The world has not solved the problem!Can't be saved by fire above 15 floors?
Author:Look at the think tank Time:2022.09.17
On the afternoon of September 16th, a fire broke out in the China Telecom Building in Furong District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The video of the Internet showed that the scene was rolling on the scene, and there were fire items falling. According to Hunan Fire Fighting Notes, at present, Minghuo has been extinguished and no casualties have been found.
According to public information, Changsha Lotus Garden China Telecom Building was jointly invested and built by the original Post and Telecommunications Department, the Hunan Provincial Post and Telecommunications Administration and the Changsha Telecommunications Bureau. It became the first building that broke through 200 meters in Changsha. At that time, it was also known as the tallest building in Hunan. It is still one of the landmark buildings in Changsha.
China Telecom Co., Ltd. Hunan Branch recently released the "2022 Lotus Garden Courtyard Second Long-distance Telecom Hub Fire and Maintenance Project-Fire Alarm and Bidding System Bidding Announcement" shows that Lotus Garden Telecom Building The composition of the building belongs to a super high -rise building. "At present, there are over -inter -fire equipment in the Lotus Garden Building, and some equipment does not meet the current national standards and specifications.
High -rise buildings with huge volume, complex function, dense personnel, and dangerous sources have brought tremendous pressure and challenges to fire prevention and control and fire extinguishing rescue.
How to prevent it? When high -rise buildings have a fire, how to avoid or reduce personnel casualties and property losses to the greatest extent is a major realistic topic we need to study.
Text 丨 Cui Hezhang Watch Think Tank Observer
This article is an original article on the lookout think tank. If you need to reprint, please indicate the source of the Source of the Source of the Think Tank (ZHCZYJ) and the author's information, otherwise it will strictly investigate the legal responsibility.
1
High -level nightmare
On February 9, 2009, a flower flower exploded above the new CCTV site, and part of the high -temperature star fell into the windows of the window of the main building of the CCTV site. When the fire was just burned, it was just a black smoke. Within a few minutes, the fire burned bigger and bigger, and finally lost control.
On the evening of February 9, 2009, a major fire broke out in the northern building of CCTV. Photography ｜ Chen Meiqun
In 2010, another fire swept a high -rise apartment in Jing'an District, Shanghai. The fire spread rapidly beyond the speed of people's imagination. The 28 -story building soon burned the entire building.
The fire not only dispatched the fire truck, but also the police helicopter also participated in high -rise rescue. However, because the smoke on the scene was too large, the helicopter could not be close to the building. Originally, it was considered that the residents in the building were unable to achieve the plan from the top of the building through the helicopter evacuation. Some fire soldiers can only fall from the helicopter to the roof to explore the fire.
The difficulty of rescue is that the cloud ladder is difficult to reach more than 20 floors, and the fire above 20 floors is difficult to control. The water sprayed from the surrounding high -rise buildings to the building is not effective due to insufficient pressure.
On New Year's Eve in 2011, a fire occurred in the Shenyang Dynasty Wanxin International Building. The reason for the fire was that the firecrackers were burned to attract building insulation materials, resulting in the rapid spread of fires.
Shenyang Fire Command Center mobilizes hundreds of fire trucks such as Tieling, Benxi, Fushun and other cities. However, "the building is too high, the water guns of the firefighters are not high enough, and the water and foam cannot be hit." Several cloud ladders rose to the highest point, and they could only hit the water to six or seventy meters high, while the B -bonus A apartment in the International Building was as high as 152 meters.
The high -level fire fighting problem is not only plagued by China. In 1980, a fire broke out at the 27th -floor Migo Hotel in the United States, burned 84 people, and burned 679 people. In the last century, Seoul, South Korea, also had a 22 -storey "Ran Ran" hotel fire. The liquefied petroleum gas cylinder on the second floor of the hotel exploded. In hour, 163 people were burned and 60 were burned.
2
Uncover problem in the world
In our country, the standard of high -rise buildings is that the number of residential buildings is greater than 10 floors, and the height of other civil buildings and industrial buildings is greater than 24 meters. Civil buildings with a building height greater than 100 meters are super high -rise buildings.
In the 1950s, my country began its own design and construction of high -rise buildings. In 1959, a number of high -rise public buildings were built in Beijing, such as the 14 -story ethnic hotel and the 16 -story Civil Aviation Building. In the 1960s, the 87 -meter -high Guangzhou Hotel rose in Guangzhou.
