[History and Culture] Ya'an: The magnificent starting point of the millennium tea horse trail ‖ Li Guiping

Elegant

The magnificent starting point of the millennium tea horse ancient road

Li Guiping

In the city of the city, there are such types: these cities have not been far away, and once brilliant because of their location, there is a deep historical heritage. The pupae is a butterfly, showing the show with another idle expression.

Ya'an is such a city.

The four waters of the Qingyi River, the Zhougong River, the Longxi River, and the Lijiang River were allocated. The small river valley, which transitioned from the Sichuan Basin to the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau, was accumulated, and Ya'an guarded it.

In the east, the Chengdu, Ganzi Ganzi, Southern Liangshan, and Aba in the north, the favorable geographical location has built the long history of this city. Perhaps because of the provincial capital of Xikang during the Republic of China, Ya'an even showed a kind of atmosphere than other prefecture -level cities in Sichuan, like a woman who has seen the world, although the bustling incident, but the temperament is still there, the one in the bones, the one in the bones The dignified and grace is still there.

If we want to choose one or two words to summarize Ya'an, I think they are: tea horse ancient road and back garden.

The tea -horse ancient road represents the history of Ya'an; the back garden is the most vivid summary of Ya'an today.

——In the National Geographic of China (Sichuan Album: Why does God make Sichuan?)

one

In the southwest, deep in the mountains, one person stepping on the rugged trail of Ma Ta is actually the hard beam of the Tibetan and Han people and the heart -reliance.

Millennium ancient road, a history of tea, connects history with today, the Mainland, the border, natural wonders and national customs.

Where is their starting point? Many people say that in Ya'an, Sichuan.

Indeed, the starting point of Sichuan -Tibet Tea Horse Road is at Ya'an.

Outside the exit of Ya'an Xikang Bridge, there is a group of quaint group of copper statues: the back husband carrying a tea bag and a horse team carrying a tea bag, and a boy also follows his mother's heavy weight. Towards your growth in the rugged mountain road ...

Tea Horse Ancient Road Backing Husband Sculpture (Photo by Li Guiping, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily)

This group of "Tea Horse Ancient Road Sculpture Group" is to commemorate the ancient road that has flourished for thousands of years, to commemorate the back husband who travels on this road, and to commemorate the unity and prosperity of the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups. Contributing people.

When we stare in the color of the Chinese topographic map, we will find that from the southwest Sichuan and Yunnan all the way to the west, the color of the map gradually deepen -this means that the altitude here is continuously rising, from Sichuan and Yunnan from Yunnan, from Yunnan, from Yunnan, from Yunnan To Tibet, the peaks of the first -level rising, like the ladder rising to the sky to the sky, finally reached the towering roof of the world.

two

Ya'an is a beautiful place like ink painting. Legend has it that the son -in -law made up the sky here, and she missed the sky and left the endless smoke rain to Ya'an. Ya'an was also called Yucheng. Due to the humid climate and abundant rain, especially suitable for the growth of tea trees, Ya'an has also become a famous tea producing area in the southwestern region of my country since the Western Han Dynasty.

Ya'an tea is also known as black tea, black tea, tea, tea, tea, southern Sichuan tea, southern Sichuan road tea, big tea, Yaya tea, etc.

Ya'an, the most special and important place on the ancient road of Sichuan -Tibet tea, is not only an important place for tea in my country, but also the largest tea resources in the ancient road of Sichuan -Tibet tea. It is the supply of tea for Ya'an. For more than a thousand years, tea is like a solid bond that tightly connect the Tibetan Han people.

Ya'an Shangli Erxian Bridge (Photo by Li Guiping, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily)

According to historical records, more than 70%of Tibet entered Tibet each year from Sichuan, of which mainly produced by Yazhou (Ya'an). This road is also the most difficult tea -horse road in the Hengduan Mountains, which are mainly traveled by human transport. So during that period, a special job was generated -back husband.

