Thinking about the protection of biodiversity in my country

Text/Zhai Hongbo

Abstract: This article introduces the status quo of biodiversity around the world and my country, summarizes the main achievements of the protection of biodiversity in my country, and analyzes the challenges facing the protection of biodiversity in my country. On this basis, five main suggestions for the protection of biodiversity in my country in the future. These suggestions include improving policies and regulations, strengthening capacity building, strengthening law enforcement supervision, advocating national actions, and promoting international cooperation and exchanges.

Keywords: biological diversity; protection; status quo; achievement; suggestion

△ Asian elephant

Foreword

Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have used chemical fertilizers and pesticides to pollute the soil. Since World War II, the number of wild animals around the world has been reduced by more than half.

In 2020, the world's population is 7.8 billion, the CO2 content of the atmosphere is 415 ppm, and the unpopular wilderness accounts for only 35%of the global land area; the world's trees with more than 15 billion trees worldwide have been cut off, and the rainforest area has fallen by half. Human beings fish for more than 80 million tons of seafood from the ocean each year, reducing 30%of fish population to endangered levels, and almost all large fish in the ocean have been caught. Humans have lost about half of the shallow corals in the world, and major coral bleaching incidents occur almost every year. There is no beach on the earth without human garbage waste, plastic is invading the marine food chain, and 90%of the sea bird stomach has plastic fragments.

At present, 70%of poultry on the earth is fed artificially, most of which are meat chickens. What is even more shocking is that mammals that are used as food by humans themselves form 96%of all mammals on the planet, and all wild mammals, small to field moses, large elephants and whales, only 4%.

△ Boleshop

The current status of biological diversity in my country

By the end of 2021, the Chinese biological species list included 11,5064 species.

(1) Animals

There are 693 kinds of mammals in China, accounting for about 11.8%of the total mammals worldwide, ranking first in the world. China has the Third Jiji Animal Animal, Grand Panda family, and the family of White Panda, and more than half of the world's mouse and rabbit family is unique to China. China is still the most abundant country in the world. There are 146 kinds of mammals in China, with a specific proportion of about 20%.

There are 1,445 birds in China, accounting for about 14%of the total number of bird species worldwide, of which 93 are Chinese unique. Chinese unique birds are the most in the family, and China is known as the "kingdom of the king", and nearly 1/3 of the pheasant is unique to China.

There are 481 amphibians in China, accounting for about 7.4%of the world, ranking 4th in the world, of which 272 (56.5%) are unique to China, including the Chinese dumplings known as "living fossils", which are often called baby fish.

There are 463 species of Chinese reptiles, accounting for about 4.5%of the total number of global reptile species, ranking 8th in the world, and 143 (31%) unique to China, including representative rare species such as chemical crocodiles.

There are 4,969 fish in China, including 1,443 inland fish, and 954 inland fish are unique to China. Among them, the Chinese crickets, Yangtze River 鲟, Bai Yan, northern copper fish, flat kiss fish, long silk, Sichuan, Sichuan, Sichuan, Sichuan, Sichuan Ten types of Shaanxi Luo salmon, 唇, and yellow lip fish are all national -level key protection wild fish.

The 2021 Chinese biological species list includes 31,385 important insects including butterflies and bees, but there is a distance from the expected number of species (about 80,000).

(2) Plants

China is the most abundant country in the northern hemisphere, and the number of higher plant species accounts for about 8%-12%of the number of global species. There are 37699 kinds of high plants in China, including 31,961 types of quilt plants, 289 types of bare plants, 2,340 types of ferns, and 3109 moss plants; more than 15,000 seed plants are unique to China, accounting for about 50%of the total seed plant. At the same time, China ’s medicinal, ornamental, and economic plants are very rich. There are many valuable plant species of plant species in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, medicine and lightweight industry.

The regions with the richest and uniqueness of Chinese seeds are concentrated in the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest area between 20 ° -35 ° north latitude. The eastern region is the "museum" of the entire area of ​​biological diversity, and it is also the "museum" and "cradle" of wooden plants. The Hengduan Mountain area is the most rich and unique area of ​​Chinese plant species, followed by Lingnan and Central China.

(3) fungus

Various habitats in China contain rich fungal diversity, and Chinese fungi accounts for 20%of the number of global bacteria. There are about 1.5 million fungi species around the world, and about 100,000 species have been reported. At present, the Chinese biological species list has included 15,095 fungal species, and there are a large number of species that need to be organized in this type.

△ Grand Panda Nuzi Concentration Model

The main achievements of biodiversity protection in my country

Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, my country's biodiversity protection work has made great achievements.

(1) Continuous optimization of local protection system

China has continuously promoted the construction of natural protection places, and established a natural protection land system with national parks as its main body. It is the first to propose and implement the ecological protection red line system internationally. , Plays a positive role in maintaining important species inhabitation.

Since the establishment of the first nature reserve in 1956, as of the end of 2021, China has established nearly 10,000 places at all levels of nature protection, accounting for more than 18%of the land area of ​​land. In recent years, China has actively promoted the establishment of a natural protection land system based on national parks, natural protection areas, and various natural parks supplemented by various types of natural parks, laying a solid foundation for protecting habitats, improving the quality of ecological environment, and maintaining national ecological security. By constructing a scientific and reasonable natural protection land system, 90%of China's land ecosystem types and 74%of national key protection of wild animals and plant species are effectively protected. Wildlife habitat space has continued to expand, and the number of populations has continued to increase. The number of giant panda wild population has increased from 1114 to 1864 in 40 years. Zhu Xi has grown from 7 at the beginning of discovery to the current wild population and artificial breeding groups exceeding 5,000. Increased to the current about 300 heads, the number of population population in Hainan's gibbon has increased from only two groups 40 years ago to increase to 36 in 5 groups. China's "delineation of ecological protection red line, slowing and adapting to climate change" action initiative, and selected the United Nations "natural solutions based on natural solutions" global 15 boutique cases. The delineation of ecological protection red line and biological diversity protection have a high degree of consistency, which has played an irreplaceable role in effectively improving the protection of biodiversity in my country.

China breaks the boundary of the administrative region, connects existing natural protection, and fully considers the integrity of important biological geographical units and ecosystem types, and delineates 35 biological diversity protection priority areas. Among them, the total area of ​​32 land priority areas is 2.763 million square kilometers, accounting for about 28.8%of the land and land area, which is of great significance to effectively protect important ecosystems, species and habitats.

(2) Continuous improvement of the relocation protection system

my country has continued to increase the protection of land, systematically implements endangered species rescue projects, the collection and preservation level of biological genetic resources has been significantly improved, and the protection system for relocation is becoming more and more improved. It has become an effective supplement to local protection. recover.

By the end of 2021, there were nearly 200 botanical gardens (trees gardens) in my country and more than 23,000 plants; 250 wildlife rescue breeding bases were established, and more than 60 rare endangered wildlife reproduction was successful. In April 2022, my country's first national botanical garden was unveiled in Beijing.

my country has continuously strengthened the collection and preservation and use of important biological genetic resources. As of the end of 2020, my country has formed a national crop quality resource protection system supported by the national crop quality library and its replication library as the core, 10 mid -term libraries and 43 species of quality gardens. Genetic resource preservation fields (districts, libraries), established a national -level species -level insurance unit for more than 90%of the national livestock and poultry genetic resource protection list. share. 99 national forest -level species resource resource storage libraries were completed, as well as the national branch of the two national -level forest grass germplasm resource facilities in Xinjiang and Shandong, and 47,000 forest species resources were preserved. 31 pharmaceutical plant germs are built to preserve the garden and 2 species of quality resource libraries, and more than 12,000 seed seedlings are preserved.

my country has implemented the rescue project of endangered species, rescued some rare and endangered wild animals, expanded the population through artificial breeding, and finally realized naturally. The number of artificial breeding of giant pandas has grown rapidly and high -quality. The level of threats of giant pandas has been reduced from "endangered" to "dangerous", achieving the field of wildness and successful integration into wild populations. The elk, once disappeared from the wild, established three major protection groups in Nanhaizi, Jiangsu Dafeng, and Hubei, respectively, with a total of 8,000. In addition, China has also carried out rescue protection for 120 very small groups of wild plants such as Debao Su Tie, Huagai Mu, and Bailian Zu Shi Shan. 112 kinds of rare endangered wild plants in my country achieved wild return in the wild.

(3) Biological safety management is continuously strengthened

my country has strictly prevent and control foreign species invasion. The four batches of "List of Foreign Invasion of China Natural Ecology System" were released one after another, and the "List of National Key Management of Foreign Invasion" was formulated, and a total of 83 kinds of foreign invasive species were announced. Start the census of foreign invasion species, and carry out the monitoring and early warning, prevention and control, and supervision and management of foreign invasion of species. Strengthen the prevention and control of migrant species ports, and prevent the introduction of the epidemic and foreign species of foreign animals and plant epidemic.

my country has continuously improved genetically modified biological safety management. Strictly standardize the safety management of biotechnology and its products, and actively promote the orderly and healthy development of biotechnology. It has promulgated laws and regulations such as the "Regulations on the Administration of Agricultural Transgenic Biological Safety Management", "Administrative Measures for the Evaluation of Agricultural Transgenic Biological Safety Evaluation", "Administrative Measures for Biotechnology Research and Development Safety Management", and "Administrative Measures for the Inspection and Quarantine of Genome Product Products".

my country has basically identified the current status of biological genetic resources and the distribution, protection and utilization of important biological genetic resources. The fourth national medicine resource census organized by my country's organization has obtained information such as the types and distribution of more than 13,000 kinds of Chinese medicine resources, of which 3,150 are Chinese -unique. It is carrying out the third national agricultural work quality resource survey and collection operation. The third national livestock genetic resource survey was launched in 2021. Organizing the first national census of forest grass species, the pilot work of the Qinling area has been completed. my country continues to strengthen the protection and supervision of biological genetic resources to prevent the loss of biological genetic resources and disorderly use. (4) The quality of ecological environment continues to improve

my country's continuous implementation of a series of ecological protection and restoration projects, such as key forest protection and restoration, Beijing -Tianjin wind and sand source governance project, comprehensive management of stone desertification, Sanbei protective forests and other key protection forest projects, retreating farmland to forests, retreating herds, rivers and lakes and rivers and lakes and rivers and lakes. A group of major ecological protection and repair projects such as wetland protection and restoration, mangroves and coastal wetland protection and restoration have implemented 25 landscapes, forests, lake grass ecological protection and restoration projects, and launched 10 landscapes, forests, lakes and sand integrated protection and repair projects. Formulate and implement the "Master Plan for the Protection and Repairing Major Ecological Systems National Ecosystems (2021-2035)".

my country's forest area and forest accumulation have maintained "dual growth" for decades, becoming the country with the largest number of forest resources in the world. The three consecutive monitoring periods of desertification and sandy land have achieved "double reduction". The grassland ecological condition continues to improve. About 25%of the new green area of ​​2000 to 2017 came from China, and the contribution proportion ranks first in the world.

my country has resolutely declare war on pollution, launched the battle of blue sky, blue water, and pure land, and the prevention and control of pollution has continued to increase, and it has achieved significant results. In 2020, the average concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) across the country was 33 micrograms/cubic meters, a decrease of 28.3%from 2015; the proportion of excellent water quality area in the near -shore waters of the country was 77.4%, an increase of 9 percentage points from 2015; pollution across the country was polluted across the country. The safety utilization rate of cultivated land exceeds 90%. The quality of the ecological environment has been improved and optimized the species of habitats, restored the functions of various ecosystems, and effectively alleviated the loss of biodiversity.

(5) Green development collaborative promotion

my country's promotion of economic development and ecological environmental protection is coordinated, reducing pressure on biodiversity. Accelerate the establishment and improvement of green low -carbon circular development economic systems, optimize the industrial structure, and improve the efficiency of resource utilization and clean production. Encourage the development of ecological planting, ecological breeding and sustainable operation.

On the premise of the protection of biological diversity, my country actively explores the protection of biodiversity and the coordinated promotion of rural revitalization, cultivates superior resources, develops ecological industries, promotes the high -quality development of cities and rural areas. home.

Adhering to the concept of "green water and green mountains is the golden mountains and silver mountains", China promotes the realization of the value of ecological product and preservation and appreciation. Focus on the policy and institutional system of "Green Water and Green Mountains" into "Jinshan Yinshan". Promote the transformation of natural ecological advantages into high -quality development advantages of economy and society, and stimulate the endogenous motivation of the protection of biodiversity.

△ Green Peacock

The situation facing biological diversity in my country

Although my country's biodiversity has achieved great achievements, the situation is still severe.

According to the "Red List of Chinese Biological Diversity", 17 types of vertebrates in my country are in the state of extinction, field extinction or regional extinction, and the risk of extinction is higher than the world average. Among them, mammals were threatened by 26.4%, birds were 10.6%, inland fish were 20.4%, reptiles were 29.7%, and the proportion of amphibians reached 43.1%.

Among the plants, the 40 species have been extinct, the wild extinction or regional extinction, and a total of 3,879 species are threatened, with a proportion of 10.8%. Among them, the most threatening of bare plants reached 58.0%. For example, the 22 Soviet -ranic plants distributed in China were all threatened species, with a threatening ratio of 100%. 78.6%.

There are 6,538 large fungi that China needs to pay attention to and protect, accounting for 70.3%of the total number of species evaluated.

