"Finance and Economics" Liu Shouying and Chen Hang: The typical facts of the changes in the villages of East Asia -Enlightenment of the revitalization of the Chinese countryside

Liu Shouying and Chen Hang: The typical facts of the changes in the villages of East Asia -Enlightenment of the revitalization of the Chinese countryside

Finance

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With the proposal of the rural revitalization strategy, the attention of the rural attention is widened. Unlike the existing rural economy into the agricultural economy and the solution of farmers 'issues, it is mainly focused on increasing farmers' income. Researchers in recent years have noticed that the countryside is an economic foundation, location conditions, resource endowments, ecological environment, and institutional governance. A complex regional system within a subsystem. Accompanied by the historical transformation of urban and rural areas, various subsystems within the countryside and the rural system and the surrounding environment have disordered in interaction, and even lesions and recessions have occurred. Due to the existence of urban and rural inequality development concepts and long -term neglect of rural civilization and its value, the local structure has been distorted under the huge impact of urbanization and industrialization. , Labor and other production factors flowing towards the city unidirectional, causing a significant gap between cities and rural areas. The rural status is increasingly marginalized, and rural mechanisms are gradually weakening.

To promote the rural revitalization strategy, we must first identify the characteristics of rural decline. So far, some studies have been listed on the characteristics of rural decay, such as obvious gaps in urban and rural areas; large -scale transfer of rural population has caused the lack of rural laborers, low -level human resources, and imbalances in the age and gender structure of rural left -behind groups; agricultural operations subjects Old weakening and partialification; decreased agricultural land remuneration and low agricultural labor productivity; rural industries are single, non -agricultural economic activities are withered; village attenuation, incomplete public services, insufficient supporting support, health, education, culture and other supporting supporting, infrastructure, people, people The environment is backward; rural governance is in trouble, the public space is crowded, and rural relations based on blood, Zongyuan, and geographical rural areas tend to disintegrate. Some of these phenomena are regular and trend, some are special and institutional, and some are locality and caseability. If it is not carefully analyzed, it will be misjudged by the current situation of the countryside, and it will not be able to implement the clue of the implementation of rural revitalization.

What is more dangerous is a series of "prescriptions" based on one -sided understanding and judgment. The first is to continue to accelerate urbanization. With the further improvement of urbanization, rural decline is naturally resolved; the second is to promote the scale of land, so as to eliminate the obstacles to agricultural development in the development of traditional small -scale agricultural land, and to expand the operation of agricultural land operations Agricultural modernization at the core; third, the professionalization of farmers, change the current status of part -time industry, and cultivate professional farmers or agricultural industry operators to become the main body of modern agriculture; Advantages, formation of agricultural specialized production areas, and improving agricultural efficiency; Fifth, the village is parallel, and the villages and villages are dismantled to integrate the villages and incorporate the village to change the current trend of rural areas. Reading the real picture of rural transformation is not only an academic interest, but also a very important policy meaning. Which of the rural changes are trendy, regular, which are specialty, which are staged, and which are institutional. They need to be carefully identified from typical facts. General and special, give targeted solutions. For China's rural revitalization, in order to avoid irreversible historic mistakes based on one -sided understanding, it is necessary to re -examine the typical facts of East Asian economies such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan who have experienced transformation. The basic characteristics of the east of East Asia's transformation in the transformation, in order to provide a certain reference for the current rejuvenation of rural villages in China.

1. Farmers diversified and diverse identity

Consistent with the changes in economic transformation, the East Asian economy has also occurred in agricultural output value and agricultural employment. While the agricultural share declined, it also experienced the migration of a large population from rural to cities.

(1) The continuous growth of farmers' income and diversification of the source

It is generally believed that the growth of farmers' income during the transformation of urban and rural areas will lag significantly due to the disadvantages of agricultural comparative benefits, and farmers' income is also simplified into agricultural income and foreign income, and the complexity of farmers' income sources is not enough. The fact is that the situation of farmers has not deteriorated during the urban and rural transformation of East Asia. On the one hand, it benefits from the revenue of East Asian farmers to maintain the same growth as urban families. On the other hand, non -agricultural income has become the main source of farmers' income. The source of income remains diversified.

(2) Farmer's professional identity is pointed

The mainstream opinion believes that with the transformation of agriculture, the small -scale operations engaged in a variety of production have contradictions with the increasingly professional and refined agriculture. , Agricultural workers participating in professional division of labor. However, in East Asia, corresponding to the diversified sources of farmers 'income, farmers have maintained a part -time state for a long time, and only the types of part -time jobs have shifted from farmers -based to agricultural supplement, and they did not present the characteristics of farmers' professionalism or professionalism. Although it has changed in recent years. The number of East Asian economies and industrial farmers has increased significantly before large -scale non -agricultural transfer. With the large number of rural population transfer, the number of industry farmers has decreased, but part -time industry is still the main form of farmers.

