[Academic China • 2022] International Relations Special (September 1st Edition)

Editor's note: The world is a knowledge space for the composition of diversified community and diverse practical knowledge interaction. Western international relations theory still dominates, and the theory of non -Western international relations has begun to sprout. As a practitioner of non -Western international relations, China is constantly exploring the new path of human knowledge practice in global governance, regional governance and international development assistance, and providing more theoretical support for the shaping of new forms of human civilization.

Zhou Hong: From ODA to TOSSD -the change of international development assistance statistics methods

Director of the International Department of International Academy of Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;

Research direction: international politics, welfare countries, European research, foreign aid;

Representative works: "Where to Welfare Country", "Society to Everyone's Enjoyment", "What the EU is the Power of the EU", "Inventory of China -Europe Strategic Partnership", "Foreign Aid and International Relations", "Foreign Aid Books", "Unified Diplomacy in Germany" Essence

The statistics of international development assistance are not only a technical issue. The determination of the statistical indicators depends on the understanding of the assistance of the aid of international development and the setting of international development goals. After decades of development after World War II, international development assistance is exactly in a transition period from concept to goals to practice and then practice. Essence

The background of the concept of "official development assistance"

The concept of "official development assistance" (ODA) was born in the 1960s and 1970s. Beginning in 1961, the "resource traffic" from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) from the flow of member states to underdeveloped countries and regions included gifts, loans, export credit and hybrid loans credit, related finance, private investment, etc. A variety of forms. In this state, official development aid is not prominent.为了彰显经合组织发援会成员国在国际发展援助领域里的优势和主导地位，也由于一些发展中国家对增加优惠性融资的呼吁，在经合组织发援会的整合和推动下，经The member states of the co -organized assisted association reached a consensus to exclude export credit in addition to international development assistance, and determined the preferential nature of official development assistance. In 1967, under the commission of the Secretary -General of the United Nations, an expert report entitled "Resource Traffic Measures for Developing countries" was released. In 1968, the Economic Organization Assistance Association set up a special group of statistical issues, and in 1969 explained the concept of "official development assistance" in detail, because only by determining the concept of official development assistance, can it be set clearly for it for it. The goals and statistical standards. In 1969, according to the newly established concept, many capital flows between the country were excluded, and the correlation and preferential degree of the aid for the economic and social development (ie, 25%of the gift ingredients). The Pilrson Report proposed that by 1975, at the latest to 1980, the "official development assistance" was raised to a suggestion of 0.7%of the national income of the aid country. In 1970, the UN General Assembly passed the resolution calling on the "every economic developed country" to appropriation for official development aid to reach 0.7%of the national revenue.

The statistical concept of official development aid highlights the one -way relationship between the relationship between the development aid committee (DAC) aid and the development of the aid countries in the development, and also highlights the advantages and dominance of Western developed countries in the field of international development assistance. The developed countries that provide official development assistance to formulate official development assistance and conditions, provide channels and funds for assistance, and determine different assistance sides of different assistances in different periods according to the Western values ​​and research and judgment of the international situation in different periods. The focus. The statistical rules of DAC have also been involved in the economic system, social development and political reforms of the aid country through additional political and ideological conditions, and have become diplomatic tools in the Cold War and the Cold War.

"Official Development Assistance" statistical criteria for defects

After entering the 21st century, the most prominent changes in the field of international development assistance were South -South cooperation practices of emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil, and South Africa. In contrast, the narrowness of ODA concept is even more prominent. Economist Lin Yifu proposed in the book "Beyond Development Assistance: Reconstruction of the New Concepts of Development and Cooperation in a Multi -World", "ODA cannot calculate many emerging financing mechanisms as statistical standards, such as PPP (public and private cooperation mechanism), catalytic catalytic Tools, fiscal guarantees, and marketing, etc., the effect behind this assistance cannot be calculated. " ODA's decades of practice shows that its investment in promoting "economic development and welfare" is not obvious, and there are the following five disadvantages.

