Economic System Theory Exploration of Common Wealth-Sixteen Lectures: Planning-the income distribution mechanism of the market economy system

Plan-market economy system is a market economy system with planning functions and system coordination functions. The planning functions and system coordination functions will not only change the specific income distribution mechanism, but also change the system positioning of the income distribution mechanism; not only will change the income of income, but The basis of the distribution will also change the distribution scale of the income distribution based on the content of the content. Among these possible changes, the thinking of several income distribution mechanisms brings the theory of income distribution mechanism.

(1) You need to use a system to study the income distribution subsystem

The development of society and the advancement of technology have enabled human society to advance in large systems that have continued to increase in accordance with the degree of existence and the impact of each other. The impact of economic balance, in turn, the operation of the income distribution subsystem also affects the planning balance of the macroeconomic system.

Income distribution first involves whether workers can employment. Obviously, there is no income distribution without employment. The labor income of the workers has built potential consumption capacity and consumer market; this consumer market is exactly the "God" of producers and the source of product orders relied on by manufacturers. As a result, "total labor supply → universal production labor → total labor income → build potential consumption total consumption → total production → total labor supply", and build a macroeconomic balance circulation system chain. The total amount between the system links in this circular system chain maintains a planned balance. If the system chain is unbalanced, the result of the occurrence is either overcurrent in labor or insufficient labor supply; either a large number of workers have unemployment or local use difficulty.

Involving income distribution, we must not help but mention that the workers "do their best" to work, and then follow the problem that the labor that can be "tried to" for fair distribution. Among them, how do you understand "do you can"? The author believes that "do everything" should at least include the following three meanings:

First, there are prerequisites that can "do their best". The reason is that only when the workers have the conditions to "do" their "capable" labor can they have the opportunity to perform "trying to" work, and to ensure that allocating allocation under the premise of "as much", and the distribution is truly fair. For example, Labor A can pick 75 kg of burden at a time, but only provides him with a total of 50 kg of tasks. Labor A cannot achieve "doing everything". Essence

Secondly, "each can do what they can" can be understood as the workers' subjective aspirations in the labor process. In the process of labor, the workers themselves can "do" their "ability" is undoubtedly the core goal of "their own do", and it is also the end of "their own can".

Third, "each can do" should also be understood as "trying" in their own ability advantages. Everyone has their own specialties. Only by using their own strengths to work, "try to" can maximize. If society cannot provide as much as possible for workers as possible, then "do everything" will definitely be discounted. The plan-market economy system is to achieve the mechanism of promoting the orderly flow of personnel and the competitive mechanism under the control of planning to achieve the job that is most suitable for themselves for "as much as possible."

From the perspective of the first distribution of national income, only the workers can really "do their best" to "work", and the fairness of the first allocation can be guaranteed. However, the problem is that any labor in the modern economic operation system will be a collaborative economic behavior of the economic operation system, which will be affected by the balance of macro planning.

It can be imagined that today, with the high efficiency of labor and overcapacity is the norm today, if there is no macro -planning balance, each worker allows each worker to "do everything" to work. The result must be:

(1) There are no so many consumer products for production, unless the "backlog products" are produced.

(2) The environment that humans depend on survival are not allowed. According to statistics, in the past few decades, humans have consumed some important available resources on the earth. If in this case, continue to "do their best" regardless of the environment and resource carrying capacity, then humans are no longer a builder, but a destruction.

The revelation given here is that any labor that involves allocating allocation can not leave the constraints of macro planning balance. The planning distribution mechanism of the market economy system must be implanted into a micro-income distribution mechanism through the structure of the distribution mechanism in which the distribution mechanism architecture, so that the income distribution mechanism of the plan-market economy system is essentially the essence Different from other allocation principles.

(2) Value increase can be used for labor contribution and equivalence

In order to clearly discuss this proposition, two axioms are established first.

Family axiom 1: All values ​​in the world are created by labor. Labor is the only source of the value of value, that is, labor creation value.

Family Axiom 2: The amount of labor provided by workers can be converted based on the value increase in the creation value. According to Righteousness 2, Labor A provides labor to create value increase B, and the value increased value of labor creation is also B. Then, it can be considered that the worker A and the worker B provided the same labor volume.

