Academic China · 2022 — Civilization and the future of international politics

Editor's note: In the world's 100 years of unreasonable changes, civilization is not only an important driving force to promote the deeper change of the situation, and its own development is also affected by the direction and structural characteristics of the change in the change. The change in status in the great change. In today's world, the interests, rights, and responsibilities among countries are highly related. Cultivating mechanisms and cultures of the symbiosis between countries are essential for international relations to get rid of traditional confrontational politics. Therefore, how to further explore the future of China and the world in the change and promote the progress of international politics is an important proposition of today's era.

Wang Chunfa: Think about the world and China in the change bureau

Wang Chunfa National Museum curator and researcher;

Research direction: museum management, scientific and technological policy research;

Representative works: "Technical Innovation Policy: Theoretical Basic and Tools Selection", "National Innovation System and East Asian Economic Growth Prospects".

At present, the world is facing a major change in a century. This great change is fierce, the extensive scope, and the far -reaching influence. I am afraid that it is unprecedented in the history of world history. This requires us to from the perspective of human fundamental interests and long -term development. Think and grasp. Civilization is not only an important dynamic factor to promote the profound evolution of the great change, and its own development is also affected by the change direction and structural characteristics of the change of the situation, and to a large extent determines the change of the status of different countries in the general change. How to look at a hundred years of changing changes in the history of human civilization and how to explore the world and China's future trends in the change of the situation is an important proposition of today's era.

First, we must deeply understand the "changes" in the big change. In the 15th and 17th centuries, the era of great sailing revealed a new chapter in the development of human civilization. The globalization process has never been reversed. This is the change of ancient and modern times. From the mid -18th century to the early 20th century, Western countries have entered the process of industrialization, surpassing agricultural society in terms of economic aspects, and promoting the enhancement of political and military strength. The wealth distribution of the entire world and the national strength have undergone tremendous changes. Global affairs reached an unprecedented scale, which is the change of the country's rise and fall. In the first half of the 20th century, the two World War I had caused the decline of European social politics and economy. The two super powers in the United States and the Soviet Union reorganized the world of the second half of the 20th century, which led to changes in geopolitics. With the end of the Cold War, in the context of globalization, the rise of emerging economies and developing countries represented by China has formed a diversified world pattern today, which is the change of strength pattern. With the rapid development of science and technology, human perceptions of the world have surpassed the earth, facing a broader universe, and even extended to the Yuan universe, that is, the relationship between real space and virtual space, which is the change of heaven and earth. Although there are different forms of civilized forms, ideology, and values ​​in today's world, larger -scale global integration encourages similar economic and political tendencies and cultivates the common value of all mankind. This is the change of value. In the face of the future, human beings must jointly deal with global governance challenges, and they must develop in the direction of the community of human destiny. This is the change of development trend, that is, the changes in the situation.

Second, we must scientifically understand the important role of culture on affecting the future of the country. Some countries have modern agricultural or industrial production systems, such as Australia, Argentina, etc.; Some countries not only have a modern production system, but also modern knowledge systems, such as member states of Economic Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD); , Italy and other countries, on the modern production system and modern knowledge system, also have an independent spiritual and cultural system. Although their production system is declining, the spiritual and cultural system is still independent. History proves that the more highly has a high spiritual and cultural system, the more capable of showing strong toughness in development and leading the world in a better direction.

Third, we must combine the characteristics of Chinese history and culture to promote the future Chinese cultural development model. Today, China has a mature and complete agricultural production system, and has established the world's most complete industrial production system. The system, including the education system, scientific and technological research and development system, huge human resources scale, etc.; At the same time, although China has a relatively independent and complete spiritual system, it lacks the world's influential independent cultural system, lacks the ultimate development of human society Great thinkers, great artists, and scientists who have caring and global significance, urgently need to form a discourse system with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese style, strengthen ideological appeal, and expand the world influence of Chinese culture. Now China has opened a new form of human civilization, and it is urgent to strengthen the construction of this spiritual and cultural system. There are many important characteristics or concepts in Chinese culture, including the unity of heaven and man, chasing far -end, compatible, compatibility, and self -evidence, and "the distant people are not convinced, then they have been cultivated since Wende." These traits have greatly affected China's development process in history, but the formation and evolution of the future Chinese cultural model depends not only on the inheritance of historical and cultural, and it also depends on the innovation of contemporary practical innovation. Direction and trend characteristics. The reason why cultural self -confidence is the most basic, deepest, and lasting force is the reason for this.

