Global heat waves are rolling and careful "invisible killer"

Frequent Linhuo, continuous drought, agricultural production reduction, water source shortage, energy tension ... Extreme high temperatures have brought various troubles to European and American countries: as of August 17, mountain fires in Italy, Spain, Portugal and other countries are still spreading rapidly. , Over the fire area of ​​tens of thousands of hectares; about half of the EU land is in a "warning" state; the height of the freezing point of the Swiss Alps has also risen to 5184 meters, the highest value in 27 years ...

However, the troubles caused by extreme high temperature to Europe are more than that. The European Union Copernicus Monitoring Bureau recently warned that the heat waves that swept Europe were exacerbating ozone pollution, and stated that "extremely serious surface ozone pollution" monitored in western Europe and southern Europe.

Ozone pollution, because it is not perceived by PM2.5 and haze pollution, is often ignored by the public. However, ozone pollution is the disease -causing culprit of human respiratory diseases and skin cancer. It is also the "king of destruction" of the plant ecosystem and the surface layer of the building.

Ozone is called "high -altitude guards, low -altitude killer"

Most of the ozone in the earth's atmosphere exists in the flat flow layer, about 15 kilometers from the ground, forming an ozone layer, which can resist the harmful ray of the solar, which is beneficial to the health and ecological environment of human beings. Therefore, it is called "Earth Guardian".

However, the ozone near the ground plays a completely opposite role: as the main optical pollutant, the surface oxygen on the surface induces the production of chemical smoke, which makes the environment of human life full of chemical smoke pollution. This part of ozone accounts for about 10%, mainly at the stream of the minimum of 2000 to 3000 meters from the ground. In addition to the flow of the current ozone, the vast majority of the nitrogen oxide and volatile organic matter are from a series of photochemical reactions under the sun.

In 1943, the photochemical pollution incident in Los Angeles in the United States enabled ozone pollution to enter the human perspective for the first time: after the air visibility was reduced, and people's eyes and laryngeal mucosa were stimulated to varying degrees, red eye diseases, throat, chest pain, and thoracic pain to varying degrees. Symptoms such as dyspnea, more than 800 elderly people over 65 years old were killed in the pollution.

According to the World Health Organization standards, the average value of the surface ozone concentration of the surface is more than 100 micrograms per cubic meter, which constitutes ozone pollution. In mid -July, the Monitoring of Copernicus's atmosphere monitoring showed that due to the extreme high temperature in Europe, the surface ozone concentration of the southeast of England, northern France, and Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and other countries was In part of Portugal, Spain, and northern Italy, the highest value of ozone concentration in a single day has reached the level of "harmful health".

A research report published by the British "Environmental Research Newsletter" magazine in 2019 said that long -term exposure to surface ozone pollution may cause about 55,000 people in Europe for premature death each year. The report estimates that by the affected climate change, by 2050, the number of ozone pollution pollution pollution in the central and southern countries will be 11%higher than that of the ozone pollution.

In the United States, ozone pollution is also serious. The "Air Status" report released by the American Cong ’s Association in 2020 shows that the number of people suffering from unhealthy ozone pollution is significantly more than the number of people in the previous three years, and more than 137 million people live in areas and counties in unqualified ozone pollution. Among the top ten cities in the United States, California occupies seven seats and won the top six, of which Los Angeles is the first.

Nowadays, with the sharp increase in car ownership around the world, the use of automotive fuel has continued to increase nitrogen oxides and volatile organic matter in the air, which has increased from the sustainability of the surface ozone concentration. Data show that the ozone concentration of the northern hemisphere surface has increased from 10-15 micrograms/cubic meter during the previous industrialization period to about 50 micrograms/cubic meters today. Although at the end of last century, North America and Europe began to implement "air cleaning operations". The current ozone pollution has slowed down, but the concentration of ozone has exceeded the damage threshold of sensitive plants, which has brought great threats to the agricultural and ecological environment around the world. Essence

Caused grain loss of $ 63 billion per year in East Asia

In addition to a small part of the ozone from the flat stratum ozone, the main source of the surface ozone is artificially emitted with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organic objects, and other pollutants. The body material is mainly derived from the emission of industrial pollution sources such as tail gas emissions, petrochemical and thermal power generation, and pollution sources such as diet, printing, real estate and other industries. In addition, a large amount of biomass such as straw will also produce a large amount of ozone anterior body.

