How to answer the fate of migrant workers and their children?

Recently, the monograph "Immigration Politics: Urbanization Road and Group Destiny of Contemporary China" of Professor Xiong Yanyu of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Fudan University was selected into the "Classic China International Publishing Project" in 2022, and its English version will be issued globally.

"Immigration Politics:

Contemporary China Urbanization Road and Group Destiny ""

Xiong Yihan

ISBN: 978-7-309-14584-7

Publishing time: November 2019

Fudan University press

1

Community of Destiny

For a long time, fate has been the theme favored by writers, philosophers and artists. In the analysis framework of mainstream politics, we can't find the word destiny. Perhaps the word "fate" is too abstract, too vague, too emotional, and is incompatible with the accuracy and value of value emphasized by social sciences.

People think that destiny is as exclusive to ourselves like the palm pattern of the palm. In fact, otherwise, our destiny is more or less external: our good luck may bring bad luck to others; vice versa. Because of this, the political community is also a community of destiny. We are sharing/divide each other's destiny in this or one way. Without understanding politics, we do not really understand destiny; without paying attention to fate, political science lacks shocking power.

Destiny is not taken for granted, nor is it determined by an overwhelming mysterious power. If the fate of individuals has too many accidental and randomness, then the fate of the group is largely set by the power structure. The country, market, society, and families are the main shaped by fate.

First, the state shaped our destiny through institutional and policies. The state not only re -assigns tangible resources, but also re -assigns intangible opportunities. From the upper mountains and the countryside to the recovery of the college entrance examination, from the "Cultural Revolution" to the reform and opening up, from the planned economy to the market -oriented reform, from the unified recruitment to the industrialization of education, the impact of national behavior on our destiny is huge. The re -assignment of the state is not the individual, but the group or social category as the unit, such as urban residents, migrant population, and high -income groups. The re -distribution of the state must avoid institutional discrimination, that is, unfair treatment of specific social groups.

Secondly, the market includes the material market and status market. The former provides incentives for our actions through property rights and the latter through social flow channels, thereby affecting our destiny. Tang Shiping pointed out that in the status market, individuals compete for social status; compared with the situation in the material market, the competition in the status market is vertical and zero -sum, and the supply of status products is limited. In short, we have obtained wealth through the material market and obtained social status and external recognition through the status market.

Third, society affects people's fate through freedom of association, social movement, public opinion, social capital, and relational networks. This is especially important for a vulnerable group in society. It is obvious that labor movement, civil rights movement, and women's movement have largely changed the status and fate of workers, blacks, and women.

In the end, family is an important part of class reappearance. The so -called "dragons, dragons and phoenixes, and mice have children's holes" are of course the old age. Nowadays, the trajectory of each individual's life will inevitably receive the life trajectory of each individual. The influence of family background.

The interaction between the above four forces and personal motivation determines our destiny, and each force is not absolute. The family is a relatively conservative force, and the market, society and the country have played a double role. There are both conservative side and changes. In a healthy social system, these four forces should be relatively balanced. Find a balanced point between freedom and equality, efficiency and fairness, social flow, and class reproduction, so that members of society can get their own place to avoid excessive social rigidity. Or sequence.

In terms of migrant workers, we see these four forces amazingly consistent: from the perspective of the country, they are "non -citizens" in the existing system and cannot obtain rights and public services in the city; From the perspective, they are restricted to the secondary labor market, and they are paid differently; from a social perspective, migrant workers, especially the new generation of migrant workers, lack a social support network; from the perspective of their families, their economic capital and cultural capital are all Relatively scarce. The superposition effects of these four forces objectively make migrant workers face greater gravity acceleration than ordinary people, and fell heavily on the bottom of the city.

2

Cost of justice

Why do I discuss the issue of fate because it is about justice. The political science of destiny is the most basic question of justice -if our destiny has some externality, what should we do?

Michael Sandel (how to do it? " "The book tells a city called Omela. This is a city with a sense of happiness and a sense of honor. There are no kings and slaves, no advertising and stock transactions, and no atomic bomb. People live a happy life, only one exception. There is a room in the basement of Omela's beautiful public building, or in the cellar of those spacious private houses, it has a locked door with no windows. There is a child sitting in the room with some mentally retarded, malnutrition, and being ignored by people. He barely lived in extreme pain. All Omela people know where he is there; they all know that he has to stay there. They understand that the happiness and beauty of the whole city are due to the pain suffered by this child. Therefore, no one came to save him, and they were unwilling to sacrifice their happiness. In my opinion, this story tells us: First, the fate is external. In a society, everyone or every group is not isolated, but is highly related. It is the "overflow effect" of the painful orphans of the basement; second, justice requires costs. If you do not want to share the cost of justice, then the appeal to justice is Ye Gonghao Dragon; Third Happy to offset the pain of another person (or a few people).