In farmers and partnerships, the agriculture -based part -time part -time part -time has declined significantly. The part -time part of the agriculture is a growth trend. Overall, part -time farmers of various economies have continuously deepened the degree of agricultural side business and rely more on foreign income obtained from non -agricultural and industry activities.

(3) Balanced income increase in urban and rural income

According to the Kuzlitz curve, the early stages of economic growth from industrial civilization to industrial civilization will occur in the early stages of industrial civilization. In a clear comparison, there is no most difficult problem in the income gap between urban and rural income in East Asian economic transformation. The gap between urban and rural areas has remained low and is constantly converging.

Second, agricultural factors combination upgrade and agricultural remuneration increase

It is generally believed that with the decline in agricultural share, the importance of agriculture will decrease, and agriculture becomes a weak quality industry. However, the decrease in the Agricultural share of East Asia has not led to the decline of the agricultural sector. They continue to upgrade through agricultural elements to achieve agricultural industrialization on the basis of small -scale agricultural operations, and increase agricultural remuneration and agricultural productivity.

(1) Agricultural element combination and agricultural industrialization

Why does East Asian agriculture become stronger? It is very important that East Asia's agriculture has moved to the agricultural industrialization of agricultural industrialization with the agricultural sector elements and continuously undergoing breakthrough changes. From 1960 to 1990, the non -agricultural transfers of the Japanese rural population increased the cost of agricultural labor per hectare of rice per hectare of rice; from 1990-2010, the combination of agricultural factors changed significantly, and labor costs, agricultural machinery costs, land rent costs and proportion of land rent decreased successively. The lease fee incurred by facilities and agricultural machinery by joining agricultural economic organizations has increased significantly. From 1970 to 2000, the labor costs, land rents and agricultural machinery costs per hectare of rice production in South Korea showed a growth trend. From 2000 to 2010, the proportion of labor, land, and agricultural machinery declined. From 1960 to 1975, the proportion of salary expenses produced per hectare of rice (in the second phase as an example) in Taiwan, China, was increasing. In order to cope with the increase in labor costs, agricultural mechanization was promoted, and the number of farmers owned by farmers showed an increasing trend. The proportion of seedlings, pesticides and materials that are invested to increase the yield of acres have also increased. From 1975 to 1995, the proportion of wages continued to rise. In order to promote agricultural upgrading, the taxes that farmers had afforded to about 5 % of the cost were reduced, and the relative importance of various materials changed. The proportion of fees, water conservancy, etc., and the proportion of land rents have declined, and the proportion of seedling seeds is increasing. From 1995 to 2015, the proportion of wages and agricultural tools began to decline. At this stage, the degree of mechanization of water -dry fields, rice seedlings, harvesting, and dryness in water and droughtfields had reached more than 98 %. (2) The rise in agricultural remuneration

The continuous upgrading of the element combination has brought about the improvement of unit agricultural remuneration. East Asia has achieved the continuous improvement of agricultural remuneration in agricultural industrialization.

(3) Improvement of agricultural productivity

The reconstruction of agricultural production factors, the foundation of the foundation must continue to break through continuously, accompanied by agricultural mechanization, agricultural infrastructure construction, application of new agricultural technology, and improvement of production methods. Increased land productivity for individual workers and each unit.

(4) Small -scale agricultural and agricultural collaborative combinations constitute the main form of agricultural operation

The mainstream view is that expanding the scale of agricultural land is a sign of agricultural transformation, and agricultural scale is a sign of agricultural modernization. The fact is that after more than half a century of efforts, East Asian agriculture still maintains small -scale land operation forms for a long time. Connecting small farmers and external relationships is the organization of the Agricultural Association (Farmers Association). In order to strengthen the business foundation, various economies have focused on promoting the merger of the grassroots agricultural associations to a large scale. The Agricultural Association coordinates farmers to participate in various agricultural economic organizations, and jointly use machinery, part or all processes of agricultural production and the operation and operation of farms to achieve the common interests of organizational members. In recent years, East Asia has also carried out agricultural legalization or corporate efforts, but it is not the main form of agricultural organizations.

Third, village settlement changes and their functional expansion

(1) Evolution of the village settlement form

A almost consistent point is that urbanization will inevitably bring the end of the village, and the reduction of rural population has led to the shortage of labor, economic weakness, and social degeneration in the village. In fact, the East Asian village does have a sparse phenomenon due to the decrease in population, but it does not mean that the village is generally declining, but the transformation of changes in population, structure, and demand.

