The canal is floating: the movement of Yunyun and the ancient capital of Luoyang during the Tang and Song dynasties

Prosperity: Lugang section of the canal in the Sui and Tang dynasties

In a narrow sense, the canal is an artificial navigation river. In a broad sense, the canal is an artificial waterway used to communicate with the water transportation of the area or between the waters, which is usually connected to the natural waterway or other canal. In addition to shipping, the canal can also be used for irrigation, flood division, drainage, and water supply. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Wangfu had organized the artificial canal -Lugou, which was the purpose of communicating with the north and south and facilitating Wu Guo to hegemony north. The world's famous canals include the Kiri Canal, Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Sui and Tang Dali Canal, Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal, etc. At the 38th World Heritage Conference in 2014, the Chinese Grand Canal Project, including the Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Sui and Tang Grand Canal, and the eastern Zhejiang Canal, was successfully selected into the World Cultural Heritage List.

During the great cause of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Sui Yang was centered on Luoyang, from Yuhang from the south, and north to Qi County. From the north to south of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was divided into four sections of Yongji canal, Tongji canal, Lugou, and Jiangnan River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. Traffic arteries.

The Sui and Tang Grand Canal has led to the development of the economy and business along the cities, and promoted the prosperity of the regional economy and culture along the canal. It was precisely because of the prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Luoyang, who was in the center of the center, became a metropolis where the businessmen gathered and the material distribution at the time, thereby opening a historical narrative between the Luoyang City and the canal.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Luoyang section of the Grand Canal played an important transportation function. It was called the center of the transportation hub. Every year, "the county’ s boat boats "(Tang Du Bao:" Big Career Miscellaneous ") arrived in Luoyang through the canal. In the early Tang Dynasty, Chen Ziang also mentioned in the "In the Essentials of the Army" that "thousands of rental ship rental ships in Jiangnan and Huainan have reached Gongluo, and there are more than one million dendrobium." In the late Tang Dynasty, Wang Yan also said in the "Tanghui Yao": "The gods of the gods are hidden in storage, full years, Huaihai transportation, day and night, the land of the six -in -laws, the people of the people are pleasing to the Quartet ... Chang'an House The library and warehouses, the vacancies of the incidents are all over the price of Luojing. "Each year, millions of stones are transported to Luoyang via Jiangnan, and then transported from Luoyang to Chang'an and Beijing. During this period, Luoyang City "all the boats of the world, often more than 10,000 ships. (Yuan "Henan Zhi")

Thousands of boats competed, businessmen gathered, and the greatly prosperous canal transportation made Luoyang jump into an important city in the world at that time. Horses, jade, glass products and other products from the Western Regions continue from Luoyang to the southeast hinterland and northeast border, even Japan and other places; Essence

The Sui and Tang Grand Canal had great significance in Luoyang. Without the bridge and hub status of Luoyang at the time of Dongdu, the Sui and Tang Dali Canal also had no core and soul, and the role of communicating the north and the south could not be talked about. Economic and cultural exchanges in the Sui and Tang dynasties will also weaken significantly. The Sui and Tang Dynasties not only delivered nutrients for Luoyang at that time, but also the great arteries of the national economic culture at that time. This also strengthened the status of Luoyang's millennium ancient capital to a certain extent.

Formation Micro: Lugang section of the canal in the middle and late Tang Dynasty

However, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, with the chaos of Anshi and the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, the fire was still frequent.

According to the research of Mr. Pan Yan of the Sui and Tang dynasties, the transportation of the Grand Canal of the Tang Dynasty can be divided into three stages: the first stage is the period from the Tang Gaozu to the Tang Dynasty, and the annual transportation of grain is 10,000 stones; , The year old grain two or three million stones; the third stage is Tang Xianzong Yuan and later, the transportation is increasingly declining, with more than 400,000 stones in the year, and 100,000 stones.

