[History and Culture] Leshan Yi traditional houses talk about Peng Yuanjiang

Leshan Yi traditional houses talk about

Peng Yuanjiang

Looking at the whole country, the folk has been legendary of the "nest" since ancient times. In ancient books, there are also records of ancient Shu silkworm kings "居 放". Formation of people.

However, due to the development of the farming economy and the increase in total population, how to create a stronger, more solid, convenient in and out, and facilitate the storage of food and ensuring the safety of life, it has become a unremitting pursuit of ancient ancestors. In this process, a "dry bar" building appeared. This is based on wood (bamboo) as the column and building houses on a space 1-2 meters high. An evolution. Until now, in the ethnic minority villages such as Yunnan, it is still commonly used. At the same time, the ancestors' nostalgia for caves and stone rooms prompted a modern building -people were born on the flat land, or building soils as walls, or barrels as walls, or standing boards as walls, rooms for rooms, rooms as rooms, rooms as rooms, rooms as rooms, rooms as rooms, rooms as rooms, rooms as houses, rooms as walls, rooms for rooms, rooms, rooms, rooms as walls, rooms as walls, rooms as rooms, rooms for rooms, rooms, and rooms. The top is used as a tile, and the houses with doors and windows and houses with halls and halls are built. This is the traditional housing of ethnic minorities such as Yi people. It is still very common in Liangshan and Yunnan in Sichuan. In order to meet the needs of the natural environment and the social environment of the mountainous areas, the Lishan area has formed its own characteristics in residential buildings.

1. Select site

According to investigations, when the Yi compatriots were under construction, they paid special attention to the depressed zone of the mosquito, which may occur from the damp and wet mosquito, and the area where the rock collapse and mudslide may occur. There are forest pastures, a cultivated land in front of them, sufficient sunshine, and air circulation. It is suitable for several or dozens of households to be adjacent to villages. This site selection principle is conducive to defense self -defense, preventing the invasion of diseases such as mountain disasters and disease abuse. In addition, the Yi people still have the custom of choosing excellence. If the original site feels unsuitable, it is immediately relocated, reflecting the simple environmental science awareness.

Second, build walls

The traditional residence of the Yi nationality is on the wall material, which is divided into bamboo walls, wooden walls, earth walls and round wooden walls. Among them, the round wooden wall is a trunk with a diameter of 15-20 cm, and the two ends are cut, and the mutual framework is "well". It is mostly used in areas with more forest resources. The Yi people of Leshan area mostly use bamboo cricket walls and built walls with soil. Building a wall with soil reflects more scientific and technological knowledge. The method adopted is the method of building the wall, which is still widely used in the countryside in my country. This method is to use a wooden board with a width of about 30 cm and a length of about 1.5 meters to 2.0 meters first to frame the sides, pave the clay, and tighten it with a wooden hammer or stone hammer layer. The soil is rammed again, so that it can be built into a solid wall. The courtyard walls, house walls, and tower are made of this method.

Inside, the Yi compatriots used mathematical concepts such as position measurement, high difference, horizontal, distance, vertical, and vertical operations in practice, otherwise it would be difficult to ensure the firmness and aesthetics of the wall. There are 2-3 floors in the Tulou Tower, and the middle pavement is solved. It solves a series of technical problems such as stairs and its embedded with the wall. It is difficult to build without pure mathematical computing and architectural skills.

In addition, when building walls, the Yi compatriots have adopted "bamboo band" reinforcement technology, that is, each rammed two or three floors laid a bamboo and wood branch, and then paved the soil to make it. Inside the wall, the anti -shear and tensile resistance of the entire wall is increased to prevent tilt and settlement. In addition, in the appearance of the wall, the wall of cow dung mixing finewood ash paste is dark gray, neat and beautiful, and it can also be washed out of rain.

Third, tile plate

The most distinctive feature of the Yi people on the roof should be "tile board", which means that wooden boards are used as tiles. — 20 cm, about 100 cm long, and about 3-5 cm thick, covering the tile -shaped sandalwood strips, the long side of the tile plate is covered by the second layer of tile plate, the upper stone is pressed on the stone, and the top of the stone is pressed on the stone. Fixed. The room rack is abducted on the soil wall with round wood or bamboo crickets. The entire roof is "human" font, with a slope of 20 ° 30 °, which is convenient for tile plate drainage. Wave plate production technology is a bit scientific. The author has discussed this issue with the Yi compatriots. They believe that they must not use the sawn wooden boards as tile plates, because the sawn wooden boards have strong water absorption and easy to rot in a humid environment. Quickly, it is easy to dry after wetness. It is generally not a problem to use it for more than ten years and twenty years. The author has seen some tile boards that have become dark. After many years, they can still be used, so this statement is unreasonable. Looking at the tile plate, its wooden fiber is a thin and narrow groove in the direction of the torn lines and the torn lines. These grooves are diverted. Essence Although the sawn wooden board, although it is relatively beautiful, the drainage function of the losing groove is lost. In addition, due to the destruction of the wall of the wood fiber, the rain is easy to penetrate into the depths and the wooden board is easily rotten.

Fourth, courtyard and interior layout

According to the information of the construction planning and design department: The courtyard of rich households such as the original slave main, the house is built in the courtyard, the four corners of the courtyard are built with a tower and the corner of the house. 3-4 are ranging, and the tower is generally 2-3 floors, and each floor has multiple shooting holes. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the society was stable, and this type of tower has become a relic. There is a small bamboo tower on the front of the courtyard, with a sheep rib under the slave (呷 呷).

Inside the house, the space of entering the gate is equivalent to the Han Dynasty houses. There are three stones as pot piles (fire ponds). A bedroom of the master and wife, below the bedroom of the daughter or son and daughter -in -law, stacked debris (such as farm tools, back buckets) or stone mills, chicken cages, etc. on the right side of the fire pond. The right side of the pond is stacked (such as agricultural tools, back buckets) or setting stone mills, chicken cages, etc., and the guests' rooms are behind. Bamboo towers upstairs are piled up corn, and sometimes guests are temporarily arranged to stay. The wooden floor of the rich household in the two -bedroom room is 30 cm from the ground with hygroscopy, laying sheepskin as a pad, and a wooden board with wooden lines on the front. In short, from the perspective of the ministerial and interior space of the Yi courtyard, the concept of preliminary system structure and overall structure has been reflected, as shown in the figure:

5. Conclusion

The traditional dwellings of the Yi nationality are the basis for survival and development of Yi compatriots, and it is also the cradle of the traditional culture of the Yi nationality. With the changes of the times, traditional houses are gradually disappearing, but after the efforts of recent decades, people can see a row of residential houses decorated with the traditional red, yellow and black patterns decorated with the Yi nationality. Among them, the bonfire is beautiful and the singing is joyful, showing the new appearance of the Yi family in the new socialist countryside.

Yantong Yijia Xinzhai, Yanfeng Town, Maibian (Photo by Xia Ping, Picture Source: Sichuan Daily)

Source: Sichuan Provincial Local House Work Office

Author: Peng Yuanjiang

Supply: Leshan Municipal Party Committee Party History and Local Zhi Research Office

Picture: Fang Zhi Sichuan

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