△ Photo Conferry of Snow Leopard Land Bridge Ecological Center

Main suggestions for the protection of biodiversity in my country in the future

(1) Improve policy and regulations

China should strengthen the construction of biological diversity. At present, China has the "Forest Law" and "Implementation Regulations of the Forest Law", "Grassland Law", "Fisheries Law", "Wildlife Protection Law", "Environmental Protection Law", "Ocean Environmental Protection Law", "Seed Law", "Yangtze River Protection Law and Biological Safety Law and Biological Safety Law Law "Law" and more than 20 biological diversity related laws and regulations. These laws and regulations should be revised in time, providing solid legal guarantees for biodiversity protection through strict law enforcement. Adjust the national key protection of wild animals and plants in a timely manner, laying the foundation for saving rare endangered wild and plants and maintaining biological diversity. At the same time, the relevant indicators of biological diversity protection should be incorporated into the central and local assessment systems, and the responsibility for the protection of biological diversity should be implemented to people.

(2) Strengthening ability construction

China should continue to improve the national biodiversity survey and evaluation system. Establish a national species distribution database, establish a species resource survey and collect information platform, and accurately reflect the status of wild animal and plant space distribution. By publishing "Chinese Plants Red Paper" and "Chinese Endangered Animal Red Books", etc., it has laid the scientific foundation for strengthening the protection of biodiversity. Continuously improve various ecosystems and species monitoring and observation networks, and provide diversified information services and decision support for various fields. Through fiscal taxes and the establishment of the National Green Development Fund, we will continue to increase investment in biodiversity protection. Continuously strengthen scientific and technological investment and talent training, and provide scientific and technological support for biodiversity protection. Give full play to the advantages of universities and scientific research institutes, promote the integration of industry, university and research, and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. (3) Strengthen law enforcement supervision

China should concentrate its strength to solve the problem of highlighting ecological environment, improve the quality of ecological environment, and promote the high -quality development of the economy and society. Organize special law enforcement actions such as wild animals and plants illegal trade, continue to increase strikes and rectifications involving biological diversity illegal crimes, and resolutely stop and punish the behavior of destroying ecosystems, species and biological resources.

China should adhere to the problem -oriented, focusing on major tasks such as biological diversity protection, climate change, ten years of immunity, and marine ecological environmental protection in the Yangtze River, and promote outstanding problems in the field of ecological environment. Carry out biological diversity protection law enforcement inspections. Carry out cross -departments, cross -regional and multinational joint law enforcement actions, severely crack down on rare endangered wild and plants smuggling, and adopt zero tolerance for illegal activities such as wild animals and plants. We will improve the long -term mechanism of wildlife protection law enforcement supervision, conduct serious investigations and punishments affecting the protection of wild animals and plants and their habitats, and form a high -pressure situation on related illegal crimes.

(4) Promote all -people action

China should continue to strengthen the protection and education of biological diversity, strive to form a action system for government -strengthening guidance, active actions of enterprises, and extensive public participation in the public, and comprehensively improve the public's participation in the field of biodiversity protection. Continue to carry out the publicity and education and popular science activities of biological diversity. , World Environment Day (June 5th of each year), the world's important time nodes such as the prevention and treatment of desertification and drought day (June 17), and other series of activities, continuously improve the public protection awareness.

Innovate propaganda models, broaden the participation channels, improve the incentive policies, and invite the public to actively participate in the formulation of biological diversity policies, information disclosure and public interest litigation, and provide suggestions and suggestions to create a good atmosphere of biodiversity protection. Formulate and release the development standards or guidelines to promote the development of ecological environment volunteer services, and provide guidance for various social subjects and public participation in the protection of biological diversity. Through the Yangjiang Prap, Turtles, and Chinese White Dolphin Protection Alliance, build a communication and collaboration platform for the forces of all parties. Encourage enterprises to participate in the field of biological diversity and actively guide enterprises to participate in the crackdown on illegal trade of wild animals and plants.

(5) Promote international cooperation and exchanges

China should adhere to multilateralism, carry out various multilateral and bilateral cooperation exchanges, unite the joint force of global biodiversity protection and governance, and strive to build a community of life on the planet. China should actively fulfill the Convention on Biological Diversity and Its Protocol, promote the coordination of relevant conventions to increase efficiency, show the role of great powers, and play an important role in the protection and governance process of global biodiversity.

China should continue to improve the development cooperation mechanism of the Green "Belt and Road". Through a series of measures such as green infrastructure, green energy, green finance, and the construction of the “Belt and Road” ecological environmental protection big data service platform, provide support for capital, technology, and capacity building to help them accelerate the transformation of green low -carbon and continuously benefit the along the route along the line People from all countries shared the results of green development. (The author's unit is the Asia -Pacific Forest Network Management Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Bureau)

"Green China" A (first half of the month) September 2022 issue

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