The first batch of 5 national parks in my country has exceeded 60 sums of the United States. How can I build it?

Text ｜ "China Science News" trainee reporter Tian Ruiying

The sum of the first five national parks in my country has reached 230,000 square kilometers, exceeding the sum of all 60 national parks in the United States. In the future, the total area of ​​national parks is expected to account for about 10%of the land and land area, which is also much higher than the US 2.3%and the world's average of 3.4%.

National parks cannot be simply understood as "unmanned areas", let alone as urban parks or tourist resorts.

"The strictest protection" is the most stringent protection according to science, not the establishment of a restricted area.

The construction of the national park is facing many problems.

The biggest highlight of China National Park is "Homorrhei and Heaven".

"The institutional mechanism is the greatest pressure faced by the construction of national parks." Ouyang Zhiyun, director of the Ecological Environment Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and president of the National Park Research Institute, suggested that the National Park Law should be issued as soon as possible.

Not long ago, the State Forestry and Grassland Bureau stated that about 50 national park candidates will be selected, with a total area of ​​approximately 10%of the land and land area.

With the "golden age" of national parks, how to advance high quality? How to implement the strictest protection? How to deal with the relationship between protection and development? Recently, many experts and scholars participating in the construction of national parks have conducted a wonderful "discussion" in Beijing.

Scientific positioning

"National Park is not an uninhabited area"

At present, more than 100 countries in the world have set up national parks. In October 2021, my country also officially established the first batch of five national parks in Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeast Tiger Leopard, Hainan Tropical Rain Forest, and Wuyishan.

So, what are the characteristics of my country's national park? How is it different from domestic traditional nature reserves and parks?

Yang Rui, dean of the National Park Research Institute of Tsinghua University, has served as the leader of the national park system pilot evaluation and acceptance team. He said that science is the foundation of strict protection and reasonable use of national parks, and it is also the foundation of planning, the foundation of layout, the basis of monitoring, and the basis of governance.

He pointed out that national parks are a type of natural protection land and one of the most close types of the public. Its primary goal is natural protection and ecological protection, while both scientific research, education, recreation and other functions.

"National parks cannot be simply understood as 'unmanned areas', let alone as urban parks or tourist resorts." Yang Rui believes that national parks should realize the harmonious symbiosis of human and nature under the premise of ecological protection.

In his opinion, my country's national park construction background, scale, speed and difficulty are very different from other countries. The construction of my country's national parks began in the background of ecological civilization construction, and emphasized ecological protection, as well as scientific research such as ecology and biology as support.

In addition to the speed of construction, the sum of the first batch of 5 national parks in my country has reached 230,000 square kilometers, exceeding the sum of all 60 national parks in the United States. In the future, the total area of ​​national parks is expected to account for about 10%of the land and land area, which is also much higher than the US 2.3%and the world's average of 3.4%.

Yang Rui also pointed out that my country's national parks are mostly in remote areas. From the perspective of the structural contradictions of protection and development, natural protection, and living environment, food security and ecological safety, their construction is the highest. of.

Lei Guangchun, chairman of the Science and Technology Committee of the International Wetland Convention and Professor of Beijing Forestry University, is also a member of the National Park System Pilot Review Expert Group. He believes that the introduction of the "Establishment of the National Park System Overall Plan", especially the emphasis on the primary function of the authenticity and integrity protection of important natural ecosystems, clarifies the main role of the national park in the natural protection land system. Important experience of ten years of biological diversity protection.

"National parks need the top -level design of science, focusing on the evolution of history and future. Some areas may seem average now, but the future may be extremely important. This needs to be improved by the national park group or a more scientific space layout." Lei Guang Spring said.

Scientific protection

"Most strictly protected by science"

National Park is a prohibited development area in the planning of the main functional area of ​​the country, and is included in the scope of the regional management and control of the red line of ecological protection in the country, and the most stringent protection is implemented. So, what kind of "degree" should be grasped?

Since 2015, Su Yang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, has served as a member of the National Park System Pilot Review Expert Group. He said that "the strictest protection" is the most stringent protection according to science, not the establishment of a restricted area. "This is an international consensus.‘ Protection ’corresponds to 'Conservation' internationally. The common interpretation of the English -English dictionary is‘ Wise USE ’, which means smart use."