Guangzhou City, high -rise buildings. Figure ｜ Figure insect creativity
By the 1970s, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou successively built high -level office buildings and hotels. In 1975, Beijing built the top three high -rise residential groups in the first three doors. Since then, high -rise housing has been promoted rapidly, becoming the largest number of high -rise buildings in my country.
In recent years, with the rapid development of my country's cities, it is not only a high -rise building, but also super high -rise buildings. At present, China's ultra -high -rise buildings have accounted for more than 60 % of the world, and have maintained the position of the highest yield of buildings over 200 meters for the 23rd consecutive years.
But with the increase of floors, the problem of high -rise fire rescue has also seen people's eyes. Why is it difficult to rescue the high -level fire?
First, the high -level fire spreads faster.
From the current perspective, high -rise buildings are mostly comprehensive buildings. The structure of the overall internal design is very complicated. Especially in functional design, there are a large number of wells in the building, and the space rooms, exhaust pipes, and stairwells are narrow. The speed of fire spreads in the vertical direction, and the speed will far exceed the horizontal direction. According to estimates, the initial fire, the smoke spread at a speed of 0.3 meters per second. However, as the fire continues to intensify, the speed will reach the speed of 3 meters per second, which is more than ten times at the beginning of the fire. From this point of view, a 100 -meter -high building will fire, and the fire flue will quickly reach the top of the high -rise at 30 seconds.
Second, rescue tools have limited operating capacity.
At present, the main equipment of high -rise building fire rescue is a high -rise vehicle, but the height of domestic fire -fighting vehicles is usually about 50 meters, which can usually reach a height of 15 floors. The highest domestic high -level car is generally 101 meters. At the same time, the higher the height, the higher the operation and driving requirements, and it is more difficult to driving through bridges, tunnels and narrow bends.
The fire prevention of high -rise buildings is basically relying on the advanced fire protection facilities and excellent daily maintenance and maintenance in the building. Once the fire is fire, it is extremely difficult to rescue outside the building. At this time, fire officers and soldiers mainly rely on indoor fire protection facilities and carrying equipment to save them. But there is also a difficult point that is limited by water band pressure.
When the water supply system in the high -rise building is faulty and the water pump j "cannot be used normally, it is necessary to use the method of laying water or vertical water band along the stairs to provide water supply. The higher the height of the high -rise building, the greater the water supply pressure. The existing ordinary low pressure water zone usually bursts due to excessive pressure, or the phenomenon of water cannot be hit, which is very unfavorable to the fire.
In addition, the maximum working height of the existing strong arm break -up of only 18 meters, exceeding this height, can only rely on manual, and it is difficult to break the disassembly.
Third, after the high level of fire, the environment is complicated and difficult to evacuate.
After the fire, the smoke was filled with low visibility. The invasion of the general elevator was unavailable by the invasion of the fireworks. The people's capacity was limited. It was difficult to meet the evacuation needs of the trapped persons. At this time, even the rescue workers can hardly find the fire point. In the case of complex building plane function structure, the fire field communication dead corners and blind spots are more. The interior and external contact of the fire field are prone to poor communication.
The glass walls used in high -rises are also very easy to break. The fragments of glass will greatly affect the rescue efficiency of the firefighting players, which greatly reduces the overall rescue progress. Especially for the water supply belt, it is very easy to be cut by glass fragments.
Fourth, flammable materials in buildings.
There are many high -rise buildings, large power loads, large distribution lines, many combustibles, and large fire loads. Among them, unqualified materials are also the cause of the fire. The fire of the new CCTV site is the non -combustible material in the construction process of the relevant personnel to ignite the fireworks, coupled with the unqualified B3 -level squeeze insulation board in the external wall decoration engineering and the curtain wall project, resulting in further expansion of the fire.
There are also some "wiping balls" in architectural design that also affect fire rescue. At present, some high -rise buildings have not carried out construction and design in accordance with relevant national policies and specifications. In order to save fire protection costs, some buildings reduced the design and reducing the necessary fire prevention systems in the building, and the hidden fire hazards were buried. For example, the equipment of fire hydrants is not complete, the channel does not have a ventilation port, and so on.
3
Precautions
When rescue becomes a problem, how should we prevent it?
By flipping a large number of high -rise fires, we found that due to the insufficient refractory resistance of the insulation and thermal insulation material outside the building's exterior wall, it is not uncommon for fires to occur.
In August 29, 2021, an old residential building in the eastern section of Shanghai Road, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province is being installed with an exterior wall insulation material. Figure ｜ IC Photo
It can be seen that the fire protection performance of the exterior wall of the building's exterior wall is essential for fire safety of construction projects.
