Architect Zhang Jinqiu: Sobble in the ancient capital of the millennium

Xi'an, the ancient capital of this once "mountains and rivers, thousands of miles, the city's nine -heavy gate" is a city that always makes Yanhuang's descendants look back at the Shengtang Meteorological Museum from Shaanxi History Museum, Datang Furong Park, Qujiangchi Site Park to Damong Palace Dan The Fengmen Site Museum, then go to the Xi'an branch of the National Edition of China ... The designers of these Xi'an landmark buildings today are the first academicians and architects of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Zhang Jinqiu. As the disciples of the architect Liang Sicheng and Mo Zongjiang, in the design of Zhang Jinqiu, the Tang Dynasty Chang'an is coming from the deep history

Datang Furong Garden.

For more than half a century in the west, Zhang Jinqiu left too many imprints for the ancient city of Xi'an.

As the disciples of Liang Sicheng and Mo Zongjiang, the first batch of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Zhang Jinqiu, who was over 80 years old, talked about the poetry and temperament of Xi'an in ancient times, and Wen Run, modest, and unhappy.

Damiya Danfengmen Site Museum.

From Shaanxi History Museum, Datang Furong Park, Qujiangchi Site Park, to the Danfengmen Site Museum of Daming Palace, and then to the Xi'an Branch of the National Edition of China. In the design of Zhang Jinqiu, Chang'an Come here.

Buried a seed in my heart

Xi'an, the ancient capital of this once "mountains and rivers, thousands of miles, the city's nine -heavy gate", what did it look like in the past, and what should it look like in the future? Zhang Jinqiu's heart was buried in a seed that continued to accumulate energy and waited for breaking the soil

Zhang Jinqiu's home is simple and elegant. A few calligraphy and painting on the wall adds a bit of elegance here. One of the most modern items in the living room is an electric walkker, who has a long -term deskto work. At the time of the disease, she needs to use this step.

China National Edition Pavilion Xi'an Branch.

Although he is an old man, Zhang Jinqiu's work is still busy. Not only to participate in some academic activities, but also the design of some large projects. Not long ago, the Xi'an branch of the China National Edition Hall, which she was designed, was completed. "Landscape integration, combination of heaven and man, the meteorological of the Han and Tang dynasties, and the spirit of China" are the leading ideas of this national key engineering design.

The high difference between the north and south heights of the Xi'an Branch of the China National Edition. Zhang Jinqiu said: "The height difference between the north and the south here is 70 meters and the slope is more than 15%. At the same time, the cultural wall that reflects the characteristics of Shaanxi was designed using the retaining wall. "This design concept that follows both tradition and innovation, from the architectural design master of the" new and new "architectural design.

In the autumn of 1936, Zhang Jinqiu was born in Chengdu, "Huazhong Jinguan City". As a teenager, she loved reading and yearning for literature. From "Ancient Literature" to "Tang Poems", he was immersed in foreign literary works in Shanghai in middle school. Feel the charm of literature.

Zhang Jinqiu once dreamed of becoming a writer, but when she was close to the university volunteer, her father's words changed her thoughts. Father said that your mathematics is good and art is not bad, which is suitable for a builder. At that time, Zhang Jinqiu's brother -in -law created a shipbuilding technology at Shanghai Jiaotong University. His father hoped that the two children would have a house at sea and a house on land.

His father was born in the civil engineering of Tangshan to the University of Tangshan. His mother was studying architecture at Central University. After studying at the Department of Architecture of Tongji University, her aunt Zhang Yuquan was the first generation of female architects in my country. Under the influence of the family, Zhang Jinqiu embarked on the career of her love and dedication to her life -architectural design.

In 1954, 18 -year -old Zhang Jinqiu, with his family studies and earnest expectations from the architectural family, was admitted to Tsinghua University's architectural majors.

When studying graduate students, Mr. Liang Sicheng hoped that Zhang Jinqiu would learn from the Song "French" with him, but she prefers Chinese gardens and is curious and reverie on traditional Chinese garden art. Apply to modern design.

Zhang Jinqiu still remembers that it was a dusk of the sun. In the study of Mr. Liang, she finally determined the direction of the graduate subject. "Liang Gong was sitting on his circle chair and learned that I had a soft spot for traditional Chinese gardens. He said:" Although I like Chinese gardens, I don't have a systematic work on the ground. You are interested in studying Chinese gardens. This is good. '' To discuss research in the combination of depth and blogging. 'And ask Mr. Mo Zongjiang as my mentor. "

Zhang Jinqiu was interviewed by a reporter from Xinhua News Agency.