With the development of villages, the decrease in farmers, and the diversification of production and living needs, East Asian rural organizations have also changed. After the "Meiji Merge", "Showa University merger" and "Pingcheng Da Meng", the total number of Macraho is decreasing. The reduction of machi and villages is conducive to the construction of a wide area. The integration of public facilities can reduce the cost of government management and increase increase The efficiency of administration and finance has also caused the vitality of Sancho Village to lose its vitality. Tradition, culture and history gradually dissipate, and the voice of residents is difficult to convey. Village organizations formed by South Korea's village tissue based on blood and geographical relationships have declined, and modern organizations dominated by the Agricultural Association have been expanded. Taiwan, Taiwan, form a rural social grass -roots organization system that combines "villages (miles) and communities". Based on this, it promotes community building and promotes rural regeneration. The Association, Community Development Association, etc. have integrated and cooperated with each other to jointly promote the activation and development of rural communities.

(2) The complexity of rural economic activities

Traditional views equate the rural economy with the agricultural economy and the growth of rural areas with agricultural growth. To promote agricultural growth, one of the ways to promote the division of labor and professionalization of agricultural labor, and give full play to the resources and endowment advantages of various production units. Limit the concentration of resources to the production of superior agricultural products. Following this logic, the rural economy will be more single. In fact, East Asia's rural economy has not moved towards single or professionalism. The expansion of the non -agricultural industry has prompted agricultural operators to carry out a variety of operations, increase the complexity of agricultural products, and increase the return on agriculture. Agricultural and animal husbandry (field), which operates a diversified operation (part -time processing or leisure) in Taiwan, can obtain higher agricultural and animal husbandry income.

(3) equalization of basic public services

In developing countries, with the rapid influx of rural population into cities, the investment in rural infrastructure has also greatly reduced, and the basic public services obtained by rural areas are extremely limited. In East Asia, although the rural population has decreased a lot, various economies still attach importance to financial support for rural and agriculture, providing comprehensive rural public products and basic social security services. Japan has a large scale and wide coverage of rural public products. The government continues to attach importance to the stable supply of food, the sustainable agricultural development, and the revitalization of rural areas. The rural social security, including medical insurance, annuity insurance, agricultural insurance (income insurance and agriculture), etc. In addition to basic annuity and annuity funds, the government has also established a peasant annuity system.

From 1975 to 2015, the total expenditure in the field of agriculture and forestry and aquatic products in South Korea increased rapidly. The supply scope of rural public products has continued to expand. During the period of the New Village Movement, the improvement of the rural living environment and infrastructure, including the expansion of roads, the popularization of electrical communication equipment, and better hygiene conditions. Stable operations, rural development and benefits, grain management and agricultural product circulation, and building a foundation for agricultural production. In addition, the social security network that is basically equal to urban and rural areas.

Taiwan, Taiwan, has continued to increase rural investment in improving farmers' welfare. From 1985 to 2015, the budget (including additional budget) of the "Agricultural Committee" (including additional budget), of which the expenditures for rural social insurance and welfare services continued to rise. Relevant expenditure accounts for 49.53 %.

Fourth, the enlightenment of the village changes in East Asia

The typical fact of re -examining the rural changes in East Asian economies can be reached the following conclusions. First, East Asia rural areas have a path that is different from Western urban and rural transformation. According to the classic path, the population is gathered in cities by accelerating urbanization, promoting land transfer and concentration into a few large households, promoting agricultural scale, mechanization, and professional operations. Farmers transform into professional farmers or industrial workers. Under the premise of development, rural transformation. Because this path focuses too much attention to urbanization, it ignores the development of rural and villages itself, leading to the weakening of rural and farmers. The facts of re -examining the transformation of East Asian rural villages found that the East Asian economy also experienced the decline in agricultural share and the decline in rural population, but there was no land scale, agricultural professionalization, professionalism of farmers, and the general end of traditional villages. Based on the operation, agricultural industrialization has been realized, and farmers have moved to the polynoma of occupational status through a large number of part -time activities. The village has also achieved decent duration due to the rich economic activities and the provision of public services. This development path has not continued to expand, and farmers, rural areas, and agriculture do not have "broken roots". Villages are still an important carrier of economic activities and living spaces. It can be seen that the East Asian urban and rural transformation model does not rely on one -way urbanization model, but pays attention to the balanced development of urban and rural areas.