According to these two axioms, if the worker A puts the labor with the labor volume of A through his own investment, it can produce products with a value increase of 100 meters; , Labor A also invested in labor with a labor volume of A, which actually generated products with a value increase of 1,000 units. Among them, after the invention patent was adopted, under the premise of the labor volume of the labor volume of A, the invention patent produced 900 (1000-100 = 900) new value incremental products. According to Righteousness 1, it can be considered that these 900 new value incremental products are created by a "to be settled". Because in this example, the amount of labor invested by Labor A is A. When the patent invention is not used, it can only produce 100 products of the unit. According to Troubleshooting 2, the amount of labor paid by this "to be settled" is 900: 900 /100 = 9, that is, the labor volume of 9 A. (3) The income distribution mechanism shall be applied at the historical stage where the form of various ownership forms shall be applied

Under the traditional market economy system, the form of production data determines the distribution relationship and distribution method. The rich can rely on possessing the ownership of the production materials and have unlimited wealth accumulation capabilities. They can continue to accumulate "rich surplus" capital and richer in the process of income distribution, while the poor accumulate "poverty" in constantly "losing" and poverty -this is the problem that cannot be avoided by capital distribution.

The reality is that in a long stage of historical development, a variety of ownership forms, including the form of private ownership, exist at the same time. It is an unavoidable reality. For example, in the initial stage of socialism, private property is protected by law. As long as private property is not used to do things that endanger the common interests of the society, private property, including investment enterprises to become capital, should be protected by law. Therefore, at this stage of historical development, private ownership, public ownership, and mixed ownership will be normalized. In other words, the distribution mechanism of the plan-market economy system can only have vitality can only be used at the same time that the objective environmental conditions that exist in multiple ownership forms.

The ownership form is determined by the nature of the production materials owner, and the production materials are usually expressed in the form of capital investment. In order to get rid of the binding of ownership forms, the only way is to change the role played by capital in the production materials, the composition of the composition of the means of production, and the new form of capital that reflects the development of economic and social development at the core of labor. The position is to reduce the role and status of general capital, and then incorporate the income distribution of shareholders who possess production materials.

(4) The income distribution mechanism should avoid economic exploitation

1. Analysis of the cause of economic exploitation of income distribution

Inquiry of economic exploitation of income distribution. Through market competition, corporate legal persons have obtained contracts for production products. Through the investment in production factors, the company produces products that can be exchanged in the market through labor. Through the sale of these products, companies have obtained operating income determined by value. In accordance with the current cost accounting measures of industrial enterprises, after these income deduction of materials cost, labor cost cost, management fee (including the wages of manager wages), the rest is the profit before the enterprise tax, and then pay the taxes paid after paying the taxes and fees paid. It is the profit that can be distributed by corporate shareholders.

In accordance with this accounting rule, the remuneration of workers is paid by "wages" according to the labor distribution. Among them, the compensation of workers participating in direct production is included in production costs with "manual salary", and the compensation of managers will enter production costs through the "management fee" subjects. Salary is the first reward for enterprises to pay. That is to say, when the enterprise enters the accountable profits, the theoretical reward in theory has completed the payment in the form of "salary" (generally the enterprise will also be re -distributed in the form of bonuses, but it is still part of the salary) Essence

It is the proportion of production materials to determine the proportion of enterprise shareholders. From the perspective of enterprise production factors, the company's production materials are mainly determined by investment capital. Because capital can be converted into all production factors required for production. In order to simplify, the proportion of capital owned by shareholders is equivalent to the proportion of production materials owned by shareholders. In this way, the distribution profit of enterprises is allocated according to the shareholders' capital proportion.