Su Changhe: National Coexistence -Seeking a new international political civilization

The dean and professor of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Fudan University;

Research direction: world political theory, Chinese politics and diplomacy, and international organizations; masterpieces: "21st Century Global Political Paradigm", "Global Public Issues and International Cooperation: An Analysis of a System".

In today's world, the rise of confrontation and exclusive forces has promoted the rising of group politics and camp politics. There have been many lessons in the development of international relations. This is not the way and goals of the evolution of international relations. In today's world, the interests, rights, and responsibilities among countries are highly related, and the development and security are inseparable. The destiny of each country is the conditions for the joint, mutual safety and development. The political civilization on the basis of this basis and the political civilization on this basis, although it has a certain market, has been criticized by more and more. The mechanism and culture of cultivating the symbiosis between the country is essential to get rid of the traditional confrontation politics. This is this. It is necessary to jointly overcome the weakness of the domestic confrontation system and the politics of international confrontation camps, seek a good political consultation mechanism, promote the progress of international politics, and transition to a higher political form.

National symbiosis needs to take two political principles seriously. The world we face can be viewed from two levels, one level is different, and the other is indispensable. The different world is in terms of the diversity of civilization and the differences in the internal value beliefs, development paths, political systems, and culture of various countries. The unlimited world refers to the right of equality and non -discrimination, regardless of size, rich and poor, strong and weak, strong and weak, and how cultural beliefs and political systems in the international system. In the history of hundreds of years of international relations, humans have formed two basic political principles and experiences. One principle is to handle each other's affairs in accordance with equality, mutual respect, and non -interference in accordance with the principles of equality, mutual respect, and interference. This principle is universal and different. This is also the true meaning of the five principles of the United Nations Charter and peace. Another principle is that any international order should not be extended and jurisdiction over internal affairs in various countries. In other words, if the rich internal differences of various countries have become international relations and international law, extend to the domestic politics of other countries, or the domestic law of a country extends to the jurisdiction and interfere with other domestic affairs, such an international order will inevitably violate the principle of domestic differences and fall into turbulence.

The world today is a world of sovereign international systems. This is a difficult political achievement that has been obtained by the anti -colonialism and national liberation movement after World War II. Although the act of infringement sovereignty in real international politics, at least at the level of value, no one can deny the peace, development, fairness, and justice constructed by the core of sovereignty. In other words, the first political principle of maintaining international order has been widely spread, which is the basis of the symbiotic national.

However, in recent decades, the threat to international order mainly comes from the differences in the second political principles. As a result, many dangerous political and diplomatic practices have also appeared, which is also a source of the turbulence of the world today.过去几十年来，总是有各种各样的政治学说，例如主权过时论、人权高于主权、“民主和平论”、民主输出工程、“保护的责任”、自由世界与非自由世界、自由The world can just interfere with the non -freedom world, etc., trying to interfere with the theoretical excuses of other domestic affairs manufacturing theory. This theory will bring the world into a dangerous and turbulent situation. When a so -called international order began to extend to transformation and internal affairs of members of the jurisdiction, this international order must be dangerous. Therefore, for the symbiosis of the country, this principle is not a good connotation of international political civilization.

The country's symbiosis should take into account how to better achieve cooperation in the more and more interdependent world and promote global governance. There are many obstacles to international cooperation. One of the obstacles that are not valued by people are that more and more countries that are internal and internal in the country have a negative impact on the implementation of multilateralism, global governance and international cooperation agreements. This confrontation system is largely due to the propaganda and diplomatic promotion of Western politics. It has been regarded as a democratic system for a long time, but people need to reflect on this system system in the 21st century. In the 21st century international cooperation and global governance, to a large extent, it is trapped by the internal countermeasures system within some countries, which affects the effectiveness of such countries for global governance and international cooperation commitments. People see more and more cooperative organizations and global governance arrangements, which are damaged due to the political and interest group politics of important countries. The United States is a typical case in this regard, and people are increasingly doubting whether its domestic confrontation system can provide certain support for global governance commitments.

