"Grace"

Golden Autumn Delivery, it's time to eat _____!

Autumn is a bumper season. There are too many things to eat. You may not guess the correct answer in my heart for a while. I will announce it directly -grapes.

There are many types of grapes on the market today. Which one do you like the most?

Quotation as "crossing the robbery", blessing and blessing

In a broad sense, "grapes" are the collective name of more than 70 grapes in the world. This type of group originated from the junction of Eurasia and North America, and fossil evidence showed that they appeared as early as 50 million years ago.

However, 2.5 million years ago, the fourth chronological glacier swept Europe. Most of the European grapes were extinct, and only the "forest grapes" in southern Europe were existed only -it was the ancestor of the "Eurasian grapes" that was later domesticated by humans.

Eurasian grape

Picture from: wiki

After the extensive cultivation of Eurasia grapes, garden artists have introduced various wild grapes from all over the world to obtain better varieties. This was originally a basic operation of fruit breeding, but in the late 19th century, when people brought the vines on the east coast of North America back to Europe, they caused a disaster.

A pest of the grape root tumor aphids on the roots of these American grapes, secretly Chencang, arrived in Europe. Eurasia grapes have no resistance to these foreign enemies. Large grapefields are sick and withered, and the "plague" swept throughout Europe.

(It affects the appetite, so I won't put the picture)

The trouble should end it. Agriculturalists have found that the secret to inhibit the disease of root tumors is on its "old owner" American grapes. Although this grape has a poor fruit, the root of the tree can secrete mucus, resist the invasion of aphids, and the wound can heal quickly, preventing the aphids from continuing to eat.

People have grafted the branches of Eurasian grapes on the stumps of the American grapes, and used the American grapes to hybridize with Eurasian grapes to obtain a stronger variety that can resist the root tumor aphids. Genes.

American American grapes produced in North America are not good, but it can provide strong disease anti -disease genes with Eurasian grapes. Picture from: Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

On another line, 2.5 million years ago, Asia was influenced by glaciers, and many grapes were survived. As early as the Yin and Shang dynasties, the Chinese consumed and planted wild grapes. During the Western Han Dynasty, the cultivated Eurana grapes were transmitted from Central Asia to China.

Today, in addition to the extensive planting of Eurasia grapes and other varieties in China, there are 38 native grapes in mountain forests from south to north, and they are affectionately called "wild grapes" by ordinary people. Some wild grapes taste good, some are sour and sour, and report to eat.

Mountain grapes that grow in the northeast, taste pretty good

Picture from: biolib

Fresh grapes, which one do you like to eat?

After thousands of years, human beings have cultivated thousands of grape varieties, and new varieties have continued to come out. As far as fresh grapes are concerned, there are four major groups: Eurasian grapes, American grapes, hybrid grapes, and East Asian grapes.

Pure breeds of Eurasian grapes are not resistant to disease, but the fruit is delicious, and there are good smells of roses. Most of them are planted in northern my country. It is not easy to peel and spit seeds.

In the market, nuclear white grapes are suitable for raisins, long -grained "beauty finger", and "rose fragrance" with flower fragrance, all belong to Eurasian grape varieties.

Beauty finger

Rose fragrance, I feel that it is sweeter year year by year

By the way, the most common Red Tip now, commonly known as the "American Red Tip", is also the Eurana grape variety. It is a variety cultivated in the United States. It was introduced to Hong Kong first and then introduced to all parts of my country. The name "Temple" was originally from the name of the grapes from Hong Kong people.

At that time, the grape varieties popular on the market were basically peeling and soft flesh, while the red earth grape skin was difficult to peel, the flesh was crispy and sweet, and it was very different. A variety that is easy to peel and crispy flesh is called "Ti Zi", which slowly screams. This is a popular classification in the market. At the botanical level, the tire and other grapes are the same fruits.

Red Earth Grape

Picture from: Delta Food Gate

American grapes have strong disease resistance and are suitable for southern planting in the south with humid climate and high diseases. But purebred American grapes are not good. Some people describe it "strawberry aroma", and some people say that its taste is "body odor" ... In our country, it is rarely grown in pure breeds of American grapes. Usually the seeds are planted. It is a mixed species of American grapes and Eurasia grapes.

Hybrid grape blogs are very long. For example, the most common purple grape "Giant Peak", which uses American grapes and Eurasian grapes. It has the advantages of peeling of American grapes, and the fragrance is like Eurasian grapes.

The "Dafeng" in my country is very large

It is almost synonymous with grapes

In recent years, the popular "Sunshine Rose" (also known as Xiang Yinqingti, and the sunshine rose produced in Okayama Prefecture, Japan is called "Qingwang Grape"). These two points are more like Eurasia grapes.

Sunshine Rose

East Asian grape cultivation is less. It is mainly wild grapes in the East Asian region. It is mainly used as the original materials for rootstock, viewing, and breeding. Among them, mountain grapes are cultivated in the northeast of my country. After they are cooked, they are sweet and sour, and they can also make wine.

Brewing grapes, thick sugar but not sweet

Four family of fresh grapes are good at winning the field, but on the wine grapes, they are "one -family" -the mainstream varieties come from Eurasian grape populations. Brewery grapes are usually small, with less thick skin and less meat, not rich in moisture, and eating rough taste and sour taste. The famous "Cabernet Sauvignon" and "Chardonie" are wine grapes. They are basically not seen in the fruit stalls. They can only see their names on the bottle.

Chardoli, the wine brewed liquid is pale golden, including peaches, pineapple, green apples and other rich fruity aromas, sweet and sour balance. Picture from: Wine Pigeon

Cabernet Sauvignon, tannin has a high acid content, with fruity aromas such as black gallons and cherries. After the oak barrels are released, it presents a composite aroma such as fir and smoke. Picture from: Wine Pigeon

In fact, the sugar content of wine grapes is far beyond fresh grapes. Among the best wine grapes, sugar occupies one -third of the fruit. However, at the same time as high sugar, the tannin acid and organic acid content in the brewed grape fruit fruit are also very high, and the sour taste will cover the sweetness.

Although winemaking grapes are not delicious, the pigment content of flowers in the peel is high, which can give wine -like agate -like color. During the grape fermentation process, tannin acid and organic acids make the liquor not corrupted, and can also produce a richer taste and aroma. If you use fruit grapes to make wine, too much water, insufficient sugar and pigments, and the aroma are not complicated. The color, aroma, and taste are far less than wine grapes.

Wine wine needs to be fermented, and wild yeasts are natural on the grape skin

There are many types of wine grapes, and the wine flavor of different grapes is also different. According to color, wine can be roughly divided into white wine, red wine and peach red wine.

The pigments of grapes are mostly concentrated in the outer fruit skin. With white grapes, pale golden wine is made. Red grapes can not only make red wines and white wine. The difference is whether the skin is kept when squeezing the juice. If it is kept, the liquid will be stained red. If you want to make peach red wine, as long as you reduce the time when the peel is immersed in the grape juice, the color is light, and naturally it becomes pink.

Various wines

Written article | Sun Lina Peng Peng

Part of the picture From | Tuwa Creative

WeChat Edit | Happy

This article was originally published in "Museum" in September 2022

Reprinted content only represents the author's point of view

Does not represent the position of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

If you need to reprint, please contact the original public account

Source: Museum

Edit: yellow water machine

- END -