First, the restrictions are too strong. Official development assistance is not less than 25%of the preferential threshold for the flow of capital flow and international cooperation that can effectively promote development, such as export credit, large and low preferential infrastructure investment, South -South cooperation, and even 24.99%of preferential loans. Fund cannot be included in official development assistance, but can only be regarded as other official flows. Due to the huge gap between official development aid and development needs, it has become an important issue to mobilize unofficial development assistance resources and redefine other official flows.

Second, the validity is doubtful. The effectiveness of international development assistance has always been a hot issue in the debate of developing economists. Scholars have obtained many contradictory conclusions through empirical research and quantitative analysis, but they have reached a basic consensus on the existing international development aid model to be improved.

Third, dominant disputes. The guidelines, assistance statistical standards, and assistance points of the assistance of the Economic Organization Development Association depends on the members of the Economic Cooperation Assistant (that is, the assistant). The lack of autonomy in development strategies has become the reason why many aid countries lack the driving force for development. Many development plans only take into account the strategy, interests, preferences and market needs of the aid countries, and ignore the national conditions and development methods and development methods of the aid countries. This is also the key to the long -term difficulty of being aid. Fourth, politics is prominent. Because the official development aid has been the statistical rules of the "club members" of the "club members" of Economic Organizations and Assistance, the investment direction depends on the judgment of the members of the Economic Organization Association on the bottlenecks of international development and development. The country's practical development needs and development characteristics, but to transfer the governance model of the aid country to the recipient through the official development assistance, especially the universal democracy and abstract human rights as the necessary condition for development, so that the financial transfer of official development assistance to the government's development assistance Folding on a strong political color.

Fifth, there are significant limitations. From 2000 to 2017, the proportion of non -co -organizational assistance associations in the middle -income countries and emerging economies increased from 2%to 10%from 2%to 10%. The pattern of division. In addition, according to the current official development assistance statistical standards, other development aid helping emerging financing mechanisms cannot be calculated in them, such as public and private cooperation mechanisms, unity mechanisms (supporting public funds or sovereign funds), and catalytic mechanisms (using public finances such as such as such as public finances, Creation markets such as fiscal guarantee, equity investment and redemption capital, etc., are excluded by reducing market risk to promote the development of private enterprises).

The concept of "official support for sustainable development" came into being

In 2011, the "Fourth Assistance Effective High -level Forum" proposed that developed countries and emerging economies should establish a "new cooperative relationship" and advocate "development effectiveness" to replace "assistance effectiveness". As "development effectiveness" has become the theme of international development assistance, the organization and subordinate DAC have initiated the reform of the statistical system. According to the OECD, the traditional ODA is not enough to respond to the challenges facing developing countries, nor can it reflect the state of multiple international development aid subjects to participate in international development. In order to maintain ODA's right to speak in the field of international development assistance, it is necessary to make appropriate expansion on the basis of traditional ODA and collect development resources in multi -channel collection. This expansion will inevitably bring the innovation of statistical standards for development assistance. In the discussion on ODA reform, a new concept "General Development of Sustainable Development" (TOSSD) gradually appeared, and began to be the point of view of scholars, which was later advocated by OECD/DAC. The total official support for sustainable development is a set of new international statistical indicators that are used to count the resources and total amount of officials mobilized and the total amount of private funds. Sustainable development resources, provide information for strategic planning, evaluate the progress of supply and demand matching, and finally support the implementation of the United Nations sustainable development strategy and sustainable development goals. The key difference between TOSSD and ODA is that they are trying to include all official resources for sustainable development, including OECD/DAC and southern countries, which will be implemented for a long time to integrate DAC countries and southern countries. As a statistical standard, the key difference between TOSSD and ODA is the different understanding of "development" and "development aid resources". In contrast, the development field of TOSSD is wider, and the starting point is a reinforcement country instead of aid countries, so the statistical scope is relatively wide.

In 2015, the United Nations Sustainable Development Aired Aired ADC provided a basis for changing the statistical standards for international development. The "UN 2030 Sustainable Development AD 2030" adopted by the 70th session of the United Nations proposed 17 sustainable development goals.为了实现2030年可持续发展目标，联合国赞成进一步发掘来自发达国家和发展中国家的资源，统筹计量所有国家对可持续发展贡献，而TOSSD计划将官方发展援助、其他官方资金流量、南南合作和The cooperation between the three sides, the support of international public products, and the private funds mobilized by official development intervention measures are included in the statistical framework. With the United Nations Sustainable Development Objective (SDG) as a threshold, the international development assistance is redefined. With the common participation of both south and south, the efforts to integrate international development resources are being unfolding.

The change of international development aid statistics from ODA to TOSSD indicates that a fundamental turning point is undergoing a fundamental turning in the field of international development aid. The background of this turning point is the decline in the leading position of Western developed countries in the field of international development aid. Facing the role of the northern and south in the field of international development assistance, OECD tries to expand the understanding of development resources, and through the introduction of the concept of statistics from TOSSD, more resources are included in the statistics and practice of international assistance. The continuous development agenda platform has achieved the goal of unified global international development assistance statistics that have been achieved for many years and have not achieved. This is not only a key part of global governance reform, but also the core step of re -deploying North -South relations, which will have a huge impact on international development cooperation, North -South relations, and South -South cooperation. Although the concept of TOSSD statistics is still in discussion, from the experiments of the UN expert group and TOSSD in some developing countries, it is clear that it changes the north -south weights and the nature of the north -south relationship in the field of international development aid. The new statistical standards acknowledge that the main body of the behavior in the field of international development aid is diverse and two -way. International development is a general pursuit of human beings. It requires comprehensive efforts of humans to create a comparative advantage of various behaviors and complement each other. Overall.

The ODA concept is strictly modified from broadly to highlight the particularity of Western developed countries in the field of development aid, and maintain inequality assistance and aid relationships. Under the significant results of South -South cooperation, DAC has relaxed the statistical standards of international development assistance, and strives to incorporate South -South cooperation into the unified statistics and practice of international development assistance. This process will be full of games, compromise and reference. For emerging economies, these changes are both challenges and opportunities. Only by adhering to the priority of development, the emphasis on the rights and interests of the reinforcements, and the benefit of the beneficial experience of various countries, can it be possible to form a community of human development community in the practice of the United Nations sustainable development goals. For China, the change of statistics of international development assistance is not only a rare opportunity to grasp the right to speak, but also a challenge to a severe update governance concept and method. And actively deal with it.

Zhang Yuyan: The logic of global economic governance

Zhang Yuyan Director/Member and researcher of the Institute of World Economic and Political Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences;

Research direction: international political economics, world economy;

Representative works: "Selection of Economic Development and Systems", "International Economic and Political Science", "China's Peace Development Road".

Global governance is aimed at global issues, and the latter refers to the problem that the scope of influence is global and the problem of problems must be jointly implemented by countries around the world. Global economic governance mainly refers to global issues in the economic field. The most critical or most basic problem is how to maintain the strong, sustainable, inclusive and balanced growth of the world economy. Here, global economic governance refers to how countries around the world reach a series of rules or systems that help maintain and promote global economic growth.

Generally speaking, there are two reasons for the improvement of productivity. One is the spread of innovation and technological progress, and the other is the trade income based on division of labor and factor flow. It is not difficult to understand technological progress. Under the conditions without technological progress, only because different production subjects (here mainly refer to the country) to conduct division of labor and specialized production according to their own advantages, and then conduct transactions, which can increase the total output of the division of labor and the trading party. It is called trade income in economics. Although these two sources of growth are integrated and intertwined in reality, separate discussions in theoretical analysis will help us understand the source of growth, and then provide convenience for formulating more targeted policies and systems. The concentrated discussion here is how to maximize the global trade income from the division of labor and exchange from the country, thereby helping the world economy to achieve strong, sustainable, tolerance, and balanced growth goals. In view of the basic premise of exchange is that the ownership of the exchanges is effectively guaranteed and the contract reached by the parties beforehand is protected. Specifically, the issue of global economic governance and treatment is related to human economic activities. The main body of the behavior is to achieve its own interests to maximize its own interests into the country or state group. The background of its activity is the absence of the world government. A set of self -binding rules or systems formed by negotiation.

