"Zhi" said Shanxi- "Qingxu County Zhi"

"State -owned history, the county has ambitions, and the family has a spectrum."

Xiuzhi, as an ancient cultural tradition of the Chinese nation, has a historical heritage of more than thousands of years. Local chronicle enjoys the reputation of "local encyclopedia". As one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, Shanxi is known as the "Ancient Chinese Cultural Museum".

"The oldest history is Fangzhi."

The Taiyuan Library has long attached great importance to the collection of special literature and other characteristics of local history, and has a full -category and rich quantity collection resources. Among them, the variety and quantities of localist museums at or above the country are at the forefront of the nation's public library.

At the time of Renyin New Year, the Taiyuan Library specially launched the "" Zhi Zhuan Shanxi "column. Through the" reading "," use of aspirations ", and" preaching ", Shanxi Local Zhi" live ", so that readers make the majority of readers. While reading the Sanjin Fang Zhi, you can swim beautiful Shanxi.

Qingxu County is located in the northwest of the Jinzhong Basin in Shanxi Province, and the southern end of Taiyuan City. The towering Luliang, the west of the heroes, such as the peacock opening the screen; The mountains and rivers are beautiful, and the ground is beautiful. The county has a total area of ​​609.13 square kilometers, under its jurisdiction of 9 towns and 4 towns, 195 administrative villages, 211 natural villages, and a total population of 287,000 in 1998.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qingxu was Dianyang County (see "Spring and Autumn Left Biography"). In the sixteenth year of Emperor Sui Kai (596), Qingyuan County, the old city of Xianyang (Qingyuan Water in the northwest of the city). During the period of Jin Dading, Xuou County was placed in the east of the county. Qing and Xu County have been divided into each other. The merger in 1952, took the first word of the names of the two counties, was originally called Qingxu. In January 1959, he was under the jurisdiction of Taiyuan City.

"Qingxu County Chronicle" notes through ancient and modern times, and today, it is slightly ancient. "The Big Maste" was extended to the book.

"Qingxu County Chronicle" is divided into twenty -seven volumes, which mainly introduces political areas, natural environment, residents, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, industrial, township enterprises, urban and rural construction, transportation post and telecommunications, trade, finance, economic comprehensive management, party faction, party faction, and party faction Groups, political Political Consultative Conference, civil affairs, law, military, military, scientific and technological, education, culture, sports, health, civilian customs, dialects and verbal literature, characters, and major events.

steer

Qingxu County is located in the central part of Shanxi Province and the southern end of Taiyuan City. It is surrounded by Yuci (East), Taigu (southeast), Qixian (south), Wenshui (southwest), Jiaotong (west), northwest of ancient Jiaotong), Taiyuan City small shop and Jinyuan district (north) Essence Qingyuan Town of the county is 35 kilometers away from the provincial capital Taiyuan and 557 kilometers from the capital Beijing.

From the north of the county, Jundi Township, Anjiagou, Hanwubao, Yangfang Township in the south, about 35.8 kilometers in the north and south; from Ji Chang Village in Jiyi Township in the east, in the east of Zhennanling Village in the west, about 40.5 kilometers long. Geographical coordinates east of 112 ° 10 ′ ～ 112 ° 038 ′, 37 ° 28 ～ 37 ° 47 ′ north latitude, with a total area of ​​609.13 square kilometers. The territory in the country is high in northwest and low in the southeast. The temples in the northwest mountains are the highest point in the county, with an altitude of 1865 meters; the area of ​​Changfeng Village, Liu Du Township in the south border is the lowest outer outer area throughout the territory, with an altitude of 735 meters.

The Xuzhi County of the Qing Dynasty began in the late spring and autumn. "Zuo Zhuan" contains: 28 years of Lu Zhaogong (514 before), the Qi family was destroyed, Wei Xianzi was politics, and it was divided into seven counties. Among them, Xianyang County is the Qing Xu.

In September 1949, the Shanxi Provincial People's Government was established. In July 1952, the two counties of Qingyuan and Xuou were merged. They took the first name of the two counties and counties. In January 1959, Qingxu County was placed at Taiyuan City as the suburbs of Taiyuan City.