Taking the Los Angeles photochemical pollution incident in 1943 as an example. At that time, the Los Angeles car had 2.5 million vehicles. These cars consumed 1100 tons of gasoline per day, discharged more than 1,000 tons of hydrocarbons, more than 300 tons of nitrogen oxide compounds, and more than 700 tons of carbon monoxide. In addition, there are a large number of other oil combustion and volatile emissions in Los Angeles. Under the influence of ultraviolet rays, these ozone anterior bodies are easily converted into ozone -based optical chemical smoke, which eventually caused the Los Angeles photochemical pollution incidents that lasted for decades and more than 800 elderly people.

However, the harm of ozone pollution is more than that. During the production of ozone, strong oxidation companion biomas such as peroxyl acetyl nitrate will also occur. In the case of a certain concentration, the human body will have severe cough, dyspnea, and decreased lung function. In addition, ozone can also harm the human body's thyroid function, cause bone calcification, and may even induce lymphocyte chromosome distortion. The peroxyl acetyls and other eyes will strongly stimulate people's eyes. It has been in optical smoke for a long time, and the human body is easily infected with red eye disease. These contaminated air containing a large amount of oxidant is inhaled into the body, which strongly stimulates the human respiratory mucosa, worsens respiratory diseases, prompts asthma attacks, and may cause respiratory disorders. After long -term contact with these harmful gases, it will also harm the central nervous system and cause pulmonary edema. , Damage lung function. The "2019 European Air Quality Report" shows that in 2016, the number of premature deaths caused by ozone in 28 European Union was 14,000. The most affected countries were Italy, Germany, Spain, France, and Poland, respectively. Ozone pollution also affects plant growth and obstructs agricultural production. After contacting strong oxidation substances such as ozone, plant leaves will fade, reddish brown spots, and the back of the leaves will also change from green to silver -gray or bronze, delay plant growth, and reduce its resistance to pests and insect pests. In addition, ozone also affects the waiting, quality, and farmland enzyme activity of farmland. In recent years, the impact of ozone pollution (optical pollution) on agricultural production has also attracted great attention. In January 2022, research papers published by the international journal "Nature · Food" showed that in East Asia, ozone pollution caused wheat, rice, and corn in the region to be seriously reduced, and the annual loss was US $ 63 billion.

High oxidation substances such as ozone are also easily oxidized with building decorative materials, accelerating the aging of the decorative materials, cracking, and dyes fades. At the same time, it corrodes damage to indoor and outdoor equipment and clothing to shorten its service life. In addition, ozone -based photochemical pollution will also reduce the atmospheric visibility, hinder the safe operation of transportation such as motor vehicles and aircraft, and induce various traffic accidents.

It must be particularly vigilant that, as the third largest greenhouse gas second only to carbon dioxide and methane, the increase in surface ozone concentration on the surface in turn has pushed up the greenhouse effect of the earth. In the future, extreme high temperature weather will be more frequent due to the increase in ozone pollution. Earth occurs.

Multi -priced control of ozone pollution in various countries

As early as the 1950s, European and American countries had opened the road of ozone pollution after being suffered from ozone pollution. In long -term governance practice, these countries have also accumulated a lot of beneficial governance experience.

First, strictly establish environmental quality standards. In 1971, for the first time in the United States, the ozone concentration was included in the air quality monitoring index system, and the 1 -hour monitoring concentration standard was set to 160 micrograms/cubic meter, that is, the ozone concentration within 1 hour of air monitoring reached 160 micrograms/cubic meter, which was defined as it was defined as as it was defined as Ozone pollution. However, with the continuous deepening of scientific research, researchers have found that the harm of long -term exposure in the medium concentration of ozone environment to human health is greater than the short -time exposure in the high concentration of ozone environment, which indicates that it is necessary to extend the monitoring time of the ozone concentration. In 1979, the United States raised the ozone concentration monitoring time from 1 hour to 8 hours. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has made four modifications of the surface ozone standard at the National Air Quality Standard. The indicators have shrunk from 240 micrograms/cubic meters in 1979 to 140 micrograms/cubic meters in 2015. And Japan's standards are more stringent: in 1973 The "Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Method" referred to ozone and peroxyl acetyl acetyl nitrate as ozone pollution. This standard is stricter than the US, the European Union and the WHO.