Tea from Ya'an to Kangding (hit the arrow furnace) arrived from the back of the pair of footprints. Two or three hundred pounds of back. Women and children have also joined the ranks of tea, and even lactating women have taken the baby on the road with their babies.

These men, women, and even children start from Ya'an in the form of a relay rod, fighting the west through an arrow furnace, Qamdo to Lhasa, and the one -way, the interlocking, and then from Lhasa to Western to the exotic Bhutan, Nepal, India, all all, all Nearly 4,000 kilometers long.

After people experience the wind and sun, the skin will become particularly dark, not to mention the tea of ​​the quiet water, they will silently fermented in the huge temperature difference between the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau, retreating the green clothes and put on the black dress, so that they arrived in the holy city. When Lhasa, it was mutated into a new type of tea.

There are two ancient roads from Ya'an to the arrow furnace, and people call it "big road" and "small road".

Starting from Ya'an, Da Lu was locked in the southwest to the Xintian Town through Feilong, crossing Daxiang Ridge to Qingxi through Liuhe, Flower Beach, Pukou, and Yellow Mud. , Reunion Musi to the arrow furnace. This road overlap with the ancient Southern Silk Road intersection, and it is also the official way of entering the military material to enter the Tibetan area. There are many stations along the way, and business traveleers and horses are frequent in the past.

The road is not "small", and it also starts from Ya'an, passes through Songcun to the west, passes the Tsing Yi River upside down, and passes through Feixian to Tianquan, two roads, Changhe dams, over the Ma'anshan. Enter Kangding. This road is caught in the mountains, covering the sky, the road is dangerous, the climate is harsh, the beasts are involved, and there are few inn along the way. Backfules often meals and sleep, and they are extremely difficult.

Feixian Guan Tea Ceremony Site (Photo by Li Guiping, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily) Today, the connotation of the tea horse road is slowly changing, and it is no longer limited to simple tea -horse mutual commercial roads. The current tea -horse ancient road has become the reputation of the ancient road system in the southwest, and the regional scope involved is also becoming more and more wider.

three

In 1939, from the beginning of June to the end of December, it lasted more than 160 days. A 28 -year -old young scholar Sun Mingjing, with dozens of academic celebrities, started from Ya'an, carrying a movie camera, holding a camera, and a snow -capped mountain. Involved, more than 10,000 miles of schedule, and after several life and death, a scientific inspection topic of the "Tea Horse Dao" (tea horse road) inspected with images and photos was completed.

Ya'an Xinqiao in 1939 (Photo by Sun Mingjing, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily)

This is a tribute to Tibetan and other many ethnic cultural exchanges and great expedition to the Great Expedition.

Who is Sun Ming Jing? Li Qiankuan, chairman of the Chinese Filmists Association, said: "Teacher Sun Mingjing is a great patriot." Professor Sha Zhanxiang, the first doctoral supervisor and disciple of Sun Mingjing, said, " Master. "

In the historical picture recorded by Sun Mingjing in 1939, the goods on the back of the Xikang people were rice, charcoal, and ore, but the most memorized tea was tea. The significance of tea to daily life is far less important than rice and coal. Why is it that tea leaves have driven countless long -term loads?

In the vision of Sun Mingjing, tea is undoubtedly an extremely important part of the Tibetan people's lives. For the Tibetans living on the cold plateau, "it is better to have three days without food and no tea for a day." Plateau lacks vegetables and fruits. Tibetans, mainly meat, must drink a large amount of highly alkaline butter tea every day to neutralize the pH. This has become a traditional custom.

In the inspection, Sun Mingjing found that the tea from Ya'an was transported from Ya'an, and it took 30 to 40 days to carry the manpower to the arrow furnace; it would take one and a half or two years from the arrow furnace to the north of Qinghai, and to the Lhasa distribution center. Two and a half years or three years.

Why should I spend such a long time? After being inspected, Sun Ming learned that the reasons: the yak was transported as "the side of the pasture", that is, transporting while grazing; the west of the arrow furnace was located on the plateau, and some places began to fall off the mountains in 9 October. It can only be on the road again in the first summer. The time that can be used for transportation in the year is very limited. Because it is necessary to consume a lot of yak skin in packaging and collecting tea, a large number of yaks must be slaughtered. Therefore, yak must be completed during the tea transportation. And the "production of the baby"; the riverside small bridge west of the arrow furnace, the yak group must cross the river during the dry period.

Sun Mingjing also asked the tea merchants who run Ya'an tea: "Why do you use manpower to carry manpower without horses?"

The answer was: "There is a 12 tea on a Marco on Ping Road. The road from Ya'an to the arrow furnace is very difficult to walk. A horse is a maximum of 2 tea, which is not compared to people. At least 12 tea can be carried on the back husband, 20 can be carried on, and there are 7 women with fewer women. The side tea weighs 16 pounds, and 20 border tea weighs 320 pounds. The horse on the ancient road is endless, but the back husbands can do it. After Ya'an's tea was transported to the arrow furnace, it was named "Tibetan Tea".

In the west of Ya'an, there are five major horizontal mountains and six major rapids. The road between Ya'an to the arrow furnace, "The more the mountains are turning the mountain, the more the mountains will become more current." Sun Mingjing participated in the geographic group in the delegation. During the inspection, he encountered soldiers and bandits. Many people retreated, but he insisted on inspections without hesitation and recorded a large number of precious pictures and literature materials.

Four

After the introduction of Princess Wencheng's marriage with a gift to Tibet, Ya'an Bian Tea soon became a must -have drink for Tibetan compatriots in daily life. In order to convey tea, since the Tang Dynasty, from Sichuan to Lhasa, Tibet, there has been one of the earliest, the longest mileage, and the most dangerous roads in history.

In 1995, "Ya'an County Chronicle" contains: Song Xining seven years (1074), the emperor set off and set up a tea horse in Ya'an. In the four years of Songshen Yuanfeng (1081), he ordered "its famous mountain tea, today's dedicated Boma". "History of the Ming Dynasty · Tea Law" contains: Taizu Zhu Yuan Yuan "Six Six Fan Si Min, avoiding its arbitrarily, dedicated to steaming black tea." Wu tea is Tibetan tea, side tea, and Tianquan is today Ya'an Tianquan County. It is a large tea production place and trading market. "Appendix of Tibetan Political and Education Journal": "Tea is the princess of Wencheng into the Tibet", that is, the dragon group and phoenix cake tea produced by Ya'an, and the court of presence of the court and the Fan gift into the Tibetan area. In the thirty -five years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1696), the emperor approved the "Fan People Tea Trading" in the arrow furnace to open the city, and the tea horse trading, and Ya'an's tea was changed from then on to the arrow furnace transaction.

1939 Ya'an Caoba Steamed Tea (Photo by Sun Ming Jing, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily)

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Ya'an's tea has grown to more than 80, and some tea numbers are large. The staff has a clear level of level, a strict promotion system and a salary system, and strict management measures. In those days, in order to make a thick profit, the businessmen tried their best to control the supply and raised the price. As a result, it was not valuable to be valuable. When it came to the Tibetan area, it was worth a hundred times, and many workers were unable to buy it. Some people could only pick up the scum that the rich people had discarded after the tea, which was the so -called "eating three tea".

As the center of the tea -horse trade, Ya'an is also a place for the throat of Sichuan, Tibet, and Sichuan and Yunnan. "History of Ming Dynasty · Food and Goods" contains: "At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Yazhou Lifanga Tea Horse stipulated that Tibet's superior horse gave 40 pounds of tea, medium horses to tea 30 pounds, and 20 pounds of tea for the lower horses ..." In the scarcity years, Tianquan County Miden Tea Horses also renamed: "Give 120 pounds of tea, 70 catties of middle horses to tea, and 50 pounds of tea for the lower horses."

