Save history for the villagers, and also leave marks for the society- "Xujia Village Chronicle" reflect the historical change

Some villagers took a group photo on the morning of October 20, 2020. The seventh national census data conducted in the same year showed that the resident population of Xujia Village was 273, of which 15 were under 15 years old and 132 people over 60 years old.

□ Our reporter Lu Yu

As a kind of local Zhi, the village chronicle can be described as "the whole history of one village". Compared with the provincial, county, and townships, the villagers contain a lot of historical details, vividly reflecting the changes in the times, which has special value.

It is located in Xujia Village on the southwest edge of Qingdao City. It is even difficult to find its name on some maps of the local era, but its development and changes are the same as the national movement. The "Xujia Village Chronicle", which was just published, was widely collected, has been highly collected, has been carefully selected, carefully selected, and explicitly changed. It was praised as "the most rigorous book in the history books made by non -historical professional scholars." The inspiration of the village history is a community of two sides with the grand narrative: this thick village ambition, to save the history of the villagers, and can find the root of the root; it also leaves the traces of fine silk for the society, and the history of the history of Shandong and even China can be investigated and researching the history of Shandong and even China Pulous, not a precious grass -roots historical materials.

Write the stories of the village with people -centered,

The focus is on the villagers

Some experts believe that "Xujia Village" is both a village history and a sociological work. Talking about the idea of ​​conspiracy, Xu Yanang, the editor -in -chief of "Xujia Village", said: "The village is the basic unit of the countryside, the family is the cell of the society, the villagers are the main body of the activity, and the writing of the village will focus on farmers and villagers." The people -oriented people -oriented, which comprehensively described the reproduction and production and life changes of the population of a village in the context of social changes.

The population article of "Xujiacun Zhi" not only describes statistics such as population reproduction, migration, and life, but also reflects changes in the concepts of rural fertility, marriage, and family. Statistics, and quantitative analysis of family scale, aging, population outflow and other quantitative analysis. The population change of an ordinary village reflects a ups and downs of social process curve.

Since its establishment, the population of Xujia Village has gone through the process of "increase -decrease -further increase -sustainable decrease" process: in 1949, about 500 people in the village, the next 10 years increased to about 680 people, an increase of about 36%; In the early days, the "breakthroughs" population increased, and the population of the village decreased to more than 560; after 1964, the economy improved, and the population increased again. By 1978, the number of household registration population reached a peak of 704; The people who return to the city, the family members of the single employee enters the city, the number of students in the large and middle school colleges, the number of students in the city, the entrepreneurial entrepreneurship of the city, and the elderly with their children enter the city. Reduce 198 people, a decrease to 29.9%.

People often say that rural aging is serious. The quantitative analysis of "Xujia Village" shows that in 2020, there are 273 resident population in the village. The population is 108 people, and 24 people are 80 or over. The population over 60 accounts for 48%of the total resident population. This account clearly presented rural aging.

"Xujiacun Zhi" was still in the account: 1983-1992 The village's household registration population died 52, with an average life expectancy of 64.71 years; 54 people died in 1993-2002, with an average life expectancy of 70 years; 42 people died from 2003-2012, The average life expectancy is 75.43 years; 20 people died from 2013 to 2016, with an average life expectancy of 80.7 years. For more than 30 years, the average life expectancy of the death of the dead was 15.99 years. This shows that the increase in the aging population has a lot to do with the improvement of living level and the improvement of social security conditions.

What is closely related to rural aging is the large number of village population. "Xujiacun Zhi" has a detailed statistics of this. From 1985 to 2003, the population moved out almost every year was two digits, of which the most in 1985 and 32 people moved out. By 2004, the move was reduced to 8 people. One person moved out every year from 2013 to 2016. From the perspective of the registered registration, the number of people moved out has decreased, and the actual situation is that the pace of the villagers' departure from the village did not stop. Because the national policy has been adjusted, there are houses in rural areas, contracting land, and rural hukou "food".