Secondly, control the total amount of ozone body emissions before ozone. When Britain controls ozone pollution, it initially adjusted the energy structure, and then adopted a variety of means to strengthen the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution. In 1956, the British government closed all coal -fired power plants in London, and established smoke -free areas in some places. In 1993, new cars were required to install tail gas purification devices. In addition, the government has vigorously promoted the use of new energy vehicles by reducing the cost of parking and exemption and the use of vehicles, and high rebates, effectively controlled the number of cars in the urban area, and reduced gas pollution in motor vehicles. Japan introduced the "Pollution Prevention Law" in 1973, and set the standard for fixed source emission of nitrogen oxides for the first time. The total amount control system was introduced the following year. After 7 years, nitrogen oxides were incorporated into the scope of the total amount of the total source of the fixed source, and the key implementation areas are Tokyo, Osaka and Kanagawa. In 2004, the "Volatile Organic Emissions Specifications" was added in the "Pollution Prevention Law". Source volatile organic matter incorporates the scope of total amount control.

Third, establish a comprehensive ozone monitoring system. Since the establishment of ozone observation points on the North Coast of Germany in 1950, European member states have established nearly 1,800 ozone monitoring stations, and most countries have more than 10 years of ozone monitoring and early warning and data. In recent years, the European Union has continued to expand the construction of the ozone pollution monitoring network. Most of the sites are background sites, and the number of background sites accounts for 81.6%of the total number of sites. The United States has established a comprehensive and comprehensive optical chemical evaluation monitoring network since the 1990s. At present, the United States has established 73 optical chemical monitoring sites across the country, of which 33 monitoring points for monitoring oxygen emissions were used, accounting for 45.20%of the director's testing point. These monitoring networks covering the key areas of ozone pollution in the United States can help environmental protection regulators to obtain relevant data in real time, and provide a scientific basis for the formulation, revision and evaluation of the ozone prevention policies. In addition to establishing a monitoring point, Japan also establishes a monitoring system for motor vehicle pollution. In terms of ozone pollution early warning, the "Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Law" and local environmental protection laws stipulate that when the concentration of air oxygen reaches a certain value and the meteorological conditions show that the pollution can be sustainable, the Daofu County must issue an "attention report" to the public to the public. And "alert". During the "alert" period, local governments should reduce the amount of pollutant emissions of large enterprises, limit the driving of high -emission vehicles, and announce the pollution protection countermeasures to the public in real time. Fourth, establish cross -regional governance agencies and implement regional joint prevention and joint control. The United States currently adopts a regional environmental management framework to break the boundaries of the state. Based on geography and socioeconomic economy, it is divided into 10 large geographical areas and established regional offices for unified management. Environmental protection agencies have the right to carry out legislation, law enforcement, and punishment, and coordinate the work through combining compulsory execution methods and monitoring, technical improvement and other ways. EU legislation stipulates that member states must report to the EU Environmental Protection Administration each year to report the emissions of ozone before ozone, and ensure that the emissions of the above pollutants do not exceed the target value determined by the European Union. Before October 31st each year, EU member states have to notify the president of summer ozone pollution to predict the long -term impact of these values ​​on human health for a long time.

How can we deal with ozone pollution?

1 Adjusting outdoor activity time

Monitoring data shows that ozone pollution is generally low in the early morning, rising in the morning, reaching a high level at noon, and continuing until the evening, and the night concentration gradually decreases. Experts suggest that the public, especially the weak and sensitive people such as children, and the elderly, try to avoid outdoor activities when the ozone pollution is the most serious in the afternoon, and reduce the number of indoor ventilation and ventilation. In addition, do not choose to go to the suburbs. When the urban atmospheric ozone pollution is heavier, the ozone concentration in the suburbs of urban areas is higher than that of the urban area.

2 Appropriately reduce the number of indoor ventilation air replacement times

In the room, due to the lack of sunlight to generate ozone, ozone cannot continue to be generated, and the ozone concentration of indoor indoor is generally 50%lower than outdoors. If the room is sealed well, the ozone concentration will be lower. Therefore, the number of indoor ventilation can be appropriately reduced.

The electromechanical room, electrostatic copy machine room, computer room, etc. are high incidence of ozone pollution. Pay attention to ventilation. The home uses a small photocopyer and spraying agent, such as pesticides, hair spraying, etc.

3 Strengthen autoimmune

In addition to improving air quality from the outside, we must also adjust the body function from the inside, enhance the ability of the immune system, and improve the ability to resist environmental pollution. To improve immunity, internal adjustment needs to be adjusted, and the two tubes are neutral. Not only must it nourish the body from the inside, enhance cell activity, decompose and assist the excretion of toxins in the body, improve the cell metabolic ability, but also use appropriate external stimuli, improve system circulation, pass through the monarchy, and steadily improve the body's immunity.

Ozone pollution

Near -ground ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant, not directly discharged by human activities, but other pollutants discharged from human activities, such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Gas, therefore, ozone pollution can also be called secondary air pollution.

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