Spend $ 4.1 billion at a time!Why does the United States make money so much?

Focus on

1 Apollo's lunar month is a fact, but at that time, the national flag was folded due to technical restrictions, and the stars could not shoot.

2 The "Artemis" plan will eventually realize the moon landing in the third phase, about 2028, it will be a springboard for future human Mars exploration.

3 Saturn 5 is outsourced to individual manufacturers because the parts at the time were outsourced, and the design method was also in the hands of the manufacturer. Now it is difficult to re -engage.

4 One -round SLS Rockets are worth $ 4.1 billion, comparable to an aircraft carrier without carrying weapon systems. Although there is a performance upgrade, the cost is still expensive as a one -time rocket.

When 5NASA started the SLS Rockets project, Musk's SpaceX Space Discovery Company was not so strong. No one expected that he would be a strong competitor today.

Overview

After nearly half a century, the journey of human beings will start again. NASA (NASA )'s "Artemis 1" was originally planned to be launched at 8:33 on August 29 local time to carry out related related related to the relevant time to carry out related related. The moon landing mission, but this launch time was delayed due to fuel leakage.

After a few days, NASA released the news again on September 3, local time. Due to the problem of liquid hydrogen leak detected that day, it was not resolved. The Artemis 1 Rockets, which was launched on the afternoon of the day The time for the new generation of moon landing rocket next week.

"Artemis 1" is an unmanned test flying, equipped with the "Orion" of the Six -seater Space Counter, and evaluates the new generation of astronal clothing and radiation level through human models. In addition, "Artemis 1" uses NASA's most powerful carrier system in history: Space Launch System (SLS) to provide it with a core -level thrust of 8.8 million pounds. NASA Director Bill Nissen said the flight will fully test the ability of rockets and space compartment to ensure the safety of human space flight. When the human beings will come again when the moon will come again, we still need to wait patiently.

01 Apollo Lenzen is a fact, and technical restrictions lead to public suspicion

Ericsson, former Nokia Engineer; Tencent News [ICD] account head Nie Sen (hereinafter referred to as host): Many netizens think that videos and photos taken from Apollo plan are taken in the studio? From the background of the aerospace profession, is the "Apollo" plan really or false?

Young scientist Peng Tianfang: This problem is often raised. I think it is just a joke. Apollo is definitely a fact. A international incident is difficult to fake. Academician Ouyang Ziyuan in my country has also expressed his views on this matter many times. Whether from a technical perspective or other perspectives, the information disclosed at the time, including us through the right of us, through the right way. The observations of the moon have also been taken by Apollo's lunar moon, and the evidence of the traces of the moon landing is very complete.

In addition, if the national flag unfolds, does it have folds similar to wind, including like the stars cannot be seen, they can be explained. It may indeed be possible that the stars cannot be presented because the sensor technology was not good enough at that time. The US flag may also have some folds when it is unfolding, and because there is no air on the moon, it will make it difficult for the national flag to shake, which is normal.

The astronauts in Apollo land on the moon, the source of the picture: BBC

Moderator: I remember photography enthusiasts also explained specifically, because the light ratio of light and dark places on the moon is very large. A ball of black, they will not show any details. If you want to shoot the stars, the bright place has been lit into white, and no details can be seen. So this is the reason for our technology.

my country has also released photos on the moon surface on the rail device surrounding the moon, including the traces of Apollo's lunar lunar and the traces of the moon on the car, which can be displayed. So in general, the "Apollo" plan is unlikely to be fraud.

02 "Artemis" plan will carry the possibility of human beings to land on the moon again

Moderator: I need to popularize what is the "Artemis" plan. What tasks are the SLS rockets that are about to launch, and what is the process of planning?

Peng Tianfang: The name of the "Artemis" plan originated from the hunting goddess in Greek mythology. It is the sister of Apollo's compatriots. Therefore, it is equivalent to the relationship with Apollo.

Of course, the idea of ​​returning to the moon in the United States began with Bush's constellation plan 20 years ago, but their willingness to return to the moon has not been so strong, but they just shouted verbally. Therefore, many things, although they are also developing in a few years, such as the Orion spacecraft used by Artemis, in fact, in 2006, it began contracting to Nogg to develop. However, it was not called "Artemis" plan at the time.