National symbiosis needs to solve this problem. If global governance is based on domestic politics of splitting and confrontation between various domestic countries, the coherentity and efficiency of global governance will inevitably be greatly reduced. The current global governance deficit, as well as the decline in global governance's willingness to govern, and the slowdowning and swinging of actions, have something to do with such a domestic confrontational system environment. In the past few decades, such systems have been copied in many areas. Out of the consideration of respecting the political choices of various countries, we cannot directly say that this political choice of other countries is not good. This is a confrontation system system and a political ecology formed from the sense of science. In fact, it is troublesome to trouble National symbiosis and global governance. Under the premise that such a domestic confrontation system cannot be completely denied, the establishment of the international political negotiation mechanism is particularly important.

National symbiosis needs to re -examine the concepts and logic of governing international political behavior in the past for a long time. In addition to the re -treatment of the two opposite political principles of international politics, the starting point of international politics and some important concepts and hypothesis need to be redefined. The theory of international relations with American characteristics has taken an anarch, power, and absolute interests as an important foundation for research and teaching. Among them, this is not a symbiotic logic. From the perspective of Marxism and the theory of Chinese political economics, if we think about the world in accordance with the logical clue of "production -labor -exchange -distribution -national -world market -liberation", we may provide a progressive international political outlook. From the beginning of production to liberation, and the realization of human liberation, the concept of the community of human destiny has many internal consistency. The international politics of liberation criticizes the theory of international relations with existing British and American characteristics, and tries to highly understand the significance of international politics from all human beings, and provide ideal and practical action solutions for better symbiotic international order. Barry Buzan: Civilization and humans on the modern turning point

Barry Buzan (Professor Rongxiu, International Relations of the London Institute of Political Economics and Economics in the United Kingdom, academician of the British Academy of Social Sciences

Research direction: the evolution of international relations, international security theory, international security, and international systems;

Representative works: "International Systems in World History", "People, State, and Fear: The International Security Research Aired Aired by the Cold War Age", "Construction of Global International Relations: The Origin and Evolution of Centennial Relationships".

The world's centuries -old change involves two major and necessary changes. In the face of a series of problems brought about, we should also discuss the profound continuity contained in the process of change and how to improve the overall awareness of humanity.

The big change highlights the two major changes

The first change was the end of the beginning of modernization. In the early 19th century, the core countries and society with a large amount of wealth and power began to dominate the areas of marginalized. In the 1970s, this pattern gradually ended. At that time, in the field of military or economic, a small part of the core power was increasingly difficult to maintain the masterpiece of other parts of the world. This trend continued to this day. With the rise of deepening diversification, wealth, power, culture, and political authority are spreading to other parts of the world. Although the advantages of Western countries have not completely disappeared, relatively speaking, other parts of the world are catching up. With this process, a problem began to stand up, that is, the dissatisfaction of the colonialized areas in the marginalized area in the post -colonial era. Correspondingly, the former imperialist powers chose to forget their colonial history. This means that compared with the past, there is a serious division of the international community, which is also the issue of management imbalance. This is a decisive feature of the transformation process we are currently undergoing, which has caused concerns about the path of civilization. If we all return to the civilized fortress, the treatment of the second change will become more tricky.

The second change is the end of the country and human infinite pursuit of wealth and power. Because our obedience is about to reach the limits of the earth, this state is about to end after experiencing unlimited pursuit of wealth and power for two centuries. This not only warns that the great power can no longer launch a comprehensive war, but also reminds that the limit of the earth is coming, such as obvious climate change, sea level rising, and various types of pollution in the global scope. "Great extinction" is ongoing. We can no longer start a war as unscrupulous as in the past, and we can no longer blindly pursue wealth and power as in the past. These fearless behaviors may bring potential dangers and threaten the process of empowering the species of human beings for thousands of years in various forms. Over the past 70 years, humans can let species die by themselves, which is a new feature in the development process. If we letting things such as "greenhouse earth" happen, we will face the risk of species degeneration, which means that no matter the number of population or civilization, there will be levels of retrogression. Due to the advancement of science and technology, humans are also facing unprecedented new options, namely species replacement. The combination of machine intelligence, genetic engineering or these technologies may lead to the end of the so -called "original" human history, and human beings itself will be replaced by other species. In this sense, we are in an exciting era, and it is also a dangerous era.