Farmers entering the city and urban and rural areas are the magnificent landscapes on the road of modern China, and it is more vivid to fall into Xujia Village. At the end of 2016, there were 370 residents in Xujia Village. Basically, 48 households were not lived in the village or had less than 3 months in the village, which accounted for about 29.6%of the total number of households and 20.3%of the total household registration population. Some of them worked in the urban area to do business, buy a house to settle, and some were received by their children from the city's elderly. Some farmers leisurely took Sun and farmers in the city to return to the village to collect them.

Greatly focusing on, work hard work

Dazheng Bank's world, the effectiveness depends on the grassroots. As the encyclopedia of a village, Murakami cannot avoid major matters such as changes in production materials ownership, because each change is closely related to the fate and interests of the villagers. "Xujia Village Zhi" records the implementation process and landing effect of land reform, cooperation, people's commune, and family joint production contracting responsibility system, and has retained a lot of historical details.

On January 1, 1982, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the "Minutes of the National Rural Work Conference" with No. 1 document. In November of the same year, Jiaonan County deployed and implemented the responsibility system for the family coalition production contract. The reform of the spring thunder echoed in the heavens and the earth, and the "big packaging" was in the village of Xujia. The nearly 40 years have passed. How did the collective property of the production team deal with it? Few people can make it clear. The editors found the "exchanges" of the production teams of Xujia Village in 1983 -this is also the last account of the production team, found a detailed record for the disposal of collective property, and exceeded the discount of the two members of the two teams.

Xu Yanbai, 13.89 yuan per person, a total of 55.56 yuan per person; a total of 1.39 yuan per person in the agricultural tools, a total of 5.56 yuan; a large cylinder of 2 yuan, 0.1 yuan of wood and folding, a total of 2.1 yuan. Total 63.22 yuan.

Xu Jiacang, 13.37 yuan per person, a total of 53.48 yuan per person; 1.34 yuan per person in the agricultural tools, a total of 5.35 yuan; one sprinkler 1, 2 yuan for ammonia bucket, 0.1 yuan for folding, a total of 2.1 yuan; Division of Datomes on April 26th and 27th to make up 5.35 yuan; the remaining 55.58 yuan.

The editor -in -chief puzzled by the "Nudi -splitting" recorded on the account, asking the team accounting at the time, and adding a instructions to the village aspect: there are only a dozen animals raised by each production team, and several households are divided into 1 to get a 1 -handed man. The header method is that because the amount of folding each of the livestock is different, the "bull -splitting" is a compensation for the low -priced livestock households.

Xu Yangang believes that the compilation of the village chronicle should not be thick or rough. Many details of the countryside in different periods not only carry nostalgia memories, but also historic seals, which are evidence of all stages of social development. The editor of this village chronicle will mobilize the accumulation of knowledge in all aspects while following the norms of local chronicle.

History of evidence. The Map Scriptures, Maps, and Maps in Gu Zhi are based on the map, which is also the collective name of the map and explanation text. Complementation of graphics is a common method for compilation of Zhishu. There are 526 pictures in "Xujiacun Zhi". In addition to scenes, physical, and character photos, there are also many schematic diagrams, realistic pictures, and parallel graphics. The editor -in -chief introduced that the effectiveness of visual art is one of the arrangements of "Xujia Village". However, a large number of pictures are interspersed with Zhishu. They cannot only be beautified, but also play a history of evidence. The various schematic diagrams of this village chronicle are designed and modified repeatedly. The "Significance of Xujiacun People in the Northeast" intuitively reflects the characteristics of the large number of people in Xujia Village and a wide range of living. It also associates the descendants of Xujia Village in the northeast with their ancestors. Villagers' housing plane maps and effect maps in different periods vividly show the changes in rural residential conditions. Various scenes and physical photos in the book are not to accumulate randomly, but to carefully select and arrange. Each picture must have historical value. Such as the marriage certificate of different ages, the straw shoes of the period of life difficult, the distribution of the Shandong Province in 1968, the land contract management and use certificate in 1984, the equity certificate of the stock economy cooperation in 2016, and the 2017 new pot tile Portrait of the prince of the stove ... silently witness history.