Until the Obama period, the constellation plan was canceled because of spending too much money. After Trump took office, he thought that he would need to return to the moon, and finally decided and named it as a "Artemis" plan. But returning can not go again like Apollo, it seems that there is no technical content, so the ultimate goal set by the "Artemis" plan at that time was not to complete the goal of the moon landing, but to hope to establish the moon near the Antarctica of the moon. A relatively permanent scientific research type. So the "Artemis" plan sounds more attractive than the "Apollo" plan. The first Rockets equipped with the SLS space launch system are the first phase of the plan. The SLS Rockets fly to the moon with a Orion spacecraft. Several dummy people will be carried on the spacecraft to test the entire system for one week.

The second phase is a manned plan, but it will not be the moon for a week. It is expected to be completed in 2022, but now these plans will be postponed, and NASA has been postponing time. In the end, the moon will be available in the third phase, about 2028. We hope that the United States can establish a base on the moon to complete certain scientific research tasks, and even as a springboard exploring human Mars in the future. The above is the complete idea of ​​the "Artemis" plan.

Moderator: The United States will also launch a space station called the moon portal to run around the moon. That is to say, exploring Mars in the future will also depart from Mars from the Moon Portal Station. Is this rail planning more advantageous than directly from the earth? Is there any other reason?

Peng Tianfang: In fact, society has been discussing, how do you go to Mars? The cost of directly launching rockets on the earth is too high, and the gravity that is separated from the earth is much stronger than the moon. Assuming that humans immigrate to Mars in the future, each time from the earth, the cost is too high. So not only the United States, I think China will also conceive to use the moon to make a springboard. For example, a rocket flew near the moon or on the base of the moon, supplemented fuel and other materials, and then flew to Mars. In the long run, this is a sustainable operation structure.

At present, NASA's disclosure is that they will use the moon as a springboard to go to deep space in the future. Of course, just a rough idea now proposed, how much can the cost be reduced in the end of the project details? There is no clear explanation of which components or fuels to achieve in the moon to increase and supplement the fuel. It can only be left to the engineers later to discuss it slowly.

03 The design method is special, making it difficult for Saturn 5

Moderator: Why don't the United States copy the Saturn's five rockets? The legendary Saturn's rocket design drawings have been lost. Is this true?

Peng Tianfang: The design of the design is not completely impossible, but the probability is really low. The "Apollo" plan as a national project in the United States. It is understood that its design drawings will be slightly reduced into film at the time, and the design drawings should be there.

However, I don't think there are a few aspects of the Saturn's Five Rockets: First, the Saturn Five Rockets successfully bring the Apollo spacecraft to the lunar rocket. Its technology currently seems that some of them are relatively backward and safety Not very high. For example, first of all, Saturn Five Rockets, it is the fuel fuel fuel. The rocket launched this time use hydrogen and oxygen as a fuel. Therefore, in terms of fuel, its thrust, including related engine performance, will improve.

In addition, the Saturn Five Rockets are the products of nearly half a century ago. According to the US system, many parts will be outsourced to private manufacturers to produce. After half a century, I went to find out the manufacturers of the year and created a rocket. Maybe many companies have closed down. Therefore, the breakdown of the industrial chain is the second important reason. The relative performance of the Saturn Five Rockets is relatively backward. Many security designs have a racing problem because of the US -Soviet aerospace competition at that time. Many designs on the Saturn's Five Rockets have sacrificed some security considerations, so many aspects need to be redesigned.

Another important reason was that the SLS rocket was transformed from a spacecraft in the early days, and many parts were outsourced to Boeing. However, its rocket engine, the overall structural design, when the United States canceled the spacecraft in the United States in the past few years, many technologies at that time, many things were developing, and they need to be used to use them. So NASA uses it to develop a new rocket. It has technical inertia and applies many of the original aerospace aircraft. So not to build Saturn 5 because there is such an inertial existence.

44.1 billion US dollars of rockets, SLS smashed out with money

Moderator: What new technologies and old technologies do SLS Rockets use?

Peng Tianfang: The SLS Rockets must first be a new model of rockets. It has begun to be designed more than ten years ago. At that time, the American aerospace project was launched. What technology does the next generation of deep space detection? At that time, no one would think of Musk so powerful, the Falcon No. 9 was not successful, let alone the star ship.

Therefore, NASA develops the SLS space launch system by itself. Such a new rocket project is definitely the official launch system developed by the new generation of NASA in the United States. Its new technology I personally understand is mainly reflected in its structural design concept, such as the two solids binding two solids on both sides.

Artemis No. 1, source: NASA

The main push system uses a hydroxide engine that is different from Saturn 5, called RS-25, and the performance is very good. Of course, the old technology is the RS-25, which is developed for the aerospace aircraft. The SLS Rockets this launch is four RS-25 rockets to fight to the bottom. The number of the four engines also shows that it was produced very early. It was not newly created for this rocket, so these also inherited many old technologies of the previous spacecraft. Moderator: How much is SLS Rockets greater than Saturn's Five Rockets?