In July 1952, after the merger of Qingyuan and Xugou counties, the county was divided into 6 districts, 97 administrative villages, and 209 natural villages.

The picture shows a list of towns and villages under the jurisdiction

Natural resources

The landform of the Qingxu County is high in the northwest high and southeast, from the northwest to the southeast. The county's strata are relatively single. The naked stratum on the mountain area is mainly sandstone and shale of the two -fledged stone box and Shi Qianfeng. According to the drilling holes, the ups and downs have the charcoal coal strata and the lined limestone stratum. The plain area is part of the Taiyuan broken basin, and a set of huge freshman strata has been deposited. Among them, the fourth line is about 410 meters thick.

The county is a warm and temperate continental climate. The winter is long and cold, dry and windy in spring, the hot rain in summer is concentrated, and the autumn is short and clear. According to the information from the county's meteorological station from 1960 to 1990, the average temperature of the waiting (5 days) was used to distinguish the four seasons, that is, the average temperature is less than 10 ° C for winter, higher than 22 ° C in summer, 10 ℃ ～ 20 to 20 ℃ is spring, autumn. The four seasons of this county are generally from April 10th to June 5th for the spring, for a total of 57 days; from June 6th to August 18th, it is 74 days; August 19th to October 20th is autumn. A total of 63 days; October 21st to April 9th ​​is winter, a total of 171 days.

The county's coal resources are relatively abundant. The county's coal -containing area is 175 square kilometers, accounting for 28.8%of the total land area of ​​the county. In the mountains and mountains, it belongs to the south of Xishan Coal Field. The era of coal is mainly the evening carbon world of the ancient generation of carbon discipline. The degree of deterioration of coal is medium to high, with excellent coal quality, mostly power coal, mainly poverty -stricken coal and non -tobacco coal. agriculture

Qing Guangxu's "Qingyuan Township" contains: 318846.7 acres of cultivated land in Qingyuan during the Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing dynasties, there were 260535.8 acres of cultivated land in Xugou County, and the eighth year of Guangxu (1882) had 24,4090 acres of cultivated land.

In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the "Xuou County Chronicle" written by Liu Wenbing contains: The total area of ​​Xuou County in the 19th year of the Republic of China was 318,168 acres, and the cultivated land area of ​​various villages was 255,671.9 acres.

After inspection measurement in 1949, Qingyuan and Xuou County had 46,4323 acres of cultivated land, with a per capita of 4.4 acres. From May to November 1979, the soil census reported that the county had 446,6009.6 acres of cultivated land, of which 411,124 acres of Pingchuan, 34885.6 acres of cultivated land in mountainous and Hongji sectors, and the county's arable land area accounted for 49.45%of the total area. In 1998, the county had 45,8100 acres of cultivated land, with 1.59 acres per capita, of which 6678 acres of water fields were irrigated, 382,371 acres of water pouring land, and 69,051 acres of dry land. Compared with 1998, compared with 1953, the arable land decreased by 4,9782 acres, and the per capita occupying arable land decreased by 2.25 acres and a decrease of 58.59%.

In the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948) to the spring of 1949, in accordance with the "China Land Law Outline" formulated by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the county has carried out land reform. In 1949 after the land reform, the seasonal mutual aid or change group began. At that time, the county organized a total of 198 mutual aid groups participating in 832 households. After 1955, the mutual aid group gradually merged to join the junior agricultural production cooperatives.

On the basis of the development of the mutual assistance group, in March 1952, Jiyi Village set up the county's first primary agricultural production cooperation -Zhang Tie Agricultural Production Cooperative with 24 households and 490 acres of land. The cultivated land, farming, and wasteland of junior agricultural production cooperatives belong to the collective ownership. The production materials such as agricultural tools are still owned by a household, and the members are reclaimed a small amount.