Starting from the historical revolution and planning layout of Chinese classical gardens, Zhang Jinqiu opened the road of studying Chinese classical gardens and architecture, and applied classical architectural design to modern architectural design. Her graduate papers are the gardening art in the Shanxi District of the Summer Palace.

"In the vast Chinese classical garden art ocean, this garden is just a drop in the sea, but from it, we can also feel the profound and eye -catching of the classical garden art in our country. Aware of the importance of attaching importance to the work of finishing historical heritage. "Zhang Jinqiu said.

The teachings of the two mentors have always been accompanied by her: "Mo Gong's working method is to find out the records of historical documents, clarify the revolution, analyze from the layout of the whole park, and personally study, photography, drawing, and writing. Guidance benefits me for life. "

Once, Liang Sicheng and Zhang Jinqiu talked about the status of the architect: "Actually, our architect is a craftsman to build a house for the people so that the people can live well. You should not see himself as a master who dominate everything and recreate." After studying in Tsinghua Garden, Zhang Jinqiu embarked on the road of westward. This is not only to respond to the national call and participate in the construction of the "three -line". She is also equipped with a heavy entrustment of the teacher at the time of studying.

Xi'an, on Weishui in the north, Qinling in the south, Zhou Li Qin system, and Hanfeng Tang Yun, leaving too much remote association for the city. However, the Shengjing of the "Chang'an Palace" has disappeared several years for thousands of years. What did this city that used to "mountains and rivers, thousands of miles, and the city's nine -heavy door", what should be like in the past, and what should it look like in the future? Zhang Jinqiu, the young designer of the Northwest Architectural Design Institute, laid a seed in his heart that he continued to accumulate energy and waited for the break.

Academician Zhang Jinqiu designed the planning map of Xi'an Lake Lake Cultural and Ecological Tourism Zone.

Let tradition and modern integration

The pursuit of tradition does not mean that only the magnificence is magnificent, and it is appropriate to imitate antique. Zhang Jinqiu tried to integrate tradition with modernity, integrating the market and daily life into architectural design

As a world -renowned ancient capital, Xi'an has a history of more than 3,000 years. From Zhou Zhifeng to Changan of Tang, it has witnessed the construction of the Chinese metropolitan pattern, the strength of the world, the style of the silk camel bell, and the magnificent prosperity of the Silk Road Camel.

However, in the hundreds of years that lost their capital status, many precious cultural relics in Xi'an have been annihilated or damaged, and few of them still remain in the ground. In the 1950s, Xi'an became a key industrial city of the country. After the reform and opening up, Xi'an entered a new round of rapid construction.

Facing the new mission of urban construction, Zhang Jinqiu believes that the city should find its own style in the architectural design -not the loneliness and majesty of the border fortress, nor the gentleness of the south of the Jiangnan water village. "Xi'an, to highlight the heyday of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties and the starting point of the Silk Road, positioning the‘ Millennium Capital ’is a unique place in Xi'an."

Finding style for the construction of New Xi'an began to design the door for Huaqing Pond. In the mid -1970s, international tourists have continued to pay attention to this ancient city. Since ancient times, Huaqing Pond, where the emperor swimming bathing has become a hot spot for tourism.

"At that time, as a cadre of the team, I was leading the educated youth in Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province. Our dean found me and said, you have studied ancient buildings at school to design the door for this tourist attraction!" Zhang Jinqiu recalled "I think this topic is not difficult. After all, when I was in the first grade of college, the first course design I studied was the design park gate. But at the time, I thought that the story of Emperor Tang Ming, Yang Guifei, is a household name. Some 'different'. "

At that time, most of the ancient buildings in Xi'an were in the Ming and Qing style, and this time, Zhang Jinqiu believed that the design door for the Tang Dynasty's famous victory should be the Tang Dynasty style building. With this idea, she surrendered the "homework" a week later, and returned to the farm after a week. When she returned to Xi'an again, the door had been built and a lot of praise, she let go of her heart.

In the 1980s, China ushered in a period of high -speed development. People had higher requirements for the practicality and aesthetics of architecture. Zhang Jinqiu was also getting stronger on the road to shaping the style for this city.