Second, the key to avoiding the expansion of urban and rural gaps is to give farmers an economic opportunity to diversify urban and rural areas. In the process of modernization, East Asia has not continued to expand in urban and rural gaps. The reason is that East Asia does not rely on the only way to continue to increase the urbanization rate, but with the transformation of urban and rural areas. The urban and rural economic opportunities continue to continue to open towards farmers, and farmers' income channels continue to expand. Under the general laws of the decline in agricultural income share and the rise in non -agricultural income share, through the improvement of rural infrastructure, the strengthening of urban and rural connections, and the development of rural industries, the number of opportunities for farmers to engage in various economic activities have increased, and the increasing increase in farmers' income is increasing. And it has also received rich compensation from agricultural association, various non -agricultural partnerships or self -employed undertakings. In addition, the government also attaches importance to social security and welfare services for farmers, such as Japan's peasant annuity system and farmers' health insurance in Taiwan, China. With the old agricultural allowance system, etc., the transfer of farmers 'transfer income has increased significantly, and the sharing of farmers' property income has shown a diverse source of income sources of farmers. Behind the diversified income is the polynoma of the occupation and identity characteristics of East Asian farmers. They have neither move towards professionalism or professionalization, nor completely separated from agriculture and villages. Instead, they are engaged in agriculture. Work. The unique characteristics of this occupational identity have given farmers not only share the same income opportunities as urban residents, but also obtain various income opportunities in the countryside, effectively avoiding the expansion of urban and rural gaps.

Third, the element combination upgrade rather than a single element replace the promotion of agricultural development. Traditionally, the large -scale non -agricultural transfer of the rural population has promoted the scale of agricultural scale, increased the replacement of machinery on labor, reduced agricultural production costs, realized land -scale remuneration, and improved agricultural productivity. However, there are more endowment characteristics and deep -rooted traditions of small farmers, making it difficult for East Asia to promote the large -scale efforts. On the basis of small -scale agricultural land operations, East Asian agriculture has not moved towards a single process of mechanical replacement labor. Instead, according to the relative changes of the price of factor, the organic combination and moderate ratio of various modern elements such as labor force and various modern elements are constantly adjusted and promoted the laborers such as labor force. Essence In this process, the proportion of modern elements such as advanced agricultural machinery, high -quality seedlings, new fertilizers and pesticides has continued to increase, and agricultural infrastructure such as land, water conservancy, and farmhouses has also been improved. The development of various types of agricultural economic organizations, the scope of agricultural socialization services, and the improvement of farmers' organizationalization, providing support for the optimized configuration of various elements within a larger scale, and promoting the breakthrough changes in the combination of factors. It has also produced continuous changes, thereby increasing agricultural productivity and an increase in agricultural remuneration. Fourth, the duration and expansion of village functions are the unique features of East Asian rural transformation. Although the decrease in the population of the East Asian villages has caused the phenomenon of too much sparse in some areas, the number of villages has decreased, but it has not caused the village to generally fall into decline or end. The characteristics of diversification, village forms change and achieve functional expansion, have become an important support for the decentness of East Asia. On the one hand, through the introduction of industrial enterprises, building agricultural and industrial parks, and promoting six industrialization of agriculture, farmers are encouraged to expand their career scope, engage in diversified production and operations, and improve the complexity of rural economy. On the other hand, relying on the government's large investment in the countryside, realize the basic public services of urban and rural areas, pay attention to investing in infrastructure in the countryside, and conduct village style construction from various aspects such as roads, communications, electrical, and logistics. The rural social security system, which is mainly social insurance, provides corresponding subsidies and preferential policies for farmers 'participation in insurance, solve the worries of farmers' farmers, and realize the decent and civilized forms of the countryside.

The experience of East Asia's rural transformation has provided an important inspiration for China's promotion of rural rejuvenation. First, the gap between urban and rural areas through balanced urban and rural development. The special urban and rural dual system and the development strategy of urban bias have led to a huge gap between urban and rural income in China. The gap between urban and rural areas is the main manifestation of China's imbalance and inadequate development. It affects the development of social and economic development and the improvement of national well -being. One view that continues to increase the urbanization rate and promote the civicization of farmers is the only way to solve the gap between urban and rural areas. However, it turns out that the rapid urbanization is not a good recipe for solving the gap between urban and rural income. The gap between urban and rural income has not significantly reduced with the continuous growth of the economy and the increase in urbanization. On the contrary It is difficult to make farmers entering the city enjoy development income equally, which has a negative impact on social integration. According to estimates, even if the urbanization rate is as high as 70 %, 450 million people still live in the countryside. The solution to the urban and rural gaps must change the unidirectional urbanization thinking, change the situation of a single and restricted source of income from farmers' income structure. Drawing on the experience of East Asia and focusing on expanding the channels for increasing farmers 'income, not only must we break the barriers to restrict the growth of agricultural revenue, promote the increase in land remuneration of units that farmers work farmers, but also give farmers in cities and villages to give farmers a fair economic opportunity to promote farmers' foreign income forms. Diversity, at the same time, we must also pay attention to the transfer of farmers to ensure that farmers enjoy equal social security and welfare services, and realize farmers' shareholding property income. Only by achieving the continuous openness and diversification of farmers 'economic opportunities can we ensure the sustainable growth of farmers' income and reduce the gap between urban and rural areas.

