The dispute between Yixian City

"Hanshu Western Regions Biography" records that the four years of Yuanfeng (77 years ago) Fu Jiezi cut the king of Loulan, the Western Han Dynasty, the Wei Tu Tu Ji as the king, and his country's name was Shan Shan. Wei Tuzhen asked the Western Han Dynasty, saying that "there is Yixun City in the middle of the country, and its land is fat. May Han send a general of Tuantian Valley, so that the ministers will be prestigious." So "Han sent Sima alone and forty officials, Tian Yixian filled it. After that, he was even more captain." Yixun Tuntian is undoubtedly of great significance for the Western Han Dynasty's in -depth operation of the Western Regions and ensuring the smooth flow of the Silk Road. "Water Sutra Note" cloud: "Note Binhe and East of the East and the East of the East, Governance of Yiyi City, so Loulan's land is also ... The east of the water is in the north of Loulan Kingdom. Hometown. "" New Tang Book · Geography "," Saudi Yizhijun "," Shouchang County Earment "and other documents are called" Qitun City "and" Tuncheng "on the south bank of the Puchang Sea in the Tang Dynasty. In the east of the Muds City of Shan Shan, the record is contrary to the "Water Sutra Note" record. The academic community has also discussed Yixun City's Diwang. Xu Song's "Hanshu Western Regions" has proposed "Yixun in the West of Loulan" in accordance with the "Water Sutra". Later generations have put forward a variety of opinions, but they are still arguing.

The Milan site said. This is the most popular view of the academic circles, which can be traced back to Tao Baolian in the late Qing Dynasty. In the book "Xin Yan Shi Shu Ji", which he recorded with his father to Xinjiang in the seventeenth year of Guangxu (1891), followed his father to Xinjiang, according to the information of Hao Yonggang and others during the Guangxu period, in Hanyang Guan Lu from Dunhuang to Milan, Note: "There are salty beach Gobi along the way. There is an ancient city. On Wednesday, it is a hundred miles from Robb to the north. Follow the city for Hanyi. In the 1930s, German scholar Albert Hermann, based on the exploration data of Svinhehe and Stan's adventure, judged "Yixun City" at the Milan site today. In Ruoqiang. Domestic scholar Feng Chengjun has published "Lou Lan's Shan Shan Tao" and "Shan Shan Ji Ji", which also holds this view. Through the series of historical materials of the Shan Shan, he believes that there is a simplified problem with the "Water Sutra". In 1947, Huang Wenzhang's comprehensive literature records and archeological discoveries were inferred that Yixi was in the Milan site today, but he advocated that Yixun City was the capital of the country. In the 1960s, the second agricultural division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps found the more complete ancient irrigation channel relics at the Milan site. Rao Ruifu associated it with the Han Dynasty Yixuntun. Chen Ge also advocated that the Milan site was the hometown of Izu according to the irrigation canal site and the Tang Dynasty literature. At the same time, he believed that the word "governing" in the "Water Sutra" was derived. Zhang Yan wrote "The Castle City and Yixi City" in "The Water Sutra Note" also agreed with the Milan site. He pointed out that the "Water Sutra Note" was wrong and the text was chaotic, and the order was adjusted to make the sentences smooth, which was basically the same as other literature records between Han and Tang dynasties. In response to the doubts of the era of the Milan site, Lin Mei Village called the tiles found in the rammed soil layer of the Milan Castle, which should be the relics of the western Han Dynasty. The ruins of the canal jointly constitute the city of Yixun in the Han Dynasty. In addition, the "Qitun" and RTSE VTHON language of the "Yixu" are called "Qitun" and RTSE VTHON in the Tang Dynasty, indicating that the place has always been called Yixi. In 2013, Wang Binghua wrote an article emphasizing the core of solving the problem of Yixian City's land looking at the historical geographical background of the Kingdom of Loulan. Some scholars only reported that Feng Fengshi sent Da Wan to Yixi City according to the "Hanshu". Lubei Road is arbitrary and one -sided. From the reason he appeared in Yixun City, and considering the natural environment, he combined the Han Dynasty cultural relics collected in the Milan irrigation channel site, insisting that the Milan site was the Han Dynasty Yixun City.

Ruo Qiang said. This view was first proposed by Stanin. On the basis of the excavation of Ruoqiang to Lop Nur's field investigation, he agreed that the Iraqi of the "Weili Xirong Biography" published by French scholar Sha Yan in 1905 is equivalent to the so -called Nippon waves of Xuanzang. Stein is not far from the city of Yixin, who judges the protection of the new king of the Shan Shan, and is not far from the capital of the capital. According to the records of "Water Sutra" and "New Tang Book", combined with the research results of Bo Xi and the "Tu Jing of the Governor of the Saudi", He advocated that Yixong City is located in today's Ruoqiang, and the mud or "East City" is at the Milan site. Japanese scholar Fujita Toyo further described this view. In response to the opposite problems of the Ludi City described by the "Water Sutra" and other Han and Tang dynasties, he analyzed that the "Water Sutra Note" records correctly. The city of Shan Shan is the city of Mi. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Castle City was already the city of Yixun. Other literature editors reversed the location of their east -west positions according to the legend. Okuka Moriko and Matsuda Shounan have such views.

