The changes in the Tang Dynasty color service and the ancient Chinese service system

The Tang Dynasty color service refers to the formal form of the government's administrative or affairs department to serve the administrative or affairs department of the government. It developed into the Song Dynasty and evolved into a service, and was inherited by Yuan, Ming and Qing. On the whole, the first and later divisions of the ancient Chinese service system were in the Tang Dynasty. The early Tang Dynasty system inherited the Qin, Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, and the late Tang Dynasty system opened the precedent of the five generations, the two Song Dynasty, and even the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the change of this service system, the Tang Dynasty color service was particularly critical. The rise and fall of its status, the reduction of taxation, and the integration of the structure not only shaped the new aspect of the Song Dynasty system, but also established the basic pattern of the ancient Chinese later service system.

Refined to the subject of the subject. The ancient Chinese service system took the Tang Dynasty as a change node, and in general, it showed a change in the main service of Liqi and military service.

In the early Tang Dynasty, color service has gradually risen and began to erode the status of the main service of the power and military service. The Tang Dynasty service system inherited the traditions of the Qin and Han dynasties. The laws and regulations clearly stipulated that Ding service was the right service. The annual service period was 20 days, and the miscellaneous crickets were used as the legal content of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, it emphasized that "the service does not focus on the military" and the guardian guards of the Fafa government undertake the military service. In contrast, there is no color service position in the duty law, and it is ranked among the duties attached to the officials. However, the people can take the color service to avoid rent, force, and military service, which makes the color service become the essence of the resort. With the continuous expansion of the color service group, Tang Xuanzong's "pseudo -pseudo" became a social problem, and the color service was included in the field of service. After the "Tang Liu Dian" also reduced the samples of the Si of the Si, it indicates that the color service has impacted the power and military service status.

Due to many people's enthusiasts, the exemptions of the service -free Ding drama increased, and the number of service and military service decreased accordingly. In addition, the fugitives of the people were finally in crisis. In this regard, the Tang Dynasty initially adopted the dispatch of households to strengthen the governance, such as Pai Yuli Wentong's "Inspections of Pseudo -Pseudo -Pseudo" and resident escape. However, this measure could not be fundamentally got rid of the crisis, and eventually had to turn to fiscal reform, that is, comprehensive taxation and employment of implementation of service. The force and military service are hired in a statutory form, preparing conditions for the rise of color service to the main service species. However, it should be noted that color service is also taxized at the same time. Because the color service belongs to the composite type and has many service items, the form of the capital courses is complicated than the strong service. In the process of taxation, some color service is completely separated from the service, and it becomes a simplicity of taxation like Lannan Yan. However, some duties are clear and are indispensable in administrative operations, so they can only adopt active duty in the form of long -term active duty with Mingzi or NATO. That is, or the incumbent or the number of courses who become taxable, or become a specialized service, extended time to serve and receive employment for people during the service period. Therefore, there are still some active service after taxation, which leaves room for its future existence.

After the Anshi Rebellion, especially after the two tax laws, the color service evolved into the color of the princes and the prefecture and county color service, and became the usual term of the late Tang Dynasty, showing the establishment of the status of the main service of the color service. After the natal service, the central government has lost its legal status, and the "leased mediocrity" in the two tax laws means that the local service collection is also illegal. However, the state and counties in the late Tang Dynasty were often illegal, which caused the "follow -up" and other forces to exist. However, after all, the miscellaneous lack is a subtraction, so it is often included in the name of the color service. Essence

In the late Tang Dynasty, the color service of the central government and the local government and the county presented a new face during the transition to the fifth generation and Song. The color service of the Central Committee has gradually become officials and gradually replaced by "the officials of the princes". Essence In the Song Dynasty, the service has become the main type of service, and its service structure has been continued by the dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty, forming the era of work in the later period of ancient Chinese society. However, if its main service is changing, the Tang Dynasty color service is actually a major hub.

Lile the taxation path for service. The transformation of the ancient Chinese service system from NASA to tax exemption was also opened in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the color service is at the forefront of taxation. It affects the entire service of service, and has laid the development path of taxation taxation when it is rising to the main service.

The serving of the capital is quite common in the early days of ancient Chinese society. Qin and Han dynasties have the nature of service. In the Western Han Dynasty, the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty appeared "with his capital to hire mediocre", indicating that Yong was an example as an example in the Han Dynasty. The Southern Dynasties, the battle of Ding Ding and the city, and the Northern Dynasties and the craftsmen of the Northern Dynasty. However, the above -mentioned capital service was arranged in the dispatch session, which belongs to the adjustment of the form of service, and must be compensated for service, or used to employ, or maintain operation. Therefore, it is essentially a contribution, not tax. However, in the Tang Dynasty, the capital changed qualitatively, and Tang Changyu said: "As far as the entire service system is concerned, the different point of the Tang Dynasty is the universalization of the capital." Instead of disposal tax. At this time, due to the fiscal unification of collections, the exemption tax has been separated from the compensation of the specific service, and the employment fee is expenditure by the overall fiscal expenditure, which has changed the characteristics of the active fiscal revenue and expenditure. Taxation state.

In the taxation of the early Tang Dynasty, the color service was the most aggressive. For example, the color service of central institutions such as anti -fitting and servants, as a bureaucratic right to be exempt from service. Color service such as body, white straight, and clothes also gradually tended to "give up classes" to become simple taxes. This trend has affected other color service. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), "Yina's capital classes, taking public and private", color service moved to comprehensive taxation. The taxation of color service has also played a traction role for military service and effort. After the twenty -fourth year of Kaiyuan, Li Linfu promoted the tribute of the chief, and he shifted to the general service; the 25th year of the Kaiyuan was generally implemented, and "the state and county had no recruitment." It has been mentioned that the color service belongs to the administrative or affairs department of the government. Even after taxation, fixed personnel still need to bear to maintain the management model of long -term service, which can be retained in the form of active service. As a result, not only the new color service will be derived from the body of the old system, but as the central government decreases layer by layer from the central government's financial employment capacity, the local area will restore certain color service due to insufficient fiscal capacity. At the same time, local grass -roots organizations are also accustomed to direct color service. Therefore, after the taxation and the day of taxation, the color service did not disappear. Instead, it recovered under the special political environment and fiscal system in the late Tang Dynasty, and even a new color service was derived.

The taxation path of the Tang Dynasty color service was also continuously repeated after the Song Dynasty. "It shows that the old service is always unable to cut it completely, and the new duty will re -grow, forming a" accumulation "of taxation, regeneration, and re -taxation. Therefore, the taxation path opened in the later period of ancient Chinese society has been established since the Tang Dynasty.

Promote the reorganization of service structure. The various types of service in the ancient Chinese service system usually cross the combination of each other to form a specific service structure. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, due to the prominent color service, the occurrence of the main service species was changed, and the service system was moved downward. These changes also promoted the reorganization of the service system accordingly.

The pre -Tang Dynasty system included the central service, local miscellaneous, and government soldiers. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the soldiers were united. The men's age was convinced and sold for military service. In the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Time and Military Service moved towards dual tracks, and began to divide the orthodox and miscellaneous fields. Although there is a distance between the professional soldiers and the "service", the characteristics of the "military service" reflect the inertia of the combination of soldiers. It can be seen that the "Royal Central Emperor's Feming" is always the main body of the "Bingbi" service system. Behind it is the original tribute to the system of "the following offer" and "for the emperor". As an administrative agency or officials, the apprentices, officials, service officials, and miscellaneous, and also include color service, which are all in their subordinate status.

As Tang Kai and the heavens are generally served and the system of military soldiers became a fundraising system, the original structure of the original "soldier" was gradually transformed into the structure of the "different service" structure. Essence The structure of the "poor service" no longer emphasizes the central obligation of "for the emperor", but also focuses on the actual local conquest. Because both forces and military service have been hired, the legal commission in the late Tang Dynasty was only color service, or "color mission". At the same time, because the color service has a fixed position and the rated service period, it can be understood as a positive and rated difference, which is different from the "miscellaneous service" such as miscellaneous. In the "poor service" service structure in the late Tang Dynasty, the color service has a statutory status and has a fixed service position, so it has become the main body of the service system. At the same time, the color service has continued to absorb other service categories, such as the special service households fixed after the individual service, as well as from the "official duty" to the rural and the head of the households, thus developing a new form of color service and expanding the connotation of color.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the structure of the "poor service" system was inherited by the Song Dynasty by the Song Dynasty. The fixed differences and miscellaneous differences were always the macro classification of the service system. The main body of the service system has changed from color service to work. The duty includes the rural vocational service and the state and county duty. Because the township vocational duties play a specific management role in the mission, it has more core positions in the early days of ancient China. The concept of Ma Duan was born in the rural service, and Liga in the Ming Dynasty village vocational duty was even known as the "righteous service".

In short, with the Tang Dynasty as the watershed, with the opening of the Tang Xuanzong and the time of the sky, the ancient Chinese service system was transformed in the era of power, military service and service. The Tang Dynasty color service played an important role in this change. It not only promotes the change of the main service of the later period of ancient Chinese society from the power of force and military service to the duty, laid the path of taxation change, but also promoted the reorganization of the structural structure. If the study of the study can also be discovered that the change of the ancient Chinese service system is also in line with the social and economic changes of the Tang and Song dynasties and the front and last period of ancient Chinese society. It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty color service has deeper linkage significance.

(The author is the person in charge of the "Research on the Troubleshooting of the Tang Dynasty" of the National Social Science Fund project, a professor at the School of Social History of Fujian Normal University, and a specially appointed professor of Minjiang scholars)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Wu Shuguo

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