In today's world, global economic governance involves many areas, mainly including international trade and investment and monetary financial systems that affect the exchange of multinational goods and services, affecting production factors and capital cross -border flow. The issues closely related to global economic governance also involve policy coordination between supply chain, value chain, commodity supply and demand, climate change and low -carbon economy, and main behavior. The above -mentioned global economic problems have been effectively resolved in accordance with the interests of countries around the world. However, today the world still has a relatively obvious governance deficit in the process of dealing with global economic issues. Therefore, how to reduce and eventually eliminate the global economic governance deficit has become a "higher dimension" global issue facing humans. One of the reasons for the benefit of the benefit of the well -being of all human beings is that one of the root causes is that the common interest is not a sufficient condition for the formation of collective action. Specifically to global governance, the question is how to share the cost of governance and how to share the income of governance. In economics, this is the so -called collective action problem: because the results of collective operations do not exclude him, members of the collective will work hard to take a stool. This leads to two results: one is that public products provide obvious deficiencies, and the other is that global economic governance, which is manifested by international systems, usually has obvious non -neutral characteristics, that is, the same governance means different results. Some benefit, some are damaged. If you consider the geopolitical and economic competition between the great powers, then the mutual benefit and win -win situation will at least be unacceptable to Pareto's improvement of free trade. In 2004, the well -known economist Paul Samuelson pointed out in the article "Where does Li Jiatu and Mueller refute or confirm the mainstream economist who supports globalization" pointed out that Li Jiatu, who praised free trade -Mueller The model is established when technological progress is established, but after incorporating technological progress into analysis, the model may have a problem. Samuelson uses the United States and China as an example that if China's productivity is raised to the level that the two countries are exactly equal when producing the two products, their respective comparative advantages will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear, and the two countries will disappear. Back to self -sufficient state. Due to technological progress, China's per capita income has been improved, and the end result is that the actual per capita income of the United States has suffered persistent damage.

Under the premise of temporarily regardless of the geopolitical game between the great powers, one of the ideas of solving the problem of collective action in the process of global economic governance is the design of effective governance. Global economic governance requires the behavior of various countries through equal negotiation. After fully considering the balance of the cost of the affordable and shared income of each member, it gradually forms a multilateral rule accepted by each member. In the process of mechanism design, the key is to reduce or eliminate moral risks and reverse choices by providing compatible incentives, and to create selective incentives to reduce or eliminate ride -hailing behaviors. In the case of limited governance resources, countries can sort global economic issues based on urgency, severity, and feasibility, and to slowly divide the policies according to the severity. If it is difficult to reach a consensus for a while, you can consider it to zero, and divide a package of issues into several modules to deal with it.

The mutual benefit and win -win brought by free trade is not satisfied with all beneficiaries. After 1850, the scepter of the manufacturing hegemon was gradually transferred to the United States. Therefore, in the context of the intensified game between great countries, at all sacrifices to sacrifice their own interests, it is necessary to curb the rushing momentum of opponents to become its dominant strategy. As a result, the global system is divided or two or more limited parallel systems, which eventually lead The global unified market's atrophy and the retraction of global trade revenue. To prevent the decline in this global welfare level, it can be multi -pronged: first of all, the trust of recovery or establishing a large country; secondly, the intersection benefits of mining and use in the field of non -economic and trade fields to increase the cost of decoupling; once again, the maximum parallel system is not subject to the unwelling system. The trading income brought by the coming; finally to strengthen economic and trade cooperation with middle -aged power and the majority of emerging economies and developing countries.

Zhang Yun: The great powers and surroundings in regional governance

Professor of Zhangyun Jinan University School of International Relations/Overseas Chinese Research Institute, Director of the Southeast Asia Research Institute of Jinan University;

Research direction: international relations theory, regional governance, Southeast Asia research;

Masterpiece: "Regional Governance in International Relations: Theoretical Construction and Comparative Analysis".