In 1935, the Xikang Construction Provincial Committee was established, and Liu Wenhui, chairman of Xikang Province, emphasized: "Bian tea is the center of the Han and Tibetan trade, and it is also the bond of the economic connection between Han and Tibet. It is said that "even in recent years, tea has more major political significance in Kangzang. Because of the two places of Kang Tibet, no matter politics, military can not have a direct connection ... Therefore, tea is not only a local ordinary goods, but also has a whole connection with the country society." Tea leaves. Operation, improve to the national strategic level. After Liu Wenhui ruling in Xikang, in the face of the stretched local finance, the first thing he thought of was tea. He controlled Xikang's largest Kangzang Tea Company, named after border defense expenditure, and refused to pay the tea tax on the Ministry of Finance of the Kuomintang. The annual output reaches 400,000 packages, or about 1.4 million silver circles.

In the mid -1950s, the highway from Ya'an to Kangding was opened to traffic, which continued for hundreds of years, the roads, small roads, and back husbands gradually withdrew from the stage of history and were replaced by modern transportation.

five

Today, there is a tea horse site built in the Song Dynasty. This is also the only tea horse site in the country. This courtyard house built in the seventh year of Song Xining (1074) is the first administrative institution in the history of Chinese history. Its responsibility lies in "the benefits of tea discussion, with Sasbon; , Leave it with tea. "

Ya'an City's Mingshan District retains the only tea -horse site site in the country (Photo by Li Guobin, picture source: Ya'an Daily)

In the 1995 edition of "Mingshan County Chronicle", after 3 years of establishment of Chama Si, Song Shenzong, who once used Wang Anshi's transformation, promulgated a famous scripture in the early years of Yuanfeng. "Standing as Yongfa".

Since then, the southern side tea with Ya'an as the manufacturing center has been broadcast on the snowy plateau. During the heyday of the Sichuan -Tibet tea and horse trading, the business team of "20,000 years old and famous tea", and the business team received by the famous mountain Tea Horse Diste. There are more than 2,000 people a day, and the grand occasion is evident.

The prosperity of Ya'an's tea has created a century -old business myth. A generation of businessmen became rich because of the operation of tea on the southern road, and some even became rich.

The workshop specializing in the production of tea is also called "tea". From the twenty or thirty of the Ming Dynasty, to the development of the Qing Dynasty to 70 or 80, it became the most representative ethnic business in Ya'an history. Among them, several big tea codes such as Yixinglong, Tian Zenggong, Fuhe, Yongchang, and Jiangjia have been operating for hundreds of years. This pattern lasted until the late 1980s.

Today, the Ya'an Jewish tea produced in Ya'an Yucheng has more than 80%of the total sales of tea in Tibetan areas. The production technology of the south road is included in the national intangible cultural heritage protection list, and the "Yaxi Tibetan Tea" is also one of the two business cards of Ya'an tea industry like "Mengding Mountain Tea".

For thousands of years, the tea of ​​the Han people, the horses of the Tibetan area, have gradually merged into an ancient tea horse road in the exchanges in the south. With tea, with a horse, and being stained with sweat, blood and tears, it can be regarded as life.

Chama Ancient Road site (Photo by Li Guobin, Picture Source: Ya'an Daily)

It was a great chapter of an era. Today, the aroma of tea and grass is gone, and the camel ringtone is far away. Although it is crisp and no longer, it is also evergreen.

Source: Ya'an Daily

Author: Li Guiping (Editor -in -chief of the West China Metropolis Daily, Cover News, former member of the Sichuan Writers Association Reporting Literature Specialty Committee, Judge of the Ninth Sichuan Literature Award, the Eleventh Chengdu Academy of Literature Sign signed by the writer, Chengdu Jinjiang District Writers Association Former Vice Chairman)

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