Abu Dan said. In the book "The Emperor's Interpretation of the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty", which completed the final draft in 1957, Cen Zhongmian analyzed the literature records of Yixun in Han and Tang dynasties, and pointed out that the "Water Sutra Note" records were errors and contradictions. He believes that from the situation consideration, Yi Xun, which is dependent on the good dependence, must be east of the Muds of the capital, because the Han Dynasty was east, the goodness was in the west, and the Han Dynasty wanted to protect the goodness. Only to facilitate the emergency of the Han Dynasty. Based on the route of Dunhuang Yumen to Abu Dunzan from "Xin Yan Shi Xing Ji", he speculated that Abu Dan was the city of Hanyi, north of Milan Farm today. Essence As for the reason why Abu Dan has not found the site, he believes that it was a place where the Western Han Dynasty soldiers were stationed in the past. There may not be many buildings in the past, and it has been wiped out for two thousand years. Cen Zhongmian also proposed that Yixi is similar to Greek Issedon. As a Chinese translation, it is the same as "Qitun" and RTSE VTHON, which are transliteration. L.K site said. Meng Fanren put forward this solution in "The New History of Loulan". He opposed the Milan site as the point of view of the Hangyian Yixun site, and pointed out that the early part of the ancient city in the Milan site was built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, abandoned between the 5th century and the end of the leaf. Some of them belong to the Tibetan period; the Buddhist temple is the third and fourth centuries; the Milan irrigation system belongs to the Tubo occupation period. He believes that "Water Sutra Note" is not wrong with the wrong problem, but the real reflection of the position of the two is no longer clear. big. He explicitly proposed that the L.K site should be the old site of Yixun. From the ancient city, only individual five baht and ancient city shapes were simpler than the ancient city of L.A. It was judged that its founding age was earlier than the ancient city of L.A, and the lower limit was before Cao Wei. The natural environment around the site is superior, and it is close to the "Loulan Road", and it is close to the good king capital. It has an important strategic position. From the "Hanshu", Feng Fengshi sent Da Wan to Yixun to infer the northern road in the Western Regions. Therefore, the L.K site is consistent with the Iraqi site in the times and positions. In addition, Meng Fan people also speculated that the L.L ancient city of about 3 kilometers northwestern in the L.K site was the later Yixu Duzhi House. The nearby L.M sites and L.R sites should be Yixuntun District. Here is one place with Soon Tuntian. Japanese scholar Akamatsuyan also advocates the L.K site as Yixun City. Wei Jian and Ren Guan praised Meng Wan's argument about the L.K site as the city of Yishan Yixun City, but believed that the L.E site was the Yixu Duzhi House.

Tuyi's site said. In the book "Research on the History of the Kingdom of Loulan" in the book "The History of the Kingdom of Kingdom", based on "Han Book Feng Fengshi Biography", he recorded his "Sending the guests of the Da Wan Kingdom to Yixiu City", and concluded The road of envoys must be from Dunhuang to Loulan, and then to the northwest, via Korla to Shuile, and then passing through the northern road of the Silk Road in the northern part of the green onion, Yixun City must be on this road. Under the premise of premise, he combined the description of the Tang Dynasty's "Yizhou Displaces of the Saizhou" and the excavation of Yixian Jianyu in the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the Tuzheng site to analyze it, and proposed that in the 40 kilometers of the northeast of the ancient city of L.A The Tuyi Site may be Yixun City, and the Milan site is the city of Sabi in the Tang Dynasty.

L.E site said. Yu Zhiyong agreed with the opinions of Nagasawa, such as the "Ilong City" in the Western Han Dynasty "Yixun City" in the article "The Test Examination of the" Yixian City ". It is discussed, but he believes that the area where the Tuyi site is located is not suitable for irrigation agriculture and lacks the conditions for Tuantian Jigu, so it does not support the Turkish site. Under the premise of identifying the ancient city of L.A, through the comprehensive inspection of the ancient city sites and scale in the Loulan area, he proposed that the L.E site is more likely to be Yixun City in the Western Han Dynasty, not the L.K site. Because the L.E site city wall is very similar to the architectural methods of the Great Wall of Dunhuang. Referring to different levels and types of urban barrier sites in Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other places, it can be preserved that L.E is a site of the scale of the "Duwei" governance. In terms of geographical location, the L.E site is closest to the ancient city of Loulan, which meets the layout conditions of King Shan's "according to its prestige". It is located on an important node connected to the west of the Western Regions of Hankong. Conditions; a large number of colored coffin tombs were found near the ancient city, which also showed that this is the important and critical Tunian main place. As a result, the L.E site was finally speculated that the base of Yixuntun in the Western Han Dynasty was also the Tuncheng after the establishment of Yixun Duwei Mansion.

It is not difficult to find that the research on Yixian City's field is not only limited to the site of the city, but also issues such as Loulan and Shan Shandu City. The above views have different understanding of the historical records of Han and Tang dynasties. The archeological materials based on the basis are still the report of Stanin. Later, referring to the field survey data after the founding of the People's Republic of China, but in the end, the lack of system science and complete excavation reports. In this regard, we can only hope that the overall deepening of archeological work in the Lop Nur region will be obtained in the future to obtain more clues.

(Author unit: Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Li Yanling

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