Micro Historical Records | Why is the glasses in "Menghua Record" called "叆叇"

In "Menghua Record", there is a male match Du Changfeng and was thrown into the river by Sun Sanniang, played by Liu Yan. In the play, a myopic image was set up for Du Changfeng. He also said that he did not entertain because of myopia. For the first time, he had a pair of glasses. He called it "叆叇 (sound and" love "), and also attracted Liu Yan's ridicule," love or not wear ".

So, is there glasses in the early Song Dynasty? Is it called "吗"?

"Menghua Record" stills

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From the perspective of the current literature, using a magnifying glass to look at the characters, it was available in the Northern Song Dynasty. For example, Su Shi's fellow and friend Shi Yan, when he served as the enforcement, he used the words on the crystal amplification case to read. But when it comes to glasses, the Northern Song Dynasty did not necessarily have it. The earliest text records about glasses that can be found now were during the Southern Song Dynasty.

At that time, there was a literati named Zhu Mu, who wrote in "Fang Yu Shenglian": "Manchu and Canada is out" (Manchuka is Malacca in Malaysia today); "人:" 人: The old man does not distinguish the book, so you can cover the eyes. "

Therefore, we can only determine now that people in the Southern Song Dynasty knew their glasses and named it "叆叇".

So, what does this "叆叇" mean? The word "叆叇" was available during the Western Jin Dynasty. At that time, the writer Pan Ni wrote in "Yimin Yin": "Chaoyun, the morning dew is not sighed." Dr. Gu Ye Wang's explanation of "叆叇" in the Southern Dynasty was: "Cloud appearance", "Cihai" Note as "Yunsheng", "Modern Chinese Dictionary" Note as "describing the strong clouds".

Why is a vocabulary describing the thick clouds that is used to name the glasses that make people see more clearly? The linguist guessed this that when the people wearing glasses met water vapor, the lens seemed to be a thick cloud. So it will be named "叆叇". But at the same time, some linguists believe that the word "叆叇" comes from part of the transliteration of foreign language words.

People in the Southern Song Dynasty said that Malacca was produced in Malaysia, and in the local Malaysia, the word "glasses" was CERMIN-MATA. MATA's tail sound ATA is similar to "叆叇". Most of the Chinese words are single or two -syllable. When translating, they only borrow the sound of "ATA" according to their own language rules, and name the glasses "叆叇". Just like the name of the Perspanah (spinach) of the spinach's name, transliterate it as "pineapple (vegetable)". But later, pineapple edges were simplified as "spinach", but in some places, it was also called "pineapple ridge (vegetable)".

Why is the glasses named 被? The above two claims have speculation. The specific one is right, and further research needs to be done.

In the Ming Dynasty, the name "个" was gradually replaced by "glasses". The word "glasses" is also very interesting. As mentioned above, Malay Cermin-Mata means "mirror of the eyes". So, is "glasses" translated directly from Malay? Or is it itself a self -made word in Chinese? Linguist also didn't understand for a while.

Glasses case during the Guangxu years

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The Southern Song Dynasty's records of glasses were relatively small, and in the Ming Dynasty, there were more text on glasses. The earliest records of the Ming Dynasty recorded glasses were Zhang Ning's "Fangzhou Miscellaneous Records". He said in the text that there is a man named Hu Yan, a native of Wujin, Jiangsu, and a major minister of the Xuande Dynasty. The Emperor Xuande gave him a folding eyes. "If the two are the two, the shape is like Yunmu Stone, the nitrate of the world, and the quality is very thin. It is one, and the difference is two.

The nitric is a false crystal made of ore. This folding glasses, the lens is very thin, and it is inlaid.

The ancients felt very novel about the function of glasses, and in the text left, there were more descriptions. Like "Fangzhou Miscellaneous Records", it reads: "The old man's eyes are faint, not distinguished by the characters, and the words are doubled, and the words are doubled."

Wu Kuan, who is the first eight -year -old champion and Suzhou people, also wore glasses. Someone sent him a pair of western glasses. He wrote in the poem:

Flip heads, Mingying 椽 椽 椽 椽.

Leaving Lou Ming, the eyes must not be available.

Under the blessing of glasses, the small kai of the fly can become a large. "Legend of Lou Ming, the eyes must not be available." Li Lou was a character in the myths and legends in ancient times. Huang Di lost Xuan Zhu and ordered him to find. Because he "can be regarded as a hundred steps, see the end of the autumn."

Chang Jian people Qian Qianyi sent a pair of glasses to his friends. He said:

The curtain of the curtain of the curtain can make the old eyes return to the boy.

It seems that in the Ming and Qing dynasties, glasses can be added to the four treasures of the study room. They are commonly used by cultural people. Another Suzhou person, Chu people, said that he had four friends, of which "glasses are bright friends", "not against the heart, and always."

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In "Menghua Record", the male match is holding his hand and put it in front of him. This is indeed the common way of using glasses in the Song and Ming dynasties. The Ming people Wu Kuan said in the poem: The eyes are close to the eyes.

But later, this method of wearing glasses was changed by a Suzhou people. During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sun Yunqiu, an expert in Suzhou appeared in Suzhou. He was originally from Wu Jiang and later moved to Shuzhou Huqiu Mountain. At the age of 13, he was admitted to Xiucai. He used to sell herbs as a living. He liked to make equipment, good at measurement, and greater than manufacturing glasses. At that time, the glasses introduced from abroad were grinded with glass, but Sun Yunqiu used crystals to polish. Originally, he could only be used by hand. He made another design and added a nose bridge to the lens. There were more ropes on both sides of the frame. When used, put the glasses on the bridge of the nose and the rope on the head and pulled behind the ears. In this way, you can use the glasses rack on the bridge of the nose when used, and your hands can free up to do other things. The Qianlong dynasty official Zhang Ruoyu was wearing this kind of glasses. He wrote the first poem with a slight self -deprecation:

The ears are shorter all day long, when will the nose unload the long yo.

Tianya Mo Dao has no tune, and the donkey is a family.

Zhang Ruohuan metaphorized this kind of glasses into a donkey. Because the donkey is covered with eyes, it is similar to those who wear glasses.

There are glasses, there are glasses selling glasses. Selling glasses in various places. In 1743, Ruan Zongzheng, a Vietnamese man in Nanjing, lived in Kuixing Store in Jinfang, Nanjing. He had to visit the inner bridge and bought a pair of crystal glasses at the Yanshan Store in Baoyufang. After putting it on, he felt clearly. , "Several glances are burning, and doubtful to meet after the Tang Dynasty."

Today, the inner bridge is still there, and the high -end glasses shop in Baoyufang has long been missing.

Yangtze Evening News/Zi Niu Journalist Zang Lei

Edit: Qin Xiaoyi

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