Capital in enterprises, especially in companies under the traditional market economy system, is very important. You can purchase raw materials and add equipment with mobile funds in capital. If the company leaves it, it can be said that it is difficult to do. In business, enterprises create value and profits through the use of production factors. If enterprises do not lose money, then capital in the enterprise will not be reduced in operation. In other words, when the enterprise does not lose money, capital is like a catalyst in chemical reactions, which has contributed to the capital turnover and creating value in turnover, but it will not be reduced. This means that when the shareholders allocate the distribution profits of the enterprise according to the capital accounting, the capital has not decreased. If the capital has contributed not to consider the capital, the value of the shareholders all stems from the labor of the corporate workers. Shareholders have occupied the surplus value of the workers, and the natural economic exploitation has been among them. Of course, this conclusion is not comprehensive, because this conclusion is obtained on the premise that the capital contribution is not considered, and the capital is really indispensable. The distribution profits obtained by shareholders are often far greater than the "salary" of workers. There seems to be a conclusion that cannot be ignored here. Since the general distribution profits of enterprises are distributed by shareholders by capital accounting. If capital is private, then economic exploitation is a common phenomenon, and economic exploitation has obviously as "production production. "Data ownership" form is bundled. There is another question here. How much return should the capital contribution be "reasonable"? Can you think that there is no economic exploitation in this "reasonable" range? There is no unified understanding of this now. The author proposes such a reference indicator, that is, the capital of capital can only get the level of bank interest in the same period in the distribution profit of the enterprise. It seems that it can be a "reasonable" standard because the capital is not placed in the enterprise and the bank can get the same income. Obviously, the level of interest income can be obtained by competition by a variety of storage methods (including depositing capital into banks). If this theoretical base point can be universally accepted, as long as the level of capital acquisition in the current sense is reduced to the level of its deserved level, the shareholders will have the opportunity to avoid economic exploitation according to the distribution of capital accounting.

2. Thinking about the first distribution of the form and measures suitable for multiple types of ownership

First, assumes that all production factors that can be distributed as a basis are designed through the system and mechanism, and the elements of the "labor" gene have been raised to a decisive weight position. In the elements, labor -related elements have been determined and dominated, and even let all production factors bring "labor" genes.

Second, assume that all production factors involved in allocation have been paid according to the amount of "labor" contained in it. Then, the basis of allocating the "capital" related to ownership will be transitioned to the ownership of the ownership to the ownership. The amount of "labor".

When the "scale" based on the revenue distribution is already "labor", the production materials are "public" or "private". The amount of "labor" has become the "general scale" in the distribution process, which objectively isolated the effects of ownership form on allocation. In the end, you can achieve the purpose of not being restrained by the form of production data to avoid exploitation.

(5) The income distribution mechanism should be conducive to the unity of competition and sharing concepts

The best way to realize this thinking is to comprehensively work as a basis for distribution. The reason is that labor has the following irreplaceable advantages:

First, labor is a "property" that all people with labor ability, and are also "property" that all people with labor ability continue to own. Therefore, the most people with the basis of labor are involved in the distribution, which is a universal distribution that continues and does not leave dead ends.

Second, labor is real -time and practical. It is called "labor" during labor, and it is called "unsuccessful" when resting; it is allocated at the basis of labor, and it is allocated during labor and does not allocate when not working. The distribution of capital is not the same: companies with capital occupied by stocks, even if they are lying down and sleeping or people have entered the territory, as long as the capital equity is still there, the allocation can be used.

Third, the accumulation speed of labor itself is much lower than that of capital accumulation. For a specific worker, only when he is engaged in labor, "his labor" is true. In a painting, only the painter himself can deploy his name in the painting and become his labor product. Even the other people's labor cannot be considered as the painter's own labor. As a result, labor always clears zero at the beginning of his life, and has accumulated in his life. Compared with capital accumulation, there is a completely different accumulation characteristics.

Fourth, reflect the needs of society. In the final analysis, humans still have to organize and meet consumer needs through labor. Therefore, rewarding on the basis of labor is inspired by "labor", which meets the needs of social development.

Fifth, in the modern society that affects each other, it is a social collaborative economic activity. As long as the economic system is designed, it can be restricted by the sharing of macro -planning and restricts micro -competition in the shared "cage".

It is a difference in labor capacity and a limited. Therefore, only by rewarding by labor can we have strong positive incentives, and at the same time ensure that the income gap is controlled within a reasonable level to achieve the goal of common prosperity. Reprinted from Chapter 4 of the "Plan-Market Economy System Theory" (Published in April 2019), some texts have been deleted and adjusted.

Text/Pan Zhikai: "Planning-Market Economic System Theory" (Published in April 2019 in Intellectual Property Press) Author

About the Author:

Pan Zhikai, born in August 1948 in a peasant family in the suburbs of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, graduated from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1976, and has a graduate degree of master's degree. Senior Advisor of the Digital Economy and Digital Trade Professional Committee of the China World Trade Organization Research Association, author of "Plan-Market Economic Systems" (Published by Intellectual Property Publishing House), customized traffic patent inventors Relevant leaders' work experience.

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