A supplementary text. "Xujiacun Zhi" inserts a large number of statistical forms with the text. Most of the forms are designed for comparison. Some columns of data, some put things, and the information that the editor wants to pass is clear at a glance. In 1966 and the "Classification Table of the Family Scale of Xujia Village" in 2016, it showed that after 50 years, 1 family in the village increased from 10 households to 23 households, and 2 households increased from 7 to 50 households. From 16 households to 38 households, 4 households have been increased from 16 to 33 households, 5 households from 5 to 15 households, 6 households from 26 households to 2 households. Households are reduced to 0 households, reflecting the process of smaller rural families. "Statistical table of crops to stop or reduce planting" shows that in the past Xujia Village had planted more than 20 grain crops and economic crops. After 1965, it received "grain as the outline" from Guangyan Bo to the collection. The three major crops of peanuts, most of the other crops have stopped planting, some sporadic planting. Other such as the "Edition of the Production Tools" and the "Main Crop Plant Plant Revenue Expenditure Table", "Statistics Table of the use of rice equipment", "Statistics of the use of rice equipment", "Statistical Form for House Construction Materials", "Statistics Statistical Form for Villagers' Clothing" and so on. It even enumerated all aspects of rural production and life, adding persuasiveness to the comparison, leaving more historical details for the study of rural agriculture.

Expand the background with "Affiliated". Some of the valuable matters, the village chronicle cannot be described, and the "Xujia Village Zhi" set up a "attachment" to detailed it and expand the amount of information. For example, "The era of sweet potato is the main grain", describes the history of sweet potato cultivation cultivation from the Qianlong period of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, cutting the dried sweet potato and other labor processes, and the reason why sweet potato no longer treats the main grain; The special stage of "pinching the nose and fertilizing" in agricultural technology; "Cutting Wheat Field Deep Lane", describing the hardships of wheat harvesting and littering during the production team; The heavy housework with women; "Once everyone puts on the clothes", describes the method of having a loss of clothing in the village. "Xujiacun Zhi" has 21 articles, which retain many native memories and enhance readability.

The open leaves of the village:

The main two roads of the village people "break into foreign"

Regardless of the size of the village, historical origin, or contemporary performance, Xujia Village has no prominent features. Xujia Village, like thousands of Qilu villages, has a land and a farmhouse, raising more than a dozen generations of life. Behind the vulgar world is the spiritual blood inherited by generations, inspiring the villagers to be indomitable and endless to realize their dreams.

In the more than 70 years after the founding of New China, the population of Xujia Village has continued to reproduce, but the number of resident households has not changed much. In most years, it is about 150 households. The vast records of "Xujiacun Zhi", there are two main roads for Xujiacun people.

One way is "breakthrough at the east". The cause is that the population is increased, the production conditions are backward, and the limited land cannot solve the warmth, and the poor thinks. Whenever severe disasters or social turmoil, a large number of villagers will "break through the world." The Xujia Village people who "broke through the Kanto" in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were all male labor. They moved to Yanbian, Jilin Province for 2,000 kilometers, and opened wasteland land. For a few years, save money and accumulate some money, return to the hometown to marry a wife, and change the family. The journey is not easy. The Xujia Village people who settled in the northeast have gradually increased. By 1937, there were as many as 215 men in the village's cumulative "Breakthrough", and almost every family had "Kanto". In the early years of Jilin Yanbian, there was a place name for Yanji Gang. Later, there was a Xujia Courtyard in Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province. These Xujia Village people opened their branches and scattered leaves, and gradually spread to more villages in Yanji, Jixi and other places.

The history of the Xujia Village from the old society is the history of migration for poverty alleviation, and it is also the history of hard -to -survive. The saying "Deadly Forcing Liangshan to the lower Kanto" is still hung on the mouth of the villagers. Village records that during the Republic of China, Xu Lishi returned to his hometown from Yanji to pick up his family members, and pushed his pregnant wife with a wooden wheel car for 3 months. On the way, the wife was in delivery, and lived in a brigade called "Xinglong Store" to give birth to a son, and gave the child a small name "Xinglong". Xu Bingyi, Xu Bingye, Xu Binghai, and Xu Bingzhu brothers, the fourth brothers left Xujiacun to marry a wife and have children, and the three brothers "broke into Guantong", all of which were full of bachelor. The boss and the second child died in Yanji. The third child returned to his hometown with the meager wealth accumulated by the second brother and the brothers. In the 1932 version of "Haiqu Xu's Spectrum", Xujiacun men were recorded in the name of "Waiwai" and "No Test" in the name, most of which were "rushing to the point" and lost contact.

