Reviewing the Five Dynasties and Carving Printing Relationships

The Chinese carving printing has gone through the process of spreading from religious to worldly, from the lower layer to the upper level. Some nodes in this process, such as the five generations of national prison, deserve special attention. These nodes have enhanced this technology to improve key characteristics and social identity. Ye Changchi believes that Wei Zhao's desire is the key figure standing at these nodes. In his opinion, it is the first to be a large -scale host to engraved books, especially classic books, but more scholars regard them as one of the fifth -generation version of the tide participants. For example, if Ye Dehui believes that the book of notes in the five generations is directly affected by the five generations of official scriptures, and it is a trend, not a leader. Regarding the successive relationship between the five generations of the monitoring and the engraving of the Wei Zhao descendants, Ye Changchi and Ye Dehui are very different. Based on the handed down literature, their views are not necessarily accurate. In addition, even if Zhao's desire may not be as important as Ye Changchi said, his inspection helps people understand the development process of carving printing, and it is more appropriate to understand the relationship between the five generations and carving printing.

The version is cheap and convenient, but the status is not high

The authoritative records of the Indian Confucian scriptures from the Indian Confucianism are from "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Volume 291 "After the three years of Zhou Guangshun": "Since the end of the Tang Dynasty, the school is abolished, and Shu Weizhao's private wealth million camps The school hall, please be stereotyped, and the master of Shu is followed by it. It is the Chinese science of Shu. " The Nine Classics of Confucianism received the consent of Meng Yue. It is an important cultural measure to build a school and engraved the scriptures for the rejuvenation of Shu Di culture. Kong Pingzhong, who was later in Sima Guang, said in "The New Theory": "In the middle of Zhou Guangshun, Shu Weizhao, please engraved the version of the Nine Classics, so the Chinese characters are re -prosperous." At the same time, it is just more brief. These are the earliest records about the earliest documents of the Bei Zhaori, because they are the historical matters of the Five Dynasties of the Northern Song Dynasty, and they are more valued.

However, scholars of all ages seem to have seen this earliest notes. All the research on the origin of the Confucian scripture version of the source of the Confucian scriptures point to the Nine Classics of the Five Dynasties. In addition, early literature does not support this historical record of Weizhao. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tao Yue was earlier than Sima Guang for decades. His "Five Dynasties History" records: "When there is no poverty -stricken poverty, the" Selection "is used in the delivery room. When the board is cut off, the survivor. Later Wang Shu was slaughtered, and then he practiced his words. India -line books, creating this. " It is the error of "without Zhao". This paragraph has been in the "Five Dynasties History", and it has been introduced from Wang Ming and Qing "Watch Records" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Its importance is to describe the specific motivation of not Zhao's book -he was stimulated by his friends when he borrowed his friends, so he made a wishes to engrave the book later so that the scholars can easily get it. The "Selection of the Essays" borrowed by not Shi should naturally be written. The difficulty of friends in the writing is to write the preciousness of the book. This means that the version engraved at the time was a cheaper and easier way to circulate books.

In order to provide classic books like himself, he decided to adopt the version of the version engraving technology only in folk common reading at that time. Therefore, it is not the result of the natural development of the version of the engraving technology, but a measure under a specific spiritual stimulus. This low -end and convenient method of version engraving corresponds to the low situation of the low -end situation at that time. It is also worth noting that there is no such thing as the Confucian scriptures. There is also a paragraph of "Watching Records": "Tang Ming Zongping Shu, Dr. Li Yanshu, Dr. Li Yanshu, imitated its production, published on the country's prison. Middle is the most. "Following its qi, the" imitation of its production "here should refer to the method of engraving the" Selection of the Essays "to engrave the scriptures, rather than imitating its career. The Qing Confucian Gu Qianli once said in the letter to Chen Yan: "In the near future, the" Section of the Essay "of Mr. Guoquan used the" Section of the Essays "to make the" Five Dynasties History "as a fabrication." "Five Dynasties" The passage of Shibu "is indeed unquestionable, but it is not only found that the" Selection of the Essays "is not found. "Song History · Disposal Su Chuan" contains "Zhaodong is a good collection of books, and in Chengdu Lingmen, Zhongzheng, Sun Fengji's" Selected Essays "," Beginner ", and" Bai's Six Posts ". , Walking in the world. In the nine years of Dazhong Xiangfu, Zi Keqin went on his board. " He is the son of Wu Zhao's descent. He brought three engraved books to the Central Plains, but he had no Confucian scriptures. The five ministers of "Selection of the Wen" notes are notes. The book "The model is large but heavy, and it is more rough than the book." This description is consistent with the original intention of the Book of Bu Shi, not a good text.