In fact, the food transportation of food in the Luoyang section of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was increasingly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (AD 734), Tang Xuanzong appointed Pei Yaoqing to carry out transportation reform. He analyzed Laishui, Wuyu, and Laze Di Kahin County, set up Heyin warehouses, and set up Baiya Cang in Qinghe County (now Geely District, Luoyang). There are three gate warehouses, and Changping warehouses in Shaanxi (Sanmenxia, ​​Henan) are Taiyuan warehouses. Guangtong Warehouse of Huazhou is the Yongfeng Cang, forming a hub with Heyin Cang, Baiya Cang, Taiyuan Cang, and Yongfeng Cang as the hub. The layout of the new transportation warehouse not only improves the efficiency of transportation and the number of grains, but also greatly changes the tradition of the past in the East Capital of Xijing Changan, so that the Guanzhong area can obtain more food through transportation. For example, between the 22nd and twenty -four years of Kaiyuan, the grains that arrived in Guanzhong reached 7 million dendrobium, and Guanzhong grain supply improved. It is precisely because of the solution to the difficulty of transportation to Guanzhong to a certain extent, the Tang Dynasty's dependence on Dongdu Luoyang has since weakened. In the late Tang Dynasty, the ship even had not passed Luoyang for a while. In "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", it was mentioned that "the river ship Da Yangzhou, the boat, the river yin, the river boat Daweikou, and the Weizhang Taicang." Because of this, after the twenty -four years (AD 736), Tang Xuanzong rarely fortunately lucky Luoyang. The status of Luoyang in the east as the transportation hub has become the yellow flower of tomorrow.

After entering the middle and late Tang Dynasty, as the Anshi Rebellion and later Fan Town's separation intensified, the number of grains through the Grand Canal became less and less, and there were many records of related historical materials:

Guangde for the second year ... The year of the age of 100,000 stones. ("New Tang Book")

(March of the second year of Guangde) From hundreds of thousands of stones per year, it was given Guanzhong. ("Zi Zhi Tong Jian") In the first year of the middle of the middle, hundreds of thousands of dendromes were entered, and Ji Guanzhong. ("Tang Hui Yao")

(July in the first year of the middle year) From the age of each year or more than one million dendrobium. ("Zizhi Tongjian")

(Yuan He) at the beginning of the JAC to Weiqiao, there were only 200,000 dendrobium. ("New Tang Book")

(February of the five years in the five years), 400,000 Dendrobium, which can reach Weicang, is ten or four. ("Old Tang Book")

In the late Tang Dynasty, the grain of the canal, after the reform of Liu Yan, once changed the phenomenon of the decline of transportation in the afterbing of the Anshi, but in terms of the entire long period of time, the number of grains in the Grand Canal is still increasingly decreasing. Especially in the late Tang Dynasty, Fan Town's separation seriously affected the transportation route from Jianghuai to Luoyang of Dongdu. For example, during the middle age of Tang Dezong, Li Zhengji, Li Baochen, Tian Chengyi, Liang Chongyi, and other places in Shandong, Henan, Jiangnan, Hebei and other places were cut off the transportation routes of Jianghuai Grain to Luoyang and Xijing Changan in Dongdu, which caused the number of grains to decline sharply. The

At the beginning of the city, Li Zhengji in the Dali calendar has Zi, Qing, Qi, Hai, Deng, Lai, Yi, Mi, Mid, Dai, Cao, Xun, Xu, Yan, and Fifteen State. Li Baochen has Heng Heng. , Ding, Yi, Zhao, Shen, Hebei, Cangqi Prefecture, Tian Chengyi has the land of Wei, Bo, Xiang, Wei, 洺, Bei, and Qi Prefecture. In the place where the six states, each of the tens of thousands of troops, they started because of the rebellion. Although the imperial court spoiled Grace, he was hesitant, and he even fixed his horizontal disk. The court increased a city, and the pool of Jun, then he said, and the roads of the city were unable to finish the city. It was Tian Yuechu's life, Liu Wenxi was removed, and the fierce was afraid of. Also players have no gifts, they are both returned, and they are complaining. First of all, Luzhou is not allowed to be public in the city, please be broad. Yes, build a city. Zheng Ji and Tian Yue moved to the realm. ("Old Tang Book")

