When the father of the acoustic science encounters a generation of heroes, the moonlight resonates the two ends of the strings

In the evening of Paris in February 1809, the sound of the carriage slipped across the slate road like rain, and the distant car bell came with the sound of the wind. But for a moment, a expensive and beautiful carriage stopped in front of the Dulery Palace. In the car, there are the Senate Speaker of the French Empire of France, Count Drapur, the Speaker of the Honorary Legion Russenda, and the Imperial Senator Beltole, and the "Dr. Kraney" from a distance from Germany.

Dulery Palace, Source: wikipedia

At this time, it was the founder of the first Empire of France in Du Lerry's Palace, Napoleon. He invited this "Dr. Kraney" to show his great reputation through the mediation of Earl Rapras, a mathematician. "Sound graphics". Other scholars waiting in the palace include chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, biologist Bernard Germain de Lacépède, mathematician Simeon-Denis Poisson, and physicist Saavar Félix Savart and Jean-Baptiste BioT, as well as Wilhelm Von Humboldt, a German physical philosopher who stayed in Paris. Although artists are often invited to perform in the palace, scientists are rare to perform performances here.

Few people embarked on the road of "visual acoustics" developed by Da Vinci and Galileo. In the end, the German natural scientist Ernst Chladni followed the path of a pioneer and turned acoustics into an independent discipline. One of the most important achievements of Kraney is the technology that displays various vibration patterns on the surface of the rigid surface: in the experiment in 1787, he sprinkled fine sand on a uniform and smooth copper plate, and slowly at the edge of the copper plate slowly, he slowly slowly slowly. Pulling the violin bow, the peculiar scene happened, and the sand formed a line pattern of different gathered forms in a few seconds -Craney graphics was born.

The source of the vibration mode by fixing the board in the different positions between the thumb and the index finger, the source: Monoscope

Craney graphics in "Die Akustik", Source: "Die Akustik"

The rigorous growth environment of childhood has made Kraney yearn for the distance and yearn for the path of tomorrow. He has been doing tour speeches and performances in Europe throughout Europe. He found that the public was actually interested in unique and graceful sound graphics and a wonderful performance, rather than interested in scientific research. So Kraney showed the sound graphics he found in the next tour, supplemented by the acoustics studied by the public science.

Kraney showed sound graphics in the palace of Tunburg and Prince Taxis, Source: Rumanovskystadtrucker

In 1802, Kraney's breakthrough book "Die Akustik" came out, and it is no exaggeration to say that the emergence of this book makes acoustics a separate discipline. The book contains new acoustics research on the production of instruments, the generation of sound, the theory of communication and receiving the theory, and compiles and commented on the large number of research results of acoustic science found in European trip. This reveals why 300 years later When studying the graphic phenomenon of specific frequency resonance, Kraney was recognized as the "father of acoustic science".

"Die Akustik" cover, Source: wikipedia

In 1806, Kraney stepped on the European tour again, passing the Netherlands and Brussels to Paris. At this time, France was recovering and rebuilding after turbulence. The enlightenment spirit of "courage to knowledge" in the French Enlightenment movement was like a long night light light.

After Napoleon in 1799, Napoleon was aware of the importance of having a group of independent scientists and freely conducting new experiments and philosophical research. It is based on the French Revolution as a turnaround that science has gradually become a special profession, and at the same time, the curtain of the second scientific revolution has been unveiled. Napoleon is convinced of science's potential, and foresight foresee that science can change the fate of a country and improve the people's economic status and quality of life. It is also under his attention that the Royal French Academy of Sciences has erupted. Countless European heavy -duty scientists have been invited to teach at the Royal Academy of Sciences, making France in 19th century again the center of the world science.

Bertini, Volta with Napoleon, Source: Alamy

During the stay in Paris in Paris in December 1808, he introduced all his acoustic research work to the French Academy of Sciences. The Academy of Sciences organized a scholar étienne de Lacepède and mathematicist Gaspard de Pronyy. , Mineologist René Just Haüy and musician étienne nicolas méhul, André Grétry, and Fraançois-Joseph Gossec. The research was affirmed and praised.

As soon as the news came out, Mathematicalist Pierre-Simon Laplace, chemist Gay Lussac, a schoor Alexander von Humboldt, and physicist Jean Alaguo (Dominique François Jean Arago) Four scholars all expressed excitement that Kraney would translate his acoustic works into French and fill the gap in the field of acoustics in the scientific community. The series of vibrations brought by Kraney quickly passed to Napoleon's ears, and he met with him at the beginning of Wenchu ​​under the recommendation of Earl Lapras. Let's take a look at Kraney's memories again:

"Napoleon stood in the center of the room to receive me, and greets me kindly. There was also his wife, Queen Josephine, who was a well -being of a well -being educated lady. His mother, Lytezia It is good etiquette to reveal good etiquette ... "

First of all, he played Haydn's music with his instrument Clavi-Gylinder. This is a piano-like musical instrument. The arrangement of "keys" is like a piano. Pressing will make the "key" press below below. On the cylindrical cylinder, the cylindrical cylinder is controlled by the pedal under the foot. Whenever the "key" is exposed to the cylindrical cylindrical, it will produce a sound due to friction and vibration:

"I first showed the performance effect of Clavi-Gylinder. It seems that everyone present was very happy. Napoleon also wanted to try to pop up some sounds, although I told him that he could only press the piano key very softly, and he thought he was very very good He gently pressed the piano keys, but he still used a lot of strength. In my opinion, his energy is more gentle, and it is reflected here. "

Clavi-Cylinder, source: wikipedia

Then Kraney showed the sound graphics and got the attention of the audience:

"Napoleon attaches great importance to my experiments and explanations. As an expert in mathematics, he asked me to explain everything from bottom to top, so he did not allow me to do it lightly. He also knew it quite clear The curved curve bent in one or more directions is subject to calculus in the same way as the curve. Therefore, if people can make further progress in this regard, it will be beneficial to apply it to many other fields. "

Kraney shows the sound graphics for Napoleon, Source: Munich Museum in Germany

In the early morning of the next day, Napoleon's scientific research fund issued to Kraney's 6,000 francs was used to translate his acoustic work "Die Akustik" into French. When doing this work, Kraney discovered: The German acoustic vocabulary he used in the book: Schall, Klang, and TON, only one word in French can be expressed, namely Son (sound). He consulted this problem with French scholars, but did not get any effective help: "Our devil -like language cannot be used to express all ideas. Sometimes you even need to sacrifice some wonderful thoughts." Kraney simply seized this The opportunity has completely modified the content of the book. He deleted the old content and added a new point of view. In the end, the book was published in the title "Traité d’ Acoustique (acoustic theory). Under the suggestion of Earl Laplas, Coray dedicated the book to Napoleon:

"My biggest trouble is the inevitable gift. That is to say, I did not successfully write a satisfactory ́traité d'Acoustique. On the one hand, it can be avoided Express the respect and gratitude I should have. Finally, I get out from the discomfort of attention in a way that everyone is satisfied with, that is, the following blue -slate style of the word: Napoleon has seen the relevant basic experiments, and I have already accepted the dedication of this work. "

French version of Traité d ’Acoustique title page dedicated to Napoleon, source: traité d’ Acoustique

In the "Traité d’ Acoustique (acoustic theory) ", Kraney showed that he had not yet studied the laws of the sound graphics and other acoustic phenomena that he had not studied the mathematical method. So Napoleon decided to award 3,000 francs' "Paris Academy of Sciences" to the Mathematical Research in this area, rewarding scholars "to compare the theory with the experimental data of the elastic material surface vibration in Coray's sound graphics".

Although the mathematical research was not perfect at the time, the "relay" of the fire continued. Subsequent scientists continue to study continuously. To this day, in quantum mechanics, Kraney's sound graphics and "node forms" are still the focus of discussion in the scientific community -because of the Wave equation, Hamhitz equations, and the equation and the equation and the equation and the equation and the equation and the equation and the equation and the equation and There is an equivalent relationship between the Dingbian Xue Dingli. In the reflex wall formed by irregular formation, the quantum chaos is observed through the vibration board, and the "node form" is also an important core in different fields: in the light field, earthquake destruction mode, and even the formation of the visual cortex mode of formation. That's it.

Seeing the subsequent development of the Kraney graphics, Napoleon's prophecy echoed in his ear: "If the exploration of Craney graphics and its extension can achieve further progress, it will be useful when applying to other fields will be used in other fields "". Looking back, we are still convinced of Napoleon's vision. Just as Newton believes that gravity is a special force, there may be quantum entanglement between people: in the summer of 1813, Napoleon's residual parts fight with the Prussian army in the Vittenberg. Kraney was forced to move to Kenberg, south of Wittenberg, which is also the last time Napoleon affects his life trajectory. In the fall of the same year, the apartment left by Wittenberg was burned by war. Kraney lost his last fortress in his hometown. Until the last moment of life, Kraney was still on the way to the tour.

Yu Boya met the Zhongzi period, and the allusions of the mountains and rivers were circulating for thousands of years; Guan Zhong met Bao Shuya and achieved "the friend of Guan Bao"; Bai Juyi and Yuanzhang, the most iron -friendly friendship in Datang, can be described as Kuangshuku. When the father of the acoustic science encounters a generation of heroes, his life is aware of it enough to comfort the wind and dust.

Reference:

Ullmann, Dieter (6 2007).

Marian Stipniewski, Hubert Sylwestrzak, "ERNST FLORENS Friedrich Chladni (1756–1827) - OJCIEC MeteoryTyki", Przegląd Geologiczny, 3 (2008). (Polish).

Dieter Ullmann, "Chladnis Beiträge Zur Raumakustik", ntm International Journal of History Ethics of Nature Sciences, Technology Medicine, Vol. 14, NO. 1 (Feb 2006).

Dieter Ullmann, "CHLADNI UND OTTMER -Ein Frühes Beispiel Für Die ZusamMenarbeit Von Akustiker UND Architekt", AcUSTICA 71, H.1 (1990), PP 58-63. (GERMAN)

Jackson, Myles W. (2006). "E. F. F. Chladni: The Nodal Point between Acoustician and Musical-Instrument Maker". Harmonious Triads: Physicists, Musicians, and Instrument Makers in Nineteenth-Century Germany. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. pp . 13–44.

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