Farewell, skyscraper

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The advantages of all high -rise buildings are not as good as its disadvantages

Since entering the 21st century, the skyscraper, as a sign of modern urban signs at an amazing speed, has been unplugged in all parts of China, refreshing the city skyline again and again.

According to statistics, China has 40%of the world's ultra -high -rise buildings, 2,395 buildings above 150 meters, 823 buildings above 200 meters, and 95 more than 300 meters. The three indicators ranks first in the world.

From the initial urban landmark buildings to the building -like buildings in various places, the skyscrapers have entered the "mass production" link. However, in recent years, with the increase in the rotten number of skyscrapers, the concerns of the safety of super high -rise buildings caused by the shaking of the Shenzhen Siege Building, and the problems of high management and maintenance costs and potential fire risks in the later period, people are on the skyscraper. Attitude is becoming increasingly rational.

On July 12, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Fourteen Five -Year Plan" Implementation Plan for the New Urbanization of the Fourteen Five -Year Plan ", which strictly restricted the newly built super high -rise buildings: no new buildings of more than 500 meters, strictly restricting new buildings of more than 250 meters.

Insiders believe that this policy change has drawn a "rest symbol" for the era of Chinese skyscrapers.

Four times to introduce the "high order"

China News Weekly learned that since 2020, this has been the fourth time that the "high" policy on construction is issued.

In April 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban -Rural Development and Reform Commission issued the "Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Cities and Architecture", stating that "generally no new buildings must not be built."

In July 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Infrastructure Construction Projects to ensure the safety and quality of the project", which mentioned that "must not be built with over 500 meters over high -rise buildings."

In October 2021, the Ministry of Housing and Urban -Rural Development and the Emergency Management Department issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Ultra -High -rise Construction Planning and Construction". It is clear that cities with less than 3 million people shall not build skyscrapers of more than 150 meters. The above building.

From the initial "generally built", to the later "strict restrictions", the attitude of "high limit" is clear than one at a time.

Prior to this, the country's regulatory intention for ultra -high buildings was already in the end.

As early as February 2016, the central government proposed to strengthen the design and management of public buildings and over -level high -rise buildings, and establish a post -evaluation system after large -scale public construction projects.

In September 2019, the Ministry of Housing and Construction once again emphasized that it is necessary to strictly control the construction of ultra -high -rise construction, strictly implement the system of earthquake anti -approval system for over -limit high -rise construction engineering, and strengthen management of over -level high -rise buildings, fire protection, energy saving and other management.

Tongji University professor of Tongji University who has been engaged in construction energy and environmental management for a long time told China News Weekly. Before the Ministry of Housing and Construction and the National Development and Reform Commission first released a "high -limit order", internal meetings were held Essence

Experts and scholars in related fields of Long Wending and attending the meeting agreed that they should "limit" buildings. "The advantages of all high -rise buildings are not as good as its shortcomings," he said.

Li Xun, a senior urban planner of the China Urban Planning and Design Institute, said in an interview with China News Weekly that super high -rise buildings helped the chaos such as "greed, charming, and seeking monsters".

He said, "Some cities compare to build super -high -rise buildings, blindly pursuing heights first and peculiar forms, which not only causes waste of resources, but also causes thousands of cities and the same way of urban style."

Under a series of policy guidance, the skyscrapers in some planning and construction have also adjusted the height.

Taking Wuhan Greenland Center as an example, the initial planning height was 636 meters, and the planned tallest building was planned, but the final construction height was designated as 475 meters. The Suzhou Central South Center in Suzhou Industrial Park began construction in 2014 and stopped working in April 2015. After starting again in 2020, height dropped from 729 meters to 499.15 meters ...

Under the "High Limited Order", there will inevitably be adjusted the ultra -high buildings under construction in various places. Long Weiding said that at the beginning of the construction of some buildings, the foundation of some buildings was built at the height of 600-700 meters, and now it is not more than 500 meters as required. "Although it has caused a certain waste, the foundation is obviously stronger."

In addition to the "high limit" of ultra -high buildings, the development of county town buildings has also been further standardized.

In June 2021, the 15 departments including the Ministry of Housing and Construction jointly issued the "Opinions on Strengthening the construction of green and low -carbon construction in the county town", which stipulated that the newly -built houses in the county are dominated by 6 floors. The highest does not exceed 18 floors.

It is not a manifestation of enhanced economic strength

The source of super high -rise buildings can be traced back to October 8, 1871.

At that time, an unexpected fire burned in Chicago in the United States for 2 days, causing 100,000 people to displacement, more than 60,000 wooden buildings were destroