The rural construction in the northwest region must adhere to the construction of the soil

■ King Meng Xiangwu

Earth materials and soil buildings

The construction system in the northwestern region compared with the traditional wooden frame -based construction systems in the southeast region, there are obvious differences. The whole northwest is basically on the north of the Hu Huanyong Line (that is, the Heihe -Tengchong Line). The rainfall is small, the amount of evaporation is large, and the wood resources are less. "Create soil creation" complex. There are also various soil buildings presented, typical of the caves in the Ganshan -Ganshan area, Zhuangguanyuan in the Ganqing area, Aywan houses in Xinjiang area, and a large number of various rammed land. With adobe houses, the corresponding soil construction techniques include dug, ramming construction method, and adobe masonry method.

The soil material refers to the original soil as the main raw material. It does not need to be baked. It only needs to be simply processed and can be used for house construction. Its forms include rammed soil, adobe, mud brick, grass mud, roof soil, gray soil, etc. The soil building refers to the buildings and structures that use the main structure of soil materials to build the main structure, and also refers to various types of buildings that are dug in the original soil or covered with soil and sand and gravel. Objectively speaking, the soil building is a type of building defined by its construction materials. From the perspective of practical creation, the soil building is longer than the beginning of the history of China's own civilization.

History created by earth

Gansu Qingyang area adobe hoop kiln king army/picture

The creation of soil creation is a way to open the civilization of human residence, and it is also the foundation of the "soil civilization" of the region in the historical sedimentation. For prehistoric society, according to the analysis of a large number of soil sites excavated in the Northwest region, humans actively used the soil materials when they were initially contacted, creating the soil creation skills. The first to be formed was the method of digging, and then the tension and adobe masonry method was subsequently. The digging method has played an important role and played an important role in architecture. With the advancement of the ancients' cognition of the wall, the transition from the digging method to the land building method not only improved the technical system for the creation of the soil, but also the key historical testimony of human civilization from the advancement of the acupoint to the ground building.

During the slave social period, according to the research of architecture and city sites in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the ancients had just entered a civilized period with text records. The soil creation technology laid a solid foundation for the formation of the traditional Chinese settlement culture. The ramming method has played a maximum role, and the continuous improvement of version building technology has made the creation of defense systems such as the Great Wall and the Wall. This is the most heavy stroke in the history of Chinese architecture. It excellently interprets an important social value of the "wall" from the beginning of architectural civilization to the extreme use, thereby further establishing the "soil" for the construction culture of the northwestern region's architectural construction culture. Historical status.

During the feudal society, the creation of the soil, on the one hand, gradually became an affiliated craftsmanship in the official building system, and on the other hand, it turned to the local society more and became a suitable technique system that the countryside had always used. This is also an important period for the rural areas in the Northwest region to highlight the regional nature of "building the soil". It contributes the scientific ecological scientific connotation and the joy of creation of the fireworks of the people's residence in rural society. Formed important living customs such as rammed songs and Fenglongkou for the people.

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, hundreds of wastes are waiting, and the creation of soil has opened a real stage of scientific research. The traditional soil technology and scientific experiments in the Northwest region have a chance to cross and implement the research results in employee dormitories, but due to various reasons, the research results have not been effectively used, forming a historical interrogation, failure to successfully transform the transformation successfully Further promotion in the construction of urban buildings, so as to laid the seeds of "soil" and "poverty" in the current rural areas.

The current situation of soil creation

Henan Sanmenxia Digo House King Jun/Photo Confer

The soil building is the oldest and most widely distributed architectural form in the world. According to the United Nations statistics in the early 21st century, more than 2 billion people worldwide lived in various forms of soil buildings. From 2010 to 2011, the results of the sampling survey of the current status of rural farm houses in the country showed that the application of traditional soil materials in the construction of agricultural houses spread throughout various provinces, especially in the Northwest region. More than 20%, this data shows that the Northwest region is an important area of ​​soil building. Long -term, range and share determines the value of soil building in the Northwest region.