In July 1935, the instructions of Mao Zedong's "Issues on Agricultural Cooperation" set off a climax of agricultural cooperation in the county, and the majority of farmers signed up to enter the society. In March of the following year, there were 3,1683 households who entered the community, accounting for more than 99%of the county's total farmers, and basically achieved agricultural cooperation. In August 1958, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was implemented in the "Resolution on Establishing a People's Commune in Rural". The 58 senior agricultural production cooperatives in the three townships of Xu Gou, Wang Qiao, and Jiyi jointly established Dongfeng People's Commune.

In 1979, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, most of the field labor management implemented the management measures for fixed payments. A few production teams adopted the method of joint production to the group, and the industrial and secondary industrial production measures were implemented. In 1984, all the production teams in the county implemented the management measures for packeting to households (also known as large bags). Since 1980, professional households specializing in planting, breeding, business, transportation and other industries have appeared in rural areas.

industry

Qingxu's industrial production originated from the traditional small hand industry. According to the "Roche Family" in Dabei Village, Qingyuan Town, the Tang Dynasty had artificially mined coal in the western mountainous areas. The history of vinegar making is longer, which can be traced back to the 21st century BC. Iron manufacturing, gunpowder mining, non -staple food brewing, grain processing, and manufacturing industries such as wood, leather, brick tile ceramic and other manufacturing industries have risen earlier, but until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, they are still rude equipment, small scale, and backward technology. Part of the cities and towns, Qingyuan and Xuou.

In the 10th year of the Republic of China (1921), Xiguan Village, Qingyuan County, built the first larger private factory -Yihua Brewery Co., Ltd. to make various wines. The industries of the Republic of China mainly include coal production, vinegar brewing, grinding noodles, iron wood processing, clothing production, copper tin products, cooked skin -making and other industries. The products are necessary for the local people. Few, some of them have rough production technology and simple equipment.

From 1949 to 1952, the industrial industries of Qingyuan and Xugou County quickly resumed development. Private industry and handicrafts increased from 217 households in 1949 to 501 households in 1952. Main product output: 24952 tons of raw coal, 47,000 meters cotton, 56 tons of potassium chloride, 22 tons of potassium sulfate, and 16.16 tons of wine.

From 1979 to 1998, it was a new period for the county's industry to achieve a large leap. During this period, the county's industrial production rose steadily, township enterprises have flourished, and the number of industrial enterprises below villages and villages has increased sharply. In 1998, there were 388 industrial enterprises in the county. Among them, there are 17 county -owned enterprises and 371 township enterprises. The industrial output value is 38,202.55 million yuan in the whole year, and the total profit and tax will be 93.9 million yuan, of which the county -owned enterprises have completed the industrial output value of 63.715 million yuan; The profit was 76.17 million yuan, and the tax paid was 46.56 million yuan.

The industrial layout of Qingxu County has initially formed five industrial communities with regional characteristics: Wangxiang Township Heating Film Industrial Zone; Yangfang Township Food Breeding Industrial Zone; Qingyuan, Dongyu, and Wucun 3 township coking industrial zones; The fine chemical zone of Liudu Township; Xishan Coal Industrial Zone, which is dominated by the three townships of the east, Mayu, and Muling. The picture shows a diagram of the production layout of various wine industries in Qingxu County

trading

During the Qianlong and Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Xuou's business was relatively developed, forming ten banks and nine cities. There are 36 pawnshop, 22 wooden shops, more than 40 grain shops, and 13 hotels, as well as rich villages, cloth merchants, flower shops, wine shops, shelf goods, etc. Qingyuan is located in Bianshan to rush. There are the advantages of vinegar workshops, vegetables, and fruit. When the vendors come to go, the trade is very active. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of commodity production, the wealthy households were involved in commercial affairs, setting up cloth villages, vinegar houses, and grain shops. In the early years of the Republic of China, there were 300 stores (212 Qingyuan and 88 Xuou) in the county, and more than 2,000 employees. Qingyuan's Chayuan Street, Nanmen Street, Nanguan Street, Zhushi Lane, Ximen Street, Xuou County, North Street, Donghou Street, and Xiyou Street are all place where shops are concentrated. There are also large villages such as Meng Feng, Gao Bai, Yaocheng, and Dashang. After the war, the warnings of the war, the depreciation of the money, and the dumping of foreign goods, there were more people closed in the store. In July 37, there were only 49 private commerce in the county (28 Qingyuan and 21 Xugou), and 200-300 practitioners.