Why do you need the insulation layer? Because the thermal insulation layer not only plays the role of insulation and insulation, it can also protect the main structure. Because the thermal insulation layer is placed on the outside of the building enclosure structure, the stress caused by the structure deformation caused by temperature changes is cushioned, and the durability of the main structure is effectively improved. The life of the building is extended.
In our country, the building materials are divided into 4 categories according to the combustion performance:
Class A is non -combustible materials. However, due to the high cost, there are very few A -level insulation materials on the market. Only glass wool, rock wool plate, foam glass, and vitrified micro beads.
The B1 level in the B1 -level insulation material is difficult to combustion, the B2 level is combustible, and the B3 level is flammable. The B1 level is more common to have a special treatment EPS/XPS insulation board with special treatment, which has a good flame retardant effect.
B2 is more common for EPS expansion polystylene bubble insulation boards and XPS extrusion plates. Although this material has a certain flame retardant effect, it will be burned immediately in the air or under the action of high temperature, which will easily lead to the spread of the fire. It will also release toxic gases. It is the culprit of many fires in recent years.
B3 is more commonly found to be a thermal insulation material for polystyrene foam. It has no flame retardant effect, which is extremely flammable and the fire is very risk.
In September 2009, the Ministry of Public Security released the provisions for the first time in history of civil buildings, "Interim Provisions on the Interim Fire Fire Fire of the Civil Building External Insulation System and External Wall Decoration Fire Fire" in Document No. 46, which clearly stipulates that the burning of external insulation materials for civil buildings Performance should not be lower than B2. At this point, B3 -level insulation materials have been completely abolished in construction engineering. Next, the fire of the Shanghai Teacher Apartment and the Wanxin Building of the Shenyang Dynasty and the small fire accidents during this period have spawned the most severe fire prevention regulations in the history of my country's history.
In March 2011, the Ministry of Public Security issued Document No. 65 "Notice on Further Clarifying Requirements on the Management of Fire Premination of Extraordinary Insulation Materials of Civil Building", stipulating that the combustion performance of external insulation materials proposed by Document No. 46 should be A -level A level A level A level A. And incorporate the combustion performance of external thermal insulation materials into the scope of fire review, and strengthen fire management in the construction process.
Under the high pressure of Document 65, A -level thermal insulation materials began to be used in large quantities, and rock wool plates and FTC insulation mortar were widely promoted.
However, most companies in the building insulation industry believe that the regulations of documents No. 65 are too strict. The A -level material standards proposed in Document 65 will not only lead to increased costs, but also increase the toxicity of materials. Moreover As a result, it makes it insufficient strength, and the water absorption rate is easy to crack.
Some cities have changed from design to construction from the design to construction, but many cities agreed to improve the fire performance of the B2 -level combustible materials used by the original design and meet the standard of B1 difficulties. Some projects are in a state of stop work and wait -and -see because they cannot find suitable insulation materials.
Moreover, because B1 and B2 materials are also unqualified in many places, some construction units simply use a higher -level B3 insulation material to charge. Various problems made the exterior wall insulation material industry particularly chaotic at that time, and many hidden dangers were left at that time.
On December 3, 2012, the Fire Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security issued the "Notice on the Relevant Matters Relevant Matters of the Fire Supervision and Management of Outdoor Warriors" (Document No. 350) and decided to cancel Document No. 65. However, the national level of the production and use of thermal insulation materials has always maintained strict standards.
For example, Article 6.7 of the Fire Fire Specification of Building Design Design stipulates that the internal and external insulation systems of the building should be used as Class A, that is, non -combustible insulation materials, and it is not advisable to use B2 -level insulation materials. , But if you want to use, you need to take strict structural measures for protection.
In the past few years, there have been many fresh attempts to renovate external insulation and renovation across the country. For example, Shanghai has installed spray systems on the top of high -rise buildings; some high -rise buildings use insulation systems at level B2 or above. Fireproof isolation belt, starting with materials and structures at the same time.
Some people in the industry have pointed out that new materials that have matured technology and have obtained market recognition should be promoted as soon as possible. The state also gives policies encouragement and funding support for companies that respond to research and development and production of exterior wall insulation materials, and promote the formation of a good situation in the formation of industry competition for development and innovation.
4
Fire "Black Technology"
In the era of artificial intelligence, the actual application of various technologies in the fire industry has also become an indispensable part of the process of smart fire fighting.