Peng Tianfang: I think this is a very interesting point, that is, the SLS rocket is divided into two models, which are the Block 1 and Block type 2, which are about to launch type 1. Type 1 The maximum near -ground tracking capacity that is now disclosed is 95 tons, and Saturn 5 is actually 140 tons. That is to say, the carrying capacity of the SLS rocket is actually lower than Saturn 5 half a century ago.

NASA himself also explained that one of this model is better performance and stronger mobility. It even shows that it can be done cheaper. Although there are not as much as the "Apollo" plan, the industry has argued about it. The R & D funding for the SLS Rocket is close to $ 20 billion. The expenses are huge but only get the launch capacity of 95 tons. What is improved? Many parts also use the parts of the spacecraft, that is, why do you spend so much money to renovate? The US media also controversy, but the new model of Rockets has improved its security than Saturn 5, which can be determined.

Moderator: How expensive is the SLS rocket? It has spent more than $ 20 billion, and the cost of three consecutive rounds announced by the US media should be launched at a time of $ 4.1 billion, right?

Peng Tianfang: One $ 4.1 billion is equivalent to the cost of building an aircraft carrier, and it is still disposable. Although the aircraft carrier does not include more than 4 billion US dollars in the weapon system, no matter how rich, it cannot bear such consumption. This is also very similar to Saturn V. When the Saturn 5 cost of the Saturn 5 was also equivalent to the price of an aircraft carrier at that time.

If a rocket is launched, it is equivalent to reimbursing an aircraft carrier, which is very expensive. In contrast, the entire "Apollo" plans to spend nearly 28 billion US dollars in the order of more than half a century ago, and the conversion is about US $ 280 billion today. SLS Rockets have developed the first $ 20 billion in the development of $ 20 billion.

Now the "Artemis" plan will disclose 5-8 times in the end, and the most conservative is nearly $ 100 billion. And because it is dominated by NASA, it is estimated that it will still rise according to the characteristics of NASA. I personally think that SLS Rockets are still very expensive, and it is one -time, which is the biggest problem. Now the entire space industry is gradually entering the era of recyclable. In such circumstances, the development of one -time rockets is really a bit expensive.

05Nasa has never imagined that SpaceX will become competitors

Moderator: The moon landing plan uses two new rockets. In addition to SLS rockets, there are also Musk's star ship. Why?

Peng Tianfang: There are many sayings in the industry, which can be understood from two angles. SLS Rockets are responsible for launching the moon space station and some early infrastructure, including detection and construction. The lunar lunar launch may be launched by Musk's star ship and dock with the space station. Division of labor is different, this is a saying.

Another saying that I feel closer to reality. When NASA started the SLS rocket project, Musk's SpaceX was not so strong, and did not expect to be a strong competitor in the future. Looking at it today, many commercial aerospaces such as SpaceX and Blue Origin have developed very fast in the past five or six years, so NASA may also face the pressure from the US Congress for cost in the future. Finish. So this is also reflected from the side, why do two large rockets use two big rockets.

Starcraft physical map, source source: Future Auto Daily

Moderator: In fact, Musk's star ship has not even performed a rail flight so far. The original plan was that this year might perform the first rail flight, but it is estimated that Musk himself dare not pat the chest to ensure that it must be successful. This needs to see the horse. Ske's own efforts.

This plan also involves a Orion spacecraft, but the spacecraft does not land on the moon. Can you introduce to you what is going on with the Orion spacecraft?

Peng Tianfang: The entire moon landing process of the "Artemis" plan is slightly different from Apollo. The Orion spacecraft is a spacecraft jointly developed with Loma. It is expected to carry six astronauts on the orbit around the moon to fly around the moon. It is more as a communication and command. To launch the so -called landing cabin of the moon. For example, the Orion is in line with it or a separate rocket as its second or third -level load. However, NASA has not been completely determined, probably the case.

Moderator: Is the part of the landing on the lunar part of the moon? Can a rocket directly fall on the surface of the moon? Its volume is larger than the moon gate space station.