From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty to the 1970s, a total of more than 900 people moved from Xujia Village to Northeast China. It is estimated that they have populated population in the northeast, and they have already surpassed the number of people in Xujia Village. The phenomenon of reproduction and migration of a normal village reflects the toughness of the nation, as well as the mutual relationship between the population and the political, economic, and cultural, and enrich and deepen people's understanding of the regional life process.

Another way is to go out to study. "Xujia Village Zhi" single -column school education chapter, more ink describes the course of the village to run the school and study the footprint of the village. Although the people of Xujiacun are in remote, they are as determined to learn. They founded Kaiming Primary School as early as the early 1920s, and opened a new elementary school in 1931. Before the founding of the New China, Zhucheng, Qingzhou, Tai'an, Jinan, Beijing, Baoding, Fengtian, Wanzhou and other places outside the province had left Xujiacun people to study footprints. In 1949, he held a complete senior primary school. In 1967, the Federation of Federation in 1967 and the high school in 1975. Xujia Village was scrambling. The generous running school, the relay of generations, made Xujiacun a well -known "cultural village". As early as the Qing Dynasty, Xujia Village had 7 students and supervisors, and 1 rewarded. During the Republic of China, 6 more people graduated from the colleges and universities in Peiping and Jinan, and 4 of them were studying at Chinese universities. From the founding of the People's Republic of China to 1965, there were more than 20 college students in 73 natural villages in the commune and 8 of Xujia Village. In 2016, the national population census data: The proportion of urban and rural population in junior high school or above is 68.68%nationwide, 68.98%in Shandong Province, and the proportion of the population of Xujiacun junior high school or above accounted for 75%of the total population. From the resumption of college entrance examination in 1977 to 2018, a total of 198 people in the village were admitted to university or technical schools, and after graduation, they employed more than 20 cities. Xujia Village, who was stationed in the West Coast New District of Qingdao, reproduced 295 households in 103 households, which were equivalent to 63%of the number of households in the village and the population of the village.

Behind this series of data is the story of family struggle to change the fate of future generations. Affected by Chongde and Village, the wealthy people's most valued is not the expansion of the house, but to send their children into the city. Children go to school. In the early 1960s, life was difficult. Girls Xu Chuanqing graduated from junior high school to admit to the normal school, but the family could not unveil the pot. The unknown little -footed mother was helpless. Xu Yanyi's son Xu Jialin was admitted to middle school. He had no money at home, and removed two old houses who lived in the three generations. He sold it to the money for his son.

The more read the book, the wider the road. In the 21st century, most families in Xujia Village have realized the dream of letting the descendants from entering the city and living in the city. At the same time, new problems have also emerged. In the second half of 2015, Xujiacun primary schools with a history of nearly a century were suspended. The number of students in this elementary school reached its peak in 2003. After that, the number of new students in the first grade each year was less than the number of graduates in grades in the sixth grade, and the decrease was expanded year by year. In 2014, there were only 8 children in the 15 villages in the entire school district. The results of the school's survey: In a few years, school -age children in villages will continue to decrease. The source of students is difficult to sustain. "Xujiacun Zhi" made up the seventh national census data in 2020: The resident population in the village decreased to 273, accounting for only 60%of the household registration population. The development of the times and social progress, the ideals of clothing and food, the old -fashioned, the teachings of the young, and the weakness, etc., have become a reality step by step in Xujia Village. Reading the peaceful description of "Xujiacun Zhi", readers can feel the joy of Xujiacun from the heart, and will also have new thinking: how to go Good rural revitalization road? This important topic needs to continue to explore and innovate practice.

As the editor -in -chief of "Xujiacun Zhi" said: Hometown is an endless book.

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