The National Museum of Large Museums in Shaanxi is a key project received by Zhang Jinqiu's design team. "In the end, what should the new Shaanxi History Museum look like? There is a saying on the mission book: Museum architecture itself should become a symbol of Shaanxi's long history and splendid culture." Zhang Jinqiu said.

Not only that, how to expand the functions of the traditional museum's cultural relics and collection of collections to both cultural exchanges, scientific research, and social education, and at the same time, it can provide more comfortable and convenient services for the audience. It is also a major problem facing the design team.

In this regard, the Zhang Jinqiu team first determined its magnificent and solemn Tang Dynasty -style tone, and learned the spatial characteristics of the traditional Chinese palace building axis, the orderly and orderly, the central palace, and the four -way Chonglou. In the form of a combination of open courtyard and closed courtyard, the main and order of the exhibition hall and public service facilities are in order.

Huangdi Mausoleum sacrifice hall.

Since the construction of 1986, the Shaanxi History Museum has been completed for 6 years. The design of this group of buildings is mainly black, white, and gray as the main color. The cornered corners are rolled out and stretched out. The surround curvature of the empty corridor is far away. It is quite aesthetic in China. This museum has also become one of the iconic buildings of Xi'an.

In the Xi'an Zhonggulou Plaza project, Zhang Jinqiu once again tried to integrate traditions with modernity, and integrates the market and daily life into architectural design.

The bell tower and drum tower located in the center of the old city of Xi'an are national key cultural relics protection units. They were built during the Minghong Wushu period and have a history of more than 600 years. On the two floors, the morning bell and twilight drums are not only an important means of ancient urban management, but also become local folk customs. This area is not only the intersection of the four streets, north and south streets, but also a number of shopping malls, old -fashioned samples and many local specialty snack bars.

In the design of this project, Zhang Jinqiu focuses on highlighting the identification of cultural relics and the convenience of the people's lives: with the architectural image of the bell and drum tower as the main body, creating a complete and historic urban public space. Maintain the towering and low -level space characteristics on the two floors. Guanzhong's traditional residential style building sets off the square: the green square on one side can take a walk to enjoy the scene; the sinking square on the other side becomes a "stage" that can host mass cultural activities. Under the premise of fully respecting traditional culture, Zhang Jinqiu's design connects history and modernity. Changan Tower, Heavenly Man.

Protect historical and cultural heritage with heart

"Leaving this landscape is to tell people that there is a hillside here.

This year is the 40th anniversary of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities. Zhang Jinqiu introduced the process of the protection of Xi'an historical and cultural cities. "History and culture are the souls of the city. First of all, we must protect the strict pattern of famous cities, the iconic buildings in the city, and the historical district."

However, most Tang Chang'an City was overlapped under today's Xi'an City. How to make Changan in history still feel today? Xi'an has planned and constructed a number of sites and museums in many sites and museums, and in modern engineering, it is as much as possible in the Changan sites such as the city walls, urban talls, city gates, Lifang, Fangwan, streets, and water systems. In this way, the scale architecture of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang dynasties is gradually outlined by points and face.

Zhang Jinqiu said that in the formulation of the protection plan for historical and cultural cities, Xi'an also runs through the concept of "style partition centered on major relics" and "new and old division". For example, the iconic building of the Tang Dynasty's relics of the Great Wild Goose Pagoda is the Tangfeng District. In Lintong, the tourist facilities or new buildings around the Qinshi Emperor's Tomb Site Reserve must be the main of the Qinfeng.

"In the old city and the protected areas, it cannot be built with modern and uncoordinated facilities, and not all of them must be built in the development area." Zhang Jinqiu for example, "The current high -tech zone and economic development zone can be based on the function of the new zone. To develop and build, build high -rise buildings and modern glass curtain walls, and there must be some restrictions next to the big goose pagoda and in the city wall. "

In order to allow the historical and cultural city of Xi'an to show the charm of Chang'an, Zhang Jinqiu insisted on allowing historical traces and cultural charm in the architectural design project, and treating historical and cultural heritage with heart.