Su Yang believes that because it is "Wise Use", the resource conversion of national parks is different from the previous large -scale consumption of natural resources. Aboriginal people protect wild animals and plants and benefit from ecological tourism, which will directly form a relationship between protection and natural returns, and eventually form a community of interests with national parks, so as to form a community of life that is a common protection. "

Lei Guangchun also pointed out that "stricter protection" should respect the laws of nature more. "Some national parks drive the people out, resulting in some traditional production methods disappear, and the evolution of the entire biological community will undergo fundamental changes. Some protection goals may not survive for a long time."

"'Ecological Protection First' cannot be misunderstood as the only one of ecological protection. The national park also has other functions. It is a medium between nature protection and the public." Yang Rui believes that protection itself is the biggest interest.

According to Mark Ping, deputy director and secretary -general of the Biological Diversity of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and researcher at the Institute of Botanicals of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the "authentic protection of important natural ecosystems" emphasized by the national park is relatively easy to grasp, but the scale of "integrity protection" It's not easy to handle.

"I don't agree with all national parks to" draw a line "." Macping believes that the integrity protection of the ecosystem must be combined with the geographical location, main protection objects, etc. of the national park. To grasp the good degree.

Ouyang Zhiyun agrees with this. In his opinion, the construction of national parks in addition to protecting biodiversity and natural resources in the future, it is also necessary to emphasize providing ecological products and services for economic and social development, ensuring national ecological security, and emphasizing the establishment of the foundation for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. Essence

Scientific development

"Treatment of the relationship between protection and development"

As the National Park Law has not yet been introduced, the institutional mechanism has also become the greatest pressure facing the construction of national parks.

Ouyang Zhiyun said that the construction of the national park's institutional mechanism is facing many problems. On the one hand, the construction of the management agency will cause some people to laid or change the post; on the other hand The degree of closeness to nature, how to restrict the development of resource development, and how the local people's production and life should be arranged unclear.

In Su Yang's view, all the fundamental problems of all natural protection areas in the world can be attributed to the relationship between protection and development.

"If human activities are prohibited from the core protection area of ​​the National Park, it is impossible to deal with the relationship between protection and development." Su Yang believes that "the current core zone delineates the standard of resource value and the sensitivity of human activities to be sensitive to human activities. Equivalent, not considering the protection needs of the main protection objects. This may not only bring a lot of burden on the relationship between the protection and development, but even destroy some places. The favorable relationship is harmful to protection after the human activity is prohibited. "

He also pointed out that if the local government's responsibilities and rights are not analyzed clearly, or the enthusiasm of local governments will affect the participation of local governments to create national parks and oppose protection and development.

In this regard, Su Yang suggested that "scientific protection, institutional guarantee", and establish scientific management methods and systems and mechanisms to support the rights and rights. "".

Zhang Yujun, director of the National Park Research Center of Beijing Forestry University, believes that the realization of national park protection goals require all parties to participate in the governance system and management system.

"Improve the natural resource property system of natural protection land will play a key role in the overall protection of the national park ecosystem. If the property rights are blurred and the power is unclear, it will lead to confusion in management." Zhang Yujun said. The comprehensive unified or standardized management of natural resources assets will be a good exploration path.

Scientific research

"Start from the long -term and overall interests"

The construction of the national park monitoring system is one of the key tasks of the national park system pilot construction. Ouyang Zhiyun also praised the effectiveness of this aspect.

"The national park monitoring system plays an important role." Macping said that the management and development of national parks require scientific research to support it. At the same time, the national park has provided a base for a broader scientific research and promoted the establishment of a scientific research platform.

In this regard, Lei Chunguang suggested that each national park can establish a research platform and open all research teams, but each research platform must have a top -level design. This can absorb the research power of the whole society. mechanism.

For what topics should be studied, Mark Ping believes that we must first meet the management and development needs of national parks, and secondly, we must be able to support related research as a research base, especially in some long -term basic research. In addition, in addition to natural science, special attention should be paid to the research of management science and social sciences.

In Yang Rui's opinion, the national park research institutions should start from the long -term and overall interests, and research must be forward -looking and cutting -edge. In addition to the National Park itself, we must also study the profound scientific and social governance issues behind it.

He believes that, unlike the foundation foundation of foreign national parks, the biggest highlight of China's national park is "human and heaven". Therefore, we must carry out research from multi -disciplinary, multi -angle, and multi -scale, and provide theoretical basis for the mechanism of harmonious symbiosis of people and nature.

"National Park also has the important value of natural education. Scientific researchers have the responsibility and obligation to transform serious scientific topics into public knowledge." Zhang Yujun said.

(Cover picture is confessed by the National Park Research Institute)

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