In the late Tang Dynasty, the barriers between the central government and the town of Fanfan were strict, forming an indispensable trend, especially the Fanzhen Town in the Jianghuai area seriously hindered the Grain Transport Channel of Jiangnan. "Old Tang Book Zhang Wanfu Biography" records that Li Zhengji entered Jianghuai after the rebellion and blocked the passage of the court's transportation. The court eventually rely on the famous general Zhang Wanfu's prestige, and the boat barely passed the vortex. Regarding the reduction or even cutting off of grains in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the late Tang Dynasty, Mr. Quan Han Sheng, the economist of economic historians, summarized the six reasons: first, the food of the chaos in the late Tang Dynasty; the other was that the chaos occupied the canal along the canal. The mouth is cut off; the third is that the corruption of the canal officials affects the transportation of the canal in the canal; the fourth is that the quality of the shipbuilding in Xiantong has a decline in the shipbuilding quality of the ship, causing the climbing to reduce the material and the ships are susceptible to the transportation; The lack of food and the reminiscent of transportation; Six are the separation of the town of the Tang Dynasty, and the canal cannot achieve the function of communicating the north and the south. There was no finished egg under the nest. As a section of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the transportation of Luoyang section during this period was also seriously affected until it was cut off.

Survival: Lugang section of the canal in the Five Dynasties period

From the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, the Central Plains region of Luoyang was one of the main battlefields of the melee at the time. As in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yan said: "The east is withered, and there is no existence of hundreds of households. Ghost Cry ("New Tang Book"). The once bustling Luoyang City became full of sorrow. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Huang Chao Uprising quickly occupied a large area including Dongdu Luoyang. After Huang Chao, "Following Qin Zongquan and Sun Ru's brutality, it was only bad. At the beginning of the righteousness, the white bones were covered, the thorns were watched, and the residents were less than 100 households, ... there were no farmers in the four fields." ("Zi Zhitong Tongtong ")) At this time, there was only a broken wall in Luoyang, and the people were scarce. During the Five Dynasties, Zhang Quanyi served as the history of Luozhou. ) Luoyang in the Five Dynasties became the capital of the back beams, the post -Tang Dynasty, and the post -Jin dynasties. Although Zhang Quanyi has been in Luoyang for more than 40 years, Luoyang's economy has been restored and developed to a certain extent, it is difficult to re -revive the prosperity of the past.

However, during this period, due to the relatively stable area of ​​the Jiangnan region, the northern regimes in the northern part of Luoyang's political center still rely on Jiangnan Cao Grain, so the water transportation in Luoyang section of the canal still exists. If Liang Zhuwen opened his years, Wei Bojie made Luo Shaowei considering that there were many population in Luoyang at that time, and the food was not continued. He had put on a book to make a logging ship. And food is widow, and is willing to lonely in Taihang, go to Anyang, Qimen, and three hundred ships. The water is transported from the Dahe to the mouth of the River, and the year of the year is one million stones. The Five Dynasties ") After the four years of Changxing (AD 933), the officials of the three divisions requested that the ponds on the north bank of the Luohe River in order to facilitate the traction and unload the grain:" Luohe water transported to Luokou to Beijing, and the ship was led to the ship. Unloading is the water transportation officer. Each person is settled in forty stones. From Luoban to Cangmen, the dentist is difficult to operate. Recently, it is more evaded. Today, you want to be on the north bank of the river. The warehouse was unloaded, and his worker desire to borrow from the troops. "This play was approved by Tang Mingzong. Soon, Ming Zong ordered the command of the Saint Guard to make Zhu Hongshi cut off the river bay to the gate of the country. ("Five Dynasties") These materials are explained that the transportation of Luoyang section in the Five Dynasties continues to be navigable, but it is difficult to reproduce the glory of transportation during the Tang Dynasty. Restore: Lugang section of the canal during the Northern Song Dynasty

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the transportation function of the Luoyang section of the canal was restored and strengthened. First of all, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin valued. In 960 AD, the Northern Song Dynasty was established and opened. At the beginning of the founding of the country, Song Taizu had the idea of ​​moving the capital Luoyang. "Born in Luoyang, enjoying its territory, and taste the meaning of moving the capital." ("Compilation of the Director of Renewal of the Renewal") In the early years of Kaibao, "Emperor Taizu will be fortunate to be in Luo, destroyed the Daiba, and the supervisor is very anxious. , Tong Gong, entering the Yellow River, wanting the benefits of Dalongzhou, and eating the army to eat under Luo. " Song Taizu once used 5,000 people to excavate from Luoyang Cai City Bridge to 35 miles of canal. This move not only restored the construction of Luoyang Cao canal at that time, but also laid the foundation for the Luo Tongxuan project of the Song Shenzong period. "Shaw's Hearing" also records: "Twenty miles southwest of Wuqiao, divided Luyan to lead the water, the south of the south of the south of the Longmen Weiyan to lead Yishui ... with the big stone as the bar, the two water. A branch of the city from the thick door, divided into the gardens, compound one canal, entered the north of the north of Chang Xiamen, and the second water enters the Cao River. "