In 1949, there were 209 households in private stores in the county, 643, and annual turnover of 1144,000 yuan. Private stores gradually recovered in 1979. In November 1988, the country began to exchange certificates. The "private enterprise" replaced the name of the "private store". The conditions were: the employee was more than 8 or more, and the property was private. In 1992, the county party committee and county government adopted preferential policies to encourage and support the development of individual private economy, and appropriately reduced management fees. In 1998, there were 256 private enterprises, 3383 employees, and a registered capital of 101.97 million yuan.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Xuoucheng was the place where the North -South commodities were intertwined. On the occasion of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the heavy town of China -Russia traded Chakstu set up a central bazaar in Xuoucheng, with the south of green tea, Yanyang Fur, and the food from nearby also brought together Xuou and then marketing. Before Guangxu, the merchants in Dongqi County in early Dongqi County were transferred from the Mongolian area to Xu ditch.

Before the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948), Qingyuan County had a business bank that operated animal products for exports. Sheepskin wool was a material with a lot of exports at that time. Pig and sheep lattice also had a small amount of exports. They were concentrated in Jiaocheng County first, and then transported Taiyuan to Tianjin Port.

After 1949, the export commodity business of the two counties of Qingyuan and Xugou was run by the supply and marketing cooperatives. In April 1972, the county established a foreign trading company, and it acquired 18 export goods, worth 120,4490 yuan. In 1973, the two acquisition stations of Chengguan and Xugou were established to acquire animal products such as casing and fur and organized moderate processing. Since 1991, foreign trade exports have been restricted by domestic and international markets, and the acquisition varieties have decreased year by year. After 1996, the acquisition business stopped.

educate

The education system of the Qing Dynasty was basically followed by the Ming system. The school and the imperial examinations were complementary. Local school education was established in accordance with its administrative division to set up a system, state, and county studies, collectively referred to as Confucianism. It is both a local school, but also an administrative organ in charge of local academics. County studies (admission quotas) have 12 students in Xuou County and 16 in Qingyuan County. Those who have excellent scores in the county science examination have become "Kang Sheng", referred to as "Lian Sheng". The Shengsheng was sent by the county to Mu Su by month. In addition, there are scientific tests, which are held every other year. Intellectuals can participate in the township test, and the township trial admitters are the people.

In addition to county studies, there is also a social science located in Fangchang Giantbao, which is also a form of Confucianism. Education from 12 to 20 years old has a childhood childhood. Payment.

The academy was founded in the Yuan Dynasty in the Qingxu area. The "Qingquan Academy" originally located next to the Laoquan Spring of Pingquan Village in Qingyuan was founded in the Yuan Dynasty. (1733) After the academy was promoted, the academy revived in this county, including Jinhe and Yanyang two academies.

Jinhe Academy, is an academy of the official office of Xuou County. The address is north of Wenchang Pavilion, southeast of the county seat (now Xuogou Town, Qingxian County), and the south of Jinshui Henan. There is a small bridge in front of the door. There are Jingye Church, Xixian Pavilion, Lecture Hall and Mountain Chiefs, and internal Halls in the courtyard. The funds for running a school are below the following year deposit of 9,400 deposits of school funds. The mountains of the academy were mostly jinshi and people at the time, and they were pushed by Shilin. In the thirty years of Guangxu (1904), Zunzhang was changed to Jinhe Higher Elementary School in Xuou County.