From this point of view, the "Selection of the Essays" is the fact that the "Selection of the Essays" is the fact that he is suspicious. In fact, his relationship with the Confucian scriptures is conclusive in another aspect. While serving as the prime minister of Shu, he presided over the Shi Kei Jiu Jing, the Shu Shi Jing or Meng Shu Shi Jing in the literature. This is an official measure, and its engraving location is also in the palace. The nature is obviously different from his personal factors based on personal factors.

Researching the level of carving printing technology and social identity

Since ancient times, the official engraving Stone Sutra has been to determine the standard text of the scriptures, and thus promotes the cultural orthodox status of the New Dynasties. Although Hou Shu is a local regime, the political meaning of this move is obvious. And compared to the previous Shi Jing, a major feature of the Shu Shi Jing is not only engraved with scriptures, but also not only the text, which is unprecedented in the tradition of the stone Jing, and its engineering volume is also unprecedented. The Shu Shi Jing is a positive character in Europe, and the sculpture is well -carved. The text not only has a carefully schedule based on Kaicheng Shi Jing, but also the writers are also famous in the world. Compared with the Shi Jing, the status of the version is inferior. Although the "Selection of Articles", "Beginning", and "Bai's Six Posts" engraved with the Ethics of Weizhao is not a book used by civilian daily use, it belongs to the standing books that are imperial examinations and still have practical characteristics. It should be said that compared to the previous Buddhist scriptures, the book of the calendar, etc., did not have improved the cultural level. The status is still irreplaceable. And if the "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is true, there is indeed a version of the Nine Classics, then the initiative of the Stone Scripture at the same time further proves the informal position of the engraving. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" regards the records of the engraved scriptures of the non -Zhao descent, and there is no specific sun and moon, and the next one is "June Renzi, Cangzhou Zangyang, a military Fanyang Zhang Zangying to come down", and then the next record The Five Dynasties were engraved with the Nine Classics: "At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the prime ministers Feng Dao and Li Yu asked the Guozijian Tian Min to correct the Jiu Jing, stereotypes, and the court obeyed. Although the troubled times, the Nine Classics spread widely. "What does this arrangement mean? Perhaps there is a simplified simplification, maybe Sima Guang mistakenly recognizes the Shi Jing hosted by the descent as the engraved scripture, maybe Sima Guang hints the connection between the two in a fuzzy way? However, in any case, the five generations of Guozijian scriptures, as the first official engraving, directly affected the descendants' scriptures.

For the Five Dynasties of the Central Plains, the engraving scriptures are also a last resort, and it is forced to choose under financial distress. However, because it is an official measure, unlike the private engraving of the non -Zhao Zhao descent, the Guozijian engraved the rigorous production method close to the stone Jing. The text is based on the Kaicheng Stone Scripture, and made the school's schools of Confucian scholars' schools copied, and added the notebook. Later, the officials were ordered to collate the person in detail, and sent the person who wrote the regular script to the right, and finally hired a professional engraving version. Su Bai believes, "This is the earliest record of the person who clearly separates the two processes of writing and carving. Essence "The hand of the same person" should not be generalized (this is not the case for the engraving of the book), but it is undoubtedly a great improvement in the formalization and standardization of the original engraving in the formation of the book. It can be said that although the Central Plains court is difficult to engrav the stone sutra, it is as close to the production of the stone Jing as much as possible. This can be said to be the "stone Jing" on the wooden board. Thick and more errors. " At this point, the carving prints to a historical node, and its level of craftsmanship and social identity have been greatly improved.

Since then, it has become a formal move with carved printing and replication, and it is no longer a low -end cheap power. Through investigating related descriptions, we can clearly see the historical significance of the Five Dynasties National Supervisor's scriptures. It is with the help of this "helpless move" specific historical opportunity that carving printing has established its own status in the upper class of society and opened a new spread of Chinese books. History. In the narrative of the traffic history, the technical advantage is the key to the success of the carving printing -it is more efficient, cheap and accurate, and it is just a matter of time. However, not all technical advantages will naturally get the opportunity to accumulate progress. Occasionally, the opportunity of the times is often a historical element that cannot be ignored. For the development of Chinese carving printing, the Five Dynasties Kuomi Monitoring is such a historical opportunity that is not accidental but extremely important. It is clear that you can have a closer to the practical understanding and grasp of the history of Chinese carving printing.

(This article is the State Social Science Fund Youth Project "Northern Song Dynasty Pavilion and Literary Art" (19CA162) phased results)

(Author unit: Zhejiang University Chinese and Western Academy)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Yanglang

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