Second, promote the agricultural industry revolution to enhance agricultural competitiveness. Chinese agriculture is also subject to the tradition of small farmers in East Asia. It is difficult to break the status quo of the land. A single farmer adheres to the backward business method. The investment in the production and operation process is small, the ability to resist risks is weak, and the agricultural competitiveness is not strong. The mainstream view believes that accelerating land flow, focusing on a small number of professional farmers, improving the efficiency of factors, increasing investment in agriculture and land, and achieving agricultural scale operating income. However, the practice in China in recent years has shown that the effect of promoting the scale of land is not satisfactory. Instead of expanding the scale of land, agricultural productivity has declined. The land productivity of large -scale households is far lower than the land productivity of small -scale households, and the agricultural scale is difficult to achieve. The root cause of this predicament is that the agricultural modernization method of unilateral elements has little effect. By drawing on the experience of achieving agricultural industrialization on the basis of small -scale agricultural land, adopting the corresponding institutional arrangement to create a better agricultural factor market environment, guiding various types of new business entities and modern production factors to enter the countryside, with agricultural technological progress, innovative business methods, and innovative business methods, and business methods of business methods, and innovative business methods, and innovative business methods, and innovation in business methods, and innovative business methods, and innovative business methods. The development of cooperative organizations is a breakthrough, which has promoted the optimization and coordination of modern elements and traditional elements, and achieved effective configuration and efficient utilization in the agricultural field.

Third, wealthy farmers are opened through urban and rural rights. East Asian villages generally face the dilemma of labor shortage and constantly weakening, China is no exception. Many scholars have suggested that we can connect with market demand to cultivate a group of new professional farmers with knowledge, skills, good management, and pursuing maximum profits, and become the main force of agricultural production. However, there is no matching income return, and "farmers" can hardly become an attractive occupation, and the professionalization of farmers is difficult to become a basic form. East Asian experience has proved that the complete professionalization of farmers is not the best choice. It is more fundamentally to promote the continuous opening up of urban and rural rights towards farmers, give farmers more economic opportunities, so that farmers can increase the source of income through various channels. At the same time, small farmers who are both industrialized need to be effectively connected with modern agriculture, relying on strong grass -roots farmers' organizations to guide all kinds of factors for organic cooperation, inspire farmers to participate in various forms of cooperative production and joint operations, improve production efficiency and realize common common in organizations in the organization Benefit. Fourth, through the decently realized village's carrier function in the village rejuvenation. The village phenomenon caused by a large number of people in China is facing a large number of villages caused by a large number of people from the village, and the total number of villages has continued to decrease. At the same time, the number of farm houses inside the village and a large number of public spaces are occupied. The mechanism is as high as 114 million acres of hollow villages. The village has gradually lost its development vitality, the infrastructure is backward, and the overall scene is shown. The existing Hecun and residence have caused the village governance structure and the farmers 'production lifestyle, which causes damage to rural culture, native complexes, and human relationships; agricultural professionalization has also led to the loss of rural economy, resulting in a single source of income from farmers' income. Essence According to East Asian experience, to achieve the decentness of the countryside, we must not blindly dismantle the village and the village, nor can it lead to a single rural toward. Instead, we must conform to the natural evolution of the village form and the changes in the needs of rural residents to promote the expansion of rural function. On the one hand, guide the changes in the internal organizations of the countryside, realize the effective overall planning of rural resources, and fully guide various social and economic organizations to enter the countryside, play a role in increasing employment and activating the economy; on the other hand Integration and development, focus on cultivating the non -agricultural economy suitable for the local area according to the characteristics of rural resource endowment, and realize the diversification and complexity of the rural economy. In addition, the government should continue to maintain public investment in the countryside, realize equalization of urban and rural public services, and guide the decent development of the countryside.

Liu Shouying: Member of Chang'an Street Reading Club, Dean of the School of Economics, Renmin University of China

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