Of course, the transportation of the Luoyang section at this time cannot be compared with the Sui and Tang dynasties. In the ninth year of Kaibao, Song Taizu proposed to move in Luoyang in the west, and was directed by the left and right compartment of the iron riding to make Li Huaizhong and others. , Hundreds of thousands of soldiers have been sold to the sidelines. His Majesty lives here and will be available? And the treasury heavy soldiers are all in the beams. ("Editorial of the Director of Renewal of the Renewal") The convenience of Kaifeng transportation in Tokyo is an important guarantee for hundreds of officials and army food and clothing. Once the capital is moved to Luoyang, it will immediately encounter the problem of inconvenient transportation. It's hard to continue. This also reflects the embarrassment of Luoyang's transportation in the early Northern Song Dynasty.

Although the canal in the Luoyang section was repaired in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the effect of navigation was not satisfactory. In addition, the Luohe water suffered from the Luoyang section of the canal. Guide Luo Tongxuan's "project, that is, the introduction of Luo Shui into Luohe, by increasing the water volume of the Luohe River to ensure the smooth flow of grain transportation from the Luohe River to Jiangnan. Read the old canal of Luoyang, Henan Henan Prefecture to Yanshi and Gongyi, restore water conservancy facilities such as the mouth and Romen, build 47 miles of Changdi, dredging 52 miles, and the canal section from the Kaifeng River from Xijing Luoyang to the Kaifeng of Jingshi can be re -navigable. Essence

However, the implementation effect of this guidance Luo Tongxun project has been limited by various factors. According to Li Yan's "Renewal of the Tongzhi Jian Jian", "Although Luokou is transported through the winter, the water is actually easy to freeze. It is also freshened by the soldiers. By the time of freezing, Ling Zhian decided, Min Tian was killed. It was shallow, the boat was small, and the harm was not one. , The gate has been exhausted, and the ship is stagnant. This shows that Luo Shui is light and astringent, and it is not available to the boat. "Because Luohe is frozen in winter, in order to solve the problem of navigation, it is necessary to hire a large number of manpower to" fight "the ice. The ice cubes impacted the river bank, destroyed farmland, and caused water to suffer from water. At the same time, it consumed a lot of manpower and material resources, and it would be lost. During the flood season of the Yellow River, the water was opened, the boat was smooth, the gate was closed, the Luohe water was shallow, and the ship could not pass. However, considering that the Dao Tongxuan project was implemented in the context of Shenzong Xifeng's change method, Li Ye himself opposed Wang Anshi's reform. Later generations speculated that his relevant records may also exaggerate the Dao Tongxuan project to a certain extent to a certain extent. Disadvantages.

Despite the restrictions, this project has also objectively played a certain positive role in promoting transportation and transportation of Xijing Luoyang. Not only was the Caohe River being repaired, but the Xijing Romen was also repaired. During this period, the Luoyang Canal section restored the former style to a certain extent, and there was a busy scene of hundreds of sorts of fighting and the shipbuilding. The prosperity of the transportation of the Luoyang section not only promoted the development of the economic and cultural development of Xijing Luoyang, but also promoted the exchange of material and culture of North and South. During this period of the prosperity of the Luoyang section of the canal, we could find the relevant records in the literary concentration of the scholars of the Northern Song Dynasty. Farly led the wind and the goods, and the victory of Zhaoying was in Tang poetry. (Wen Yanbo: "Wen Yan Graduate Collection")

There is no helpless Luoyangchen in ancient times. ((: "Scenery Birth")

Luo Shui moved in the sky, and went into the Sui Qu to Liang Song. The twelve pavilions on the capital of the Song Dynasty were shocked by the phoenix. (Qin Guan: "Huaihai Collection")