The picture shows Jinhe Academy Map

Xianyang Academy is also an academy in Xuou County. The address is in the west of the Qingyuan City Inspection Department (the northwest of the Party School of the Party School of the Xu County Party Committee of the Qing Dynasty). The front yard is a lecture hall, an Tanyuan hall, a lecturer, the backyard includes the hall, the sheds, and the wells, the kitchen, and so on. Xianyang Academy stipulates that children must follow the rules and must not be more feudal. The Royal Laws are not allowed. The college's funds are not allowed to misappropriate or borrow. The academy funds are based on the below of the interest rate item of running the school. In the thirty years of Guangxu (1904), Zunzhangzheng was the Xianyang High School in Xuou County.

culture

There are 131 ancient buildings in Qingxu County, 12 ancient sites, and 8 ancient tombs. Among them, 3 parts of the provincial key cultural relics protection units: Digou Grottoes (Qianfo Cave), Fox Temple, Qingyuan Wenwen Temple; 4 city -level key cultural relics protection units: Xiangyan Temple, Baofan Temple, Xuou City God Temple (Including the Temple of Wenwen), the Tomb of the Wild King; 25 key cultural relics protection units: Qingquan Temple, Pingquanbu Laochi, Fanyu Temple Site, Wenshu Stone Pagoda, West Stone Cave Grottoes, Roche Zuyu, Dongma Yutai, East Malaysia ancient ancient ancient ancient Cultural sites, Xinmin Dragon King Temple, Dugou Zhen archway, No. 1 Temple, Zhonggao Bailetai, Shangyan Hongfu Temple, Beiyiwu Brick Tower, Yaocheng Site, Yao Temple, Wen Li Qing Guanyin Hall, Shouning Temple, Dashang Crossing the streets, Xuou Nanhuan Bridge, Xiguan City Tower, Qingyuan Ximen Cave, Vulcan Temple, Luochu Kamu Japanese Army invasion of China, and Qingxu Martyrs Cemetery. The Qing Xu Su is known as the "Huicheng Spring City Cultural City ▪ Portuguese Township Vinegar Township Yumi Township". The development of tourism industry in the country has the advantages of humanities, transportation, cultural relics, resources, and geography, especially geographical advantages. It is 15 kilometers from the Jinci Tourism area to the north. The district is 25 kilometers away. According to the strategy of the development of the "smokeless industry" in Shanxi Province, the "one city" (Three Kingdoms), Ergou (Baishigou, Xiaoyugou), Sanhu (East Lake, Qingquan Lake, Qingquan West Lake) were formulated at the beginning of the "Ninth Five -Year Plan" period. , Four points (Xiaoyu Temple, Xiangyan Temple, Baofan Temple, Yao Temple) development plan, and gradually implement it. In 1997, he was rated as a tourist red flag unit in Shanxi Social Affairs Office.

The picture shows the schematic diagram of the distribution of the monument of the famous victory in Qingxu

Civilian customs

Prior to the Sui and Tang dynasties, the county's Xianyangyi belonged to Jinyang. Shi Zhi recorded that "gentleman thought deeply, villain frugal" ("Hanshu"). "His people are honest and virgin" ("New Words of the World"). In the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties, "human nature was strong, and was used to Rongma" ("Sui Shu"). "Tong Ge is handsome, the Sui and Tang dynasties are more than a hundred battles" (Han Bangqi poems) are for portrayal. However, during the Tang Dynasty, "Duo Wen Ya Shi", "Wind teaching is not despicable" ("Sui Shu").

After the Song Dynasty, there were many soldiers of the earth, and the people's livelihood was difficult.

In the early Qing Dynasty, most residents were based on farming, "men's hard work, and weaving and weaving. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, some people went out to do business, east -west, north and south, and there were all places, especially in the northeast provinces, but there were goods exchanges and expensive gold mining. However, those who go out to do business never bring their family members, do not marry foreign women, do not enter foreign countries, and do not buy real estate in the field.

After the Opium War, the sea was banned, and the imperialist forces were invaded. They gradually entered the mainland from the coast, withered in business and business. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, human nature was weak, and there were very few soldiers, while as a strong man who was a poor man.

After the Japanese army invaded, the situation was forced and the group was angry. The young men and women actively participated in the army and participated in the war. They swept the habits of the past and ranged.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the county people carried forward the simple, frugal, and hard -working people's nature, hard work, and hard work. After the reform and opening up in the 1980s, the county people's concepts were updated, their ideas were liberated, and they were willing to accept new things. Those who workers and business increased, but most of them were agricultural and businessmen, or they did not leave the country.

Source: Taiyuan City Library

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