Continuous features contained in the process of change

The above two processes contain complex and important changes and have profound continuity. The most obvious is that as a species on the earth, we have made rapid progress in creating material conditions, obtaining materials and energy, and the technical types suitable for various scenarios are also constantly renovating. This state has lasted for nearly two centuries, and no sign of slowing has been seen. Therefore, this is not only a manifestation of the transformation process, but also the driving force for the sustainable development of human society. Through the application of new technologies, we can try all kinds of new things, they may be beneficial to us, or it is not good for us. This is one of the continuity.

The second continuity is to break the unfair state and realize the equality of human society. The continuous struggle since the beginning of modernization in the late 18th century has continued. Prior to this, inequality is the basic principle of all human civilization. Each civilization has obvious hierarchical systems and strong class structures, such as slavery and patriarchal system. equality. This complex and widespread problem did not begin to improve until the 19th century, and some were still unreasonable. The debate around them continued. For example, we still cannot divide the degree and type of gender equality or inequality. Of course, the current inequality is not as serious as the past. The issue of wealth distribution still exists. The groups that tend to choose capitalism expressed their uneven recognition of wealth distribution, and regarded it as a key driving force for human society's progress; groups that tended to choose socialism hope that wealth distribution is more balanced and prepare for the consequences of the consequences. Although it will slow down the development of human society to a certain extent, we still have an open attitude towards class and hierarchical systems and believe that they play an important role in different society in different society. Whether it is necessary to ensure the balance of this point and whether it is necessary to establish a class without class, we are not yet conclusive. Therefore, the issue of equality between humans still needs to be discussed, and some have more or less conclusions, such as unanimously denying the legitimacy of slavery, but it does not mean its disappearance. The same is true of dynasty rule. Although it is not common, it does exist in some places. Similarly, the phenomenon of racial discrimination still exists, but it is no longer as legality as the 19th and early 20th century. As another form of inequality, traditional imperialism is largely identified as illegal extent. Because in the 19-20th century, different civilizations were not equal to observation. According to the standards at the time, Western countries put themselves at the top of civilization and depending on other regions as low -end civilizations. Today, we can say certain that treating different civilizations should be equalized, which is related to the fact that everyone is equal. Considering these factors, the struggle to change the unequal state of human beings is continuing, and in a sense, it is also the root cause of change. Promote the overall consciousness of human beings

In the face of the above problems, how to deal with our discussion. Needless to solve the problem of climate change is the most important thing we must do. If it is ignored, human beings will face a series of environmental problems such as "greenhouse earth" and sea level rising, which is more important than any other issues. Nowadays, the pursuit of wealth and power's uncontrolled pursuit will also have a significant impact on the earth. If humans continue to be lonely, they will face the risk of species degenerate or dying, or even replace. Here, "replacement" contains another layer of meanings, which shows that technological progress is a double -edged sword, which can not only cause the bad results of climate mutations, but also improve the adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, we can use some new technologies to cope with poor climate change.

When we seriously think about the true meaning of a policy, the climate change, the rise of the sea level as the biggest problem facing humans, or the problem that it is the biggest change, and the problem that must be resolved, as a human with a common destiny, right? We should enhance their identity. Especially for future generations, we must have a stronger sense of responsibility. This is not an ideological issue that causes civilization and cultural division. In addition, we must continue to actively promote environmental management and sustainable development policies, which should become more important priorities for human beings. Otherwise, other matters we discuss, even,, need to be continuously maintained, will face unknown risks. In short, if we return to the so -called civilized fortress, it may weaken the ability to deal with climate change. It is currently a critical moment in human history. We need to improve the overall awareness of human beings, including how to maintain future generations.

Source: "China Social Sciences"

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