At the 2019 International Defense Exhibition (Idex 2019) held in Abu Dhabi, the UAE, the ColosUSS fire robot made a grand appearance and received widespread attention. Colossus is a universal technology supporting robot manufactured by UGV manufacturer Shark Robotics in France. It aims to assist ground forces and firefighters perform a series of tasks in dangerous areas, such as fire extinguishing, equipment transportation, post -medical delivery, and reconnaissance. The Paris Fire Brigade (BSPP), which is currently serving in the French Army and the fire and rescue service departments of other countries.
In my country, scientific researchers combine missiles with fire extinguishers to create a missile specifically used to extinguish fire extinguishing. The creative bud of the missile extinguishing fire was the thrilling fire in the CCTV Beidou Building in February 2009. "Because the fire point is too high and lacks effective means of rescue, people can only watch the 159 -meter -high building of CCTV become a big fireball." The designer of the Second Chinese Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology still remembers the scene of the year.
"Our missile faces the world's most powerful enemies without shrinking, can we develop high -rise buildings in a high -rise building?" This idea cannot be reinforced. From 2010, it started research and development. It lasted for more than 4 years. Fire trucks were developed.
This fire truck can carry 24 -fire fire -extinguishing missiles at first. Each missile contains 3.6 kg of high -efficiency fire extinguishing agent. The launch height can reach 300 meters and the shooting distance is 3 kilometers. We usually have a huge fire -fighting vehicle. It is not easy to travel in the blocked city, and we must reach the fire location to play a role. The missile fire truck is convenient and flexible, and it is simple to operate during use, and does not require other auxiliary resources.
In addition to fire -extinguishing missiles, drones have also been applied to high -rise fire extinguishing in recent years. Once, people had thought about the "armed" helicopter to install an air cannon on the helicopter, and sprayed the fire directly from high altitude. However, the disadvantage of the helicopter is that the water tank capacity is relatively small, and the smoke is easy to block the view. The wind and smoke will affect the safety of the flight. By carrying special fire -extinguishing missiles to the drone, the fire source such as high -rise buildings such as high -rise buildings can be extinguished accurately and quickly, minimizing the disaster loss.
In the process of exclusion, the following cooperation is also very important:
The first is to improve the communication status of the fire. The front line of the fire brigade refers to the communication method of communication during the combat of the warriors, mainly using handheld platforms and vehicle platforms. Base platform, etc. In high -rise buildings, when the radio electromagnetic waves of these devices encounter other metal objects such as reinforced steel in concrete, they will generate intercourse fluids in the steel bars, which in turn forms a variable magnetic field, thereby weakening the spread of radio electromagnetic waves. In addition, the functions of explosion, explosion -barriers, and waterproofing are still lacking.
On April 29, 2021, a large -scale commercial comprehensive fire extinguishing rescue drill was held in Huli District, Xiamen. Figure ｜ People's Vision
In order to ensure the smooth flow of the fire field and the upload of the combat instructions, while taking the necessary waterproof measures, it is equipped with convenient and practical communication equipment that supports the fire helmet as much as possible. Considering the influence of the blind area of fire field communication on the fire field communication, you can use the jack phone inside the building to make a limited connection with the fighting group in front of the fire control center. If necessary Unblocked.
The second is to comprehensively ensure water sources and water pressure. To fire high -rise buildings, we must make reasonable use of high -rise firefighting water sources, take materials on the spot, and timely and quickly carry out fire extinguishing rescue. The water source of fire trucks should be near, avoiding water from far away, affecting the speed of rescue. It is necessary to ensure the supply of high -rise buildings, avoid interruption or insufficiency, and affect the effect of rescue. On the basis of enough water sources, water pressure needs to be considered. If the water pressure is insufficient, the effect of rescue will not be available. Good water pressure can ensure pump pressure, so that water guns can operate normally. Water sources and water pressure issues largely affect the success or failure of the fire saving action.
In addition, fire acceptance must be strictly controlled. In the high -rise construction fire review and acceptance, it is necessary to strengthen the strict control of fire channels and high -rise high -rise buildings, and strive to improve the standards on the basis of striving to achieve high -regulations. During the fire acceptance acceptance, it is necessary to arrange to go to the field to launch a rescue exercise on the spot, requiring that boarding vehicles can reach the scope of design permits in various unfavorable conditions.
Reference materials:
1. From the perspective of fire prevention issues, the history and future of building insulation materials outside the building 丨 Shanxi architecture, May 2018, Volume 44, Issue 13;
2. How does the fire investigator unveil the fire of CCTV's new site 丨 Beijing Evening News, 2010-07-05
3. Discuss the current high -rise buildings of fire rescue points and solve countermeasures 丨 urban architecture, 2017;
4. Missile fire extinguishing fire truck: For urban high-rise fires 丨 special vehicles and parts, 2015-06
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