In the 21st century, the existing UN international rules are constantly challenged by various major international events. The original global governance system in the original United Nations has gradually been reshape. Although there are many uncertainty, the major power of the international relations pattern is the pattern of international relations pattern. Shaping still has a decisive role. Regional governance is an international community practice based on regions with various countries such as large countries, small and medium -sized countries, etc., mainly based on different geographical environment, civilization inheritance, and ethnic distribution. Among them, how can the early empire's governance methods be transformed or reshaped in the secondary system participating or dominated by the "post -empire"? How can this way of governance be affected by the international environment or domestic politics? How does it affect the international system of the second or regional region today? In the research on the regional governance of the "post -empire", through the interaction of the interaction of major national ethnic group policies and peripheral relations, the inheritance, reconstruction and occurrence mechanism of the regional governance of the "post -empire" will be discussed. On nationalism and regionalism, a bridge for "comparative politics" to the research of international relations is built, and then related research is promoted.

The area is not only geographical space, but also the identity and shaping of social and political identity. Regional politics in the era of economic globalization is usually covered by global politics. With the changes in the global system, global governance shows a trend of regional regression, and the importance of regional powers of the "post -empire" has increased in its regional power structure, becoming the main role in the regional power system. Returning to the regional country) may become more and more realistic to carry out constructive management of regional affairs through specific regional mechanisms. In the turning of global governance areas, European and American countries still maintain free competition and cooperation mechanisms in their respective regions. For example, the United States still enjoys hegemony in North America, and the original European powers such as Germany and France have formed a regional cooperation mechanism with the European Union as the link. Although the modern international system that originated in Europe in Europe is considered global and has taken over the world since the end of the Cold War, more and more non -Western plans show that There is no law that follows the law of power of the modern international system, and there is a two -track "national country" system with homogeneity and the "post -empire" governance system. The ethnic policies of the regional power are a two -way interaction relationship with surrounding diplomacy. Informal co -concepts, shared ethnic culture and non -governmental relationships still play a role. In the process of modern state construction, a regional country that undertakes the imperial heritage is the main holder of the regional power structure. This power structure is not only a natural leftover of imperial governance, but also the product of the regional world into the modern international system. Since the end of the Cold War, the international relations of the "post -empire" are usually replaced by the international law principles of the "civilized standards" priority. Non -Western and especially Asian international relations narratives have been wrapped in it. However, from the non -Western regional country transformed from the classical empire to the modern country, in the process of integrating the global modern international order that integrates Western Europe, it presents the characteristics of a clear combination of modern countries and the empire. After the emergence, most of the regional powers reshaped the regional power structure through their own natural endowment, geopolitical structure, and historical and cultural, and through the regional governance of the "post -empire", developing diplomatic relations with different "national countries" in the original empire's territory Essence This kind of regional politics dominated by the "post -empire" country is compatible with the United Nations principles led by the Western countries after World War II, but also conflicts with the historical traditions and national identities of the region. The interactive effect with surrounding diplomacy determines the effect of regional governance, and then has an important impact on external relations and domestic governance.

According to the existing regional governance theory in international relations, regional governance is a combination of three variables including regional countries, regional system systems and regional connections within the regional range, and through the three mechanisms of regional coordination, regional management and regional monitoring, "regional good governance regional governance "Effect. Taking the major regional countries in Asia as an example, comparing the ethnic governance and peripheral relations since the 20th century, it can be found that the acceptance of modernity in ethnic policies in the region is the success of the "post -empire" transformation. The key is to have an important impact on the benign operation of the above -mentioned regional governance system. In the regional politics of the "post -empire", the regional country has multiple advantages. However, the role of the regional country of the "post -empire" is still being adjusted in regional governance. It is necessary to find a balance in the interaction between domestic ethnic governance and surrounding diplomatic relations. This is a long -term process.

Source: "China Social Sciences"

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