Of course, we cannot completely equate the orphan of Chinese migrant workers and their families with Omela's basement, but each of us knows clearly: Without their efforts, the prosperity of the city cannot be imagined; without them as an cheap labor force, China The comparative advantage of manufacturing cannot be achieved; without them, there is no so -called "Chinese miracle". "Chinese Miracle" is not the work of the magician. It is rather a large magic. People only see the chic and free magicians on the stage, but they can't see the intense and busy migrant workers in the background. Forty years of reform and opening up, we have created wealth and poverty at the same time.

We can't be indifferent to the suffering of migrant workers like Omela's people. For many years, we have been calling for migrant workers well, but this cannot hide our inner fear: we are afraid of opening up household registration, which will cause them to pour into the city, squeeze our jobs, increase our fiscal burden, and endanger our beautiful life; We are afraid of increasing their salary and benefits, which will allow capital outflows to other cities or countries, hinder our GDP growth. Therefore, we are more willing to let farmers work for the weak to accept our help, and they are unwilling to make them a member of us. In fact, they are not weak, they just lack basic rights.

On the one hand, the external nature of destiny is one of us, and on the other hand, it can also be divided into our society. Objectives blindfold our eyes and let us look down on the suffering of others. Don't push responsibility to the system, but we must also reflect on ourselves, because we are also the beneficiaries of the system to a certain extent.

Education for changes means changes. With the help of Shanghai Jiu Guan Volunteer Service Agency, some migrant workers' children were able to go abroad for further studies. Some migrant workers received vocational education in Shanghai and took root in cities. They had a better life than their father. Zhang Yichao can create such a legend with his own power and ten years of effort; if the entire city society is willing to share the cost of justice, make a force to jointly promote the change of the system, then how many children will change their destiny because of this Woolen cloth?

To measure the material civilization of a society, it depends on how the poor people are doing; measuring the spiritual civilization of a society depends on how its rich people do. If the poor of a society can live a decent life, then this must be a rich society; if a rich man in society is happy and knows the ritual, then this must be a state of etiquette. On the contrary, no matter how large the total amount of GDP of a society is, as long as some people still have no food and clothing, a low -oriented person, this society is still poverty in essence, but some people get rich first; no matter how the cultural industry of a society is in the society, how much How developed higher education, as long as most rich people live a life of drunk dreams and death, then the moral standards of this society must be low. In this sense, the fate of migrant workers and their children is a question in front of our society, which tests our views on justice and morality.

*The article is selected from "Immigration Politics: Urbanization Road and Group Destiny of Contemporary China"

Book introduction

Based on the long -term field investigation and follow -up research, this book proposes that the household registration system is a basic institutional arrangement of contemporary China, and uses the theoretical framework of local citizenship to analyze the rights status and group fate of immigrants/migrants in the process of urbanization. Local citizenship is not only a governance classification system, but also an access qualification for public resources, which not only affects population flow, but also affects the social flow of immigrants in different classes. The author interprets the "political science" by social sciences, and creatively explains the difference in inclusiveness of different cities with the degree of tolerance of the flow of migrants in different cities. It is important to point out that the mobile children's education policies that widespread concern to all sectors of society are actually belonging to the national mobile population management policy and local industrial policies.

This book is suitable for teachers and students from related majors such as political science, sociology, population, management, management, economics, and education, and it is also suitable for readers who care about contemporary Chinese real issues. About the Author

Xiong Yihan, a professor, doctoral supervisor, and vice president of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Fudan University, Director of the Ping An and Social Governance Research Base of the Fudan University-Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Vice President of the Youth Working Committee of the Chinese Political Society, the people of Shanghai Experts and arguments for major government administrative decision -making consultation. The main research interests are political sociology and comparative politics. Recently, they mainly pay attention to urbanization, middle class, social governance and digital governance. 、《中国行政管理》，以及China Quarterly, Security Studies, Citizenship Studies, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Japanese Journal of Political Science, Journal of Chinese Governance等国内外学术刊物上发表论文70余篇，著有《城市化的Child: The identity production and political and socialization of migrant workers' children "" Are you in the middle of China "," China on the Balanced Wood "," Immigration Politics: Urbanization Road and Group Destiny of Contemporary China ", editor -in -chief of the village in the context of international metropolis Revitalization. The achievements won the third prize of the outstanding achievements of scientific research in the Ministry of Education, the first prize, the second prize of the outstanding achievement of the outstanding achievements of the Shanghai philosophy and social sciences, and the first "Practice Social Science Young Scholars Best Specialist Award".

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