy. It is difficult to distinguish the name from the name, which is particularly obvious in the local ambitions that have been repaired since Qianlong. There are often you in the concept of "righteousness" and "academy" in local minds, and you have me and me. For example, Jiayu County, Hubei has the "School of Yixue", and Huaining County, Anhui has "academy righteousness". This brings challenges to the research of the righteous and academy in the Qing Dynasty, and the identification of their respective research objects has become the primary task. This is a problem that needs to be faced in the history of education in the Qing Dynasty.

(This article is the key topic of Jiangxi Provincial Education Science Planning "Fang Zhi Seeing Jiangxi Academy Education Literature Collection and Research" (19ZD080) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Education, Nanchang Teachers College)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Zhang Jinsong

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