Peng Tianfang: Because the Star Ship's successful and complete launch has not yet been completed, and some risky technologies have been applied. Therefore, I think that the NASA will finally give the order for the moon landing compartment to who to choose to be conservative, or the aggressive solution is still unknown. I learned that it has the function of reusing. For example, in the future, there will be a lunar cabin, you can carry people back to the hunter spaceship. If you push it yourself, you can return to the earth. The communication system and command system in the entire Orion can continue to use it in the next task, so the design of the Orion considers the problem of reusable use. Moderator: In fact, there is also a manned spacecraft in the United States Boeing. It seems to be different from the Orion. Orion can be used for interstellar travel to the moon. And it is said that the interstellar spacecraft, it is higher than the manned spacecraft of the low -orbit carrier, because the moon has flew out of the protective layer of the earth, so the hunter is more awesome, which is more complicated than the human spacecraft of Boeing. Moreover, many problems with the Boeing spacecraft have not been solved. What is the lunar lander planned by "Artemis"?

Peng Tianfang: NASA is also advancing with the times. The method of lunar landing device now is to outsourcing for commercial aerospace type companies. At present, there should be three models to be prepared to be a lander. Among them, the most conspicuous is the star ship, which is very large, with nearly 50 meters high, a huge moon lander. The first -class rocket of the Star Ship pushed the secondary lander to the space, and then fell back to the earth by itself. It can be reused. The second quarter flys to the moon landing and can return to the earth. The concept of the carrier is large, which can log in to the moon's transportation and establish a base, but the technical difficulty is also high, and now it is mature to the technology, there is still a distance.

The lunar landing cabin also has a very magical feature. It can achieve the effect of fighter aircraft on the earth in space. The lunar landing cabin claims to be able to launch a fuel warehouse, and then launch a monthly landing cabin, announced the simulation animation, the two dock the fuel to add the landing cabin, so that the landing cabin can fly farther or return to the earth. The use of many new concepts is currently the most aggressive.

The less radical is the blue origin of Amazon's founder Bezos. Now it is also developing a route, but the size is small and 11 meters high. Although it is updated, it has been updated. Nearly, it can achieve the effect of completing some experiments. There is also a Dynetics company that developed a green landing cabin even slightly smaller than Apollo. The overall structure design looks more like a traditional landing cabin. At present, these three are competing with each other.

Moderator: Many netizens are optimistic about Musk's landing cabin, especially his star ship, but can Musk's star ship really land on the moon? What are the advantages of Starcraft compared to SLS?

Peng Tianfang: Starcraft may depend on whether there are several key technologies that can really achieve breakthroughs, such as the engine of the star ship. The rocket engine is different from the Falcon No. 9. The Merlin engine of the Falcon No. 9 is burned with kerosene. The overall cost is relatively low and the technical is relatively backward. emission. However, Merlin's engine has a poor thrust. It is impossible to put together multiple Merlin engines. The star ship cannot do it, so he has developed a new rocket engine -Raptor engine.

At present, the rocket engine of Raptor No. 1 and Raptor Type II is mainly based on the concept of full circulation. It makes all fuels into two sets. To burn and spray the gas out, this technology is quite difficult. And its fuel is methane, not hydroxide fuel for SLS rockets, so the methane rocket engine is also an innovative road. Through this method, a rocket engine with good performance and high reliability needs to be understood. After all, this model has not experienced many launch. Will there be problems?

In addition, the Star Ship tried a lot of new technologies in order to do lightweight rockets. The engine parts were printed by 3D, and the fuel warehouse was wrapped in carbon fiber to achieve lightweight fuel warehouses. authenticating. The prospect is very good, but it still needs to be considered from realization. I personally is more optimistic and look forward to success.

In addition, for Musk to connect the 33 raptors, I think this is Musk's consistent innovative idea. When he was making a Tesla electric car, he tied many particularly small 18650 batteries to a battery pack, and then multiple battery packs were tied together to become large battery disks. Through many small cheap things, make a large and reliable equipment for large -scale equipment.

His core technology is the battery management system. Put the entire battery uniformly without any failure. If it occurs, it must not affect the overall reliability within the controllable range. I think this methodology can be migrated, such as Falcon No. 9 or a star ship. 33 engines are tied together for control. How to regulate reliability, some methodology can be relocated. This is Musk consistently using some low -cost array components to form a large -scale equipment. He has experience in this area. How to compare the advantages of Star Ship and SLS? The most important advantage mentioned just now is the recyclable concept of the star ship. This is very important. Because it is cheap. SLS rockets throw away $ 4 billion at a time, and the United States is not so rich now, and it can't afford such launch. In the impression, the Musk claimed that it achieved the cost of launch at a time of one million US dollars, and it may be less than 100 million US dollars, which is one -fourth. This is a conservative estimate. This does make NASA's face without light.