Since ancient times, Xi'an has formed "Nanshan North Po," Eight Water Winding City "and other characteristics of natural features. According to historical records, after investigating the terrain near Xi'an, Emperor Sui Wen determined to build a new capital on the original capital of the dragon head in the southeast of Han Chang'an City, and handed over the overall layout of the new capital and the city's plan to the Ministry of Industry Shang Shu Yu Wenkai. Essence Yu Wenkai found six high slopes from east to west from the natural terrain of Liangwa, and arranged various buildings according to different terrain.

The two important public cultural facilities of the Shaanxi Provincial Library and the Shaanxi Provincial Art Museum are located at the intersection of Chang'an Road and Second Ring Road in Chang'an Road and Second Ring Road in the south suburbs of Xi'an. Essence "These six high slopes have been flattened in the construction of modern cities, and I can't see the original appearance." Zhang Jinqiu said, "Therefore, when I was designed by the two museums, I deliberately retained the terrain and localforms here and let the library stand on the high slope. Above. "

However, when she came to the construction site of the flat venue, she found that there was something wrong: the huge excavator was roaring, and Gao Po was shovel a little bit. Zhang Jinqiu immediately stopped the construction department and asked them to retain the original state and build a library on this high slope. She said: "Leaving this landscape is to tell people that there is a hillside here. It existed when Sui Jiandu."

Zhang Jinqiu inspected ancient construction in Wutai Mountain.

The historical axis retains the rhyme of the ancient city

The three historical axes of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which run through Xi'an, are the "blood veins" of the city through thousands of years. Modern Xi'an planned these historical and cultural axes as urban development axes to plan and build

Stay the landscape that still exists everywhere, like lighting a bright lamp, which can see the glory of history from today. In addition, the three historical axes of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing dynasties that run through Xi'an are the "blood veins" of the city through thousands of years.

"Study the construction concept and historical and cultural connotation of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang dynasties, we will find that although it has gone through thousands of years, it is not inferior to modern design. At present, the Xi'an urban planning should use the historical and cultural axis as the urban development axis." The many times on the capital left a large axis that runs through the mountains, water, and cities for Xi'an City. Modern Xi'an planned these historical and cultural axes as a urban development axis, and showed ancient famous victories, sites or construction of important cultural facilities on the nodes of these axis. In this way, the context continues, the ancient and modern integration, and the characteristics of the ancient capital.

Today's Suzaku Street in Xi'an was once the central axis of Tang Chang'an City. According to literature, Suzaku Street was also known as Sky Street during the Sheng Tang Dynasty. "Tianjie Xiaoyu is as crispy, but there is nothing to look at by the grass." Han Yu's poem showed Changan Chun color. It is about 150 meters wide and about 5000 meters long. It is the main line of Chang'an City. The rules on both sides are distributed with 108 Lifang. The city is based on Suzaku Street, and it is scattered.

Therefore, Suzaku Street is known as the Sui and Tang axis of Xi'an. Zhang Jinqiu said: "Today, this axis also has the ancient building group with Xiaoyan Pagoda as the core, and the Xi'an Museum that shows the historical and culture of the city. On this axis, the project with a weight is designed to show the Sui and Tang dynasties. "Recently, the protection, display projects and cultural parks of some Lifang sites in Changan are built here. In the east of the Sui and Tang Axis, the Daming Palace of "Nine Sky Opening the Palace", and the "high standard across Cangtian" Da Yan Pagoda, constitutes the prosperous Tang axis of Xi'an City. The Shengtang cultural theme block, which was built along this axis, has become a well -known punch place in the country. Between the two axes of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the Sheng Tang, the central axis of the north and south that everyone is familiar with the ancient city of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Not only that, Xi'an also practiced a more magnificent plan. "Now, there is an ecological axis composed of the ecological zone as the main body in the northeast of Xi'an, and the historical and cultural axis connecting the Kunming Pond and the Feng Hao site from the Xianxian New District in the northwest. These five axes will use their respective advantages and promote urban development. "Zhang Jinqiu said.

Today, walking in Xi'an, the Bell and Drum Tower Square and the Datang Furong Park have become the cultural landmark of Xi'an; the Daming Palace National Site Park explores the harmonious symbiosis of scientific protection sites and urban development. ... History has been changing for thousands of years, and Changan, who was annihilated in history, was gradually becoming clear in the exploration and persistence of Xi'an urban planning construction workers.

Source: "Xinhua Daily Telecom" on August 26, reporters Yang Yimiao and Fu Ruixia

The pictures of this group are provided by the interviewees

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