Jun Ai Luoyang official, abandoned my Huai Shang Weng ... This trip Junle, 1,500 miles. No Luoyang Mountain was seen, and Luoyang water was seen first. (Xu Ji: "Filial Filial Collection")

In recent years, the archeological excavation of Luoyang Hancang has also provided physical evidence for the general navigation situation of the canal in the Luoyang section of the canal in the Song Dynasty. Archaeologists found a complete cellar grain in the cellar of No. 16 of Jiacang. When being excavated, the grains in the cellar are clear, some are brown, and some are yellow. The bricks unearthed in the cellar site record the names, quantities, varieties, sources, warehouse cellar positions, and official names of officials who have granted food. The 160 cellar has been used to the Song Dynasty. Experts speculate that the reason why the cellar has been able to keep food has been preserved to this day, which is likely to be related to the change of granaries under the war in the late Northern Song Dynasty and was urged to abandon them.

After the guidance of Luo Tongxuan and subsequent adjustments, the canal Luoyang section was restored. The recovery of the Luoyang section of the canal also reproduces the prosperity of Luoyang City during this period. "Shenzong guides Luo Tongxuan, and the master has to prevent Luo Shui, which does not make the Luo people suffer in the city. Yan Bozhong made Liu Weijian to Luo, but it was simply heard. For the endless advantages of Luocheng. "(" Song History ") Su Zhe, a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in" Luoyang Li's Poetry Poetry ":" Luoyang ancient emperor capital ... Coca -Cola. Pingchuan Guangyan, hundreds of miles from east to west, Song Gao Shaoji, Temple of Heaven King House, Gangluan is 迤 迤, four Gu Ke, Yi, Luo, 瀍, 涧, flowing out of the ground. The people of the Yan Yan and the Gonghou together. The palace of one acre attracts the green mountains, listening to the flowing water, the flowers and bamboo, and the list of the giant rooms of the noble family, and the real world. " The record of Shaw Wen Jian Lu said: "At the beginning of the Yuanfeng, the Qing Dynasty opened the Qing Dynasty, and the banned Yiluo water entered the city. The gardens were abandoned, and the flowers and trees were dead. The old road was plugged, and Yiluo water entered the city, entered the Caohe, to Yanshi and Yiluo, to pass the transportation, Lili Bai Bo Yunyun Division, and it was possible. Luocheng Garden Fu Sheng. "

summary

From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Luoyang section of the Grand Canal has shrunk due to the frequent wars and the separation of Fanzhen separation. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu once repaired the old canal in order to relocate Luoyang. Although it was not completed, it was not completed, but it lay the foundation for the implementation of the "Director Luo Tongxuan" project during the Shenzong period. Despite several recovery, the Luoyang section of the Grand Canal has been difficult to recover the central position of the transportation hub during the Tang Dynasty. The reason is that although there are many subjective factors, it is undeniable that the fall of Luoyang's status in the late Tang Dynasty and the rise of Luoyang and the rise of Luozhou Kaifeng is an indisputable fact.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Luzhou gradually developed into the canal of the canal at that time. ") The more convenient water and land traffic conditions than Luoyang have made Kaifeng jump to become the capital of the five generations of Liang, Hou Jin, Houhan, Hou Zhou, and the Northern Song Dynasty, replacing the status of Luoyang's political, economic and cultural centers. Since then, the Luoyang section of the Grand Canal has inevitably decline. In the period of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Ting's political and economic focus moved to the southeast. Song Jin took the Huaihe River as the boundary. During the division confrontation, the Grand Canal could no longer transport the food in the southeast to the north. In the Yuan Dynasty, the political center moved north, and the opening of the sea was opened. After the Grand Canal was tailored, it no longer passed Luoyang and Kaifeng. The Luoyang section completely withdrew from the historical stage, and the Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal became more prosperous. Looking at the rise and fall of the Luoyang section of the Grand Canal during the Tang and Song dynasties, almost corresponding to the fate of Luoyang in the ancient capital in this period.

After thousands of years of vicissitudes, although the Luoyang section of the Sui and Tang Dynasties has no longer, it carries a thick historical and culture. Together with the millennium ancient capital Luoyang, it is still an important part of ancient civilization and still has important practical significance. For my generation, it is not responsible for protecting, inheriting, using, and studying the Grand Canal culture.

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