Another advantage is that the star ship uses methane fuel. Why do methane use? In fact, it is because the star ship is not a rocket that only faces the moon. In the future, this technology is claimed to be launched on Mars. There is a relatively large benefit for launching on Mars, and there are many carbon dioxide in Mars atmosphere. Through some simple chemical or biological synthesis technologies, Mars can produce methane at a relatively low cost. Therefore, in the future, you may add methane fuel from Mars, and you can return to the moon or the earth.

Moderator: What role will Artemis's lunar portal space station play? What is the construction plan of the space station? Can it be achieved in the end? Does the establishment of the moon base have entered the implementation stage?

Peng Tianfang: Gateway translated is a deep space portal or portal space station, which is the most important difference from the "Apollo" moon landing plan. To establish a space station, it continues to run around the level of one or two hundred kilometers on the surface of the moon, playing two role. One is the support command of some detectors on the surface of the moon, and the other is to maintain a long -term base on the moon in the future. Many things are more cost -effective instead of putting on the surface of the moon on the surface of the moon. If you put the cargo on the surface of the moon, it is equivalent to lowering the speed to zero, which will lose a lot of kinetic energy.

If you put some things on the space station to rotate, on the one hand, there is a signal advantage, and on the other hand, it is more energy to launch a thing on the earth. Docking with the space station is more energy. Things are also easier. In addition, the environment on the surface of the moon is not so bad, but it must be slightly more complicated than the environment of space. At least for us, it is still relatively strange, so there is a space station to support the ground staff. A systematic project considers that the reliability of the entire system should be higher.

The construction plan of the space station should be completed in 2-3 times, but it is uncertain whether it can be established. The moon base is currently just a concept, because the moon base really needs to overcome many difficulties.

I think the space station can also be said to be the biggest difficulty in the entire "Artemis" plan. Compared with the landing cabin, and even the star ship, it is much more difficult than the long -term moon base.

This time on the rocket, in addition to the Orion spacecraft, there are some satellites nearby detectives near the moon to complete experiments such as bacteria, including the measurement of the surface radiation environment of the moon, and various environmental measurements. I think this is also paving a cushion for the establishment of a permanent experimental station on the surface of the moon. In the end, whether you can do it still need to look at the determination of various countries. At least China and Russia have also proposed the International Moon Station of the Moon Scientific Exam.

06 Exploring the moon "0" income? The road to the lunar exploration of China is still long

Moderator: What are the next moon landing rockets in China?

Peng Tianfang: my country's Rockets are the Long March series. The Long March 5 has the strongest carrier capacity. At present, the active rockets have nearly eight tons of carrying capacity to fly to the moon transfer orbit. In fact, the launching activity is completed, and even the manned moon landing activity, this carrying capacity can be satisfied. In the future, it is very likely that the Long March 5 will become a main type of rocket for the lunar exploration of our country. The 6, seventh, eight, and 11th are developed with No. 5. Each of them has different purposes. Essence

No. 5 seems to be a model with the main force of deep space detection. Sixth, seventh, and 8th are faced with some close places, including the launch of the solar synchronization track. The 11th is a fast -responding solid rocket. Of course, there is also the long march No. 9, which rarely appears in the legend. I personally look forward to it. We will expect it to be the so -called Chinese star ship. Later, with Russia to establish a scientific research station on the moon, it is likely that No. 9 will be the main force.

Long March 5B Lae -Lead Rockets, Source: Xinhua News Agency

Moderator: Monthly exploration is very burned. Although it is scientific, it has always been easy to reduce people's support. So what kind of economic income can humans get from the moon?

Peng Tianfang: What is spreading widely in society is that there are three fuels that can be transported back to the earth for nuclear fusion power generation. The specific planning is not cost -effective, it can be compared to the "Apollo" moon landing plan. It cost more than 280 billion US dollars to convert it to about 180 billion US dollars today. Although it costs a lot, it has a great economic value. Humans find a scientific and technological task that can be recognized together, and to complete it. It is often very unexpected gains on the way. Many new branch technology will give our lives a lot of economic benefits. For example, the optical sensor of the CCD camera has nearly 400 to 50 billion U.S. dollars in the market in the world. The reason why this technology develops mature is due to the "Apollo" plan to develop a portable semiconductor. Craft -based light image sensor. In addition, interstellar communication technology will help achieve the future 6G network of my country, that is, the integration of heaven and earth, which is due to low latency and high -precision satellite remote sensing and control. Many technologies have only one economic goal that there is no motivation to spend so much money to break through the technical research. It is necessary to set a more difficult goal than this. By the way, make a breakthrough in technical nodes that look less difficult. It may be more practical.

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