However, at present, traditional soil buildings seem to have signs of exiting the historical stage in the development of economic waves. It is undeniable that there are some disadvantages of traditional soil buildings, and the buildings are prone to problems such as basic settlement, wall cracks and decorative surfaces. The construction of the new and old buildings exists together. The construction of the new type of building market shows the characteristics of the construction of traditional soil in both construction costs and construction efficiency. In addition, traditional craftsmen in the Northwest region have been old for one year. Continuously, the experience is even worse, and people who have lived in traditional soil buildings have a overall convergence of ideological consciousness.

The concept of people's creation has undergone tremendous changes. It was once mistakenly thought that the creation of traditional soil was a symbol of poverty. Many media also worsen this wrong concept with labels such as "getting out of the earth and moved into the new tile house". As everyone knows, the "soil material" itself is not wrong. The problem should be the lax of the improvement of technology. In 2017 and 2018, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council successively issued the "Opinions on the Implementation of the Implementation of the Development of the Excellent Traditional Culture inheritance" and "Opinions on the Implementation of the Strategy of Rural Revitalization". The great goal of the rural revitalization planning strategy, the proposal of these policies also provides new development opportunities for the creation of soil. "Lifting bells must also be a bell person." With the pioneer architect's attention, improvement and application of the creation of soil, in the city, the creation of soil creation into people's lives with a differentiated cultural experience. For example, Wang Yan, the winner of the Plitz, not only uses a large amount of rammed earth walls in the actual project, but also adds the technical link of "soil creation" in actual teaching.再如世界人居环境获奖者穆钧，从毛寺生态实验小学开始，到灾后重建的众多项目，他不仅获得了国内外的众多奖项，更是将生土营造从本土带向了世界，让Everyone understands that "soil" and "poverty" cannot be simply equated. Under the leadership of Wang Jun, a master of traditional Chinese residential houses, the Northwest Township Foundation ran all year round on the loess land in the northwest. It has improved the traditional rammed soil construction technology and adopts soil steel structure technology. At the same time, it also uses passive solar technology to form a number of new inventions such as sunshine courtyard and thermal technology. What is more rare is to actively strive for the participation experience of the people and the people.

The future created by the soil

Traditional soil construction in the Northwest region has always adhered to the fine tradition of regional appropriateness, accumulated a wealth of intelligent experience in responding to the changes in compound habitats, and formed the creation of "adaptation of local conditions", "use of local conditions" and "guidance of the potential" in historical evolution. A complete construction system is precipitated in the history of local creation. During the current period of construction, the construction of construction is being abandoned in most regions, which is obviously not wise. By applying the soil materials with dual attributes of regional technology and cultural and cultural, it can be used in regional construction in the new era, which can allow the western region to get out of a path of human settlement different from the economic developed region in the eastern region. From the ideal expectations, this development path can not only solve the material needs of "residents have their own houses", but also meet the spiritual pursuit of "regaining cultural confidence" of "cultural rejuvenation". The issue of regional ecological security "is used to contribute to nature and society with a regional technical and cultural value system.

From the perspective of regional development needs, the Northwest region is still a relatively backward economy. The development of a suitable low technology that is in line with regional economic characteristics is fully in line with the status quo of the region. The northwestern region of my country is rich in loess resources. Taking rammed soil as an example, the loess in each region can be used to build walls after moderately improved. In recent years, the new rammed earth technology has formed a qualitative leap from material to structure, from construction craftsmen to organizational design, which can fully complete the entire process of processing and construction.

From the perspective of future development trends, there is a possibility of in -depth development of multiple perspectives to build soil. First of all, the protection and repair of a large number of existing soil building heritage in the northwest requires the support of traditional soil construction technology; second, the construction of rural residential houses in the northwest region needs to excavate and use traditional soil to create a suitable wisdom. Besides, Northwest China Regional architectural culture requires a scientific attempt for new soil creation to interpret; in the end, in the context of ecological sustainable development, the creation of soil is not only a wisdom of ancient human civilization. A new type of lifestyle of life.

(Author: Meng Xiangwu, associate professor and master's tutor of the School of Design and Art of Lanzhou University of Technology; Wang Jun, a professor and doctoral supervisor of the School of Architecture of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology)

This article was originally published in "China Building Materials News" on August 1, 6 version

Editor: Ding Tao

School pair: He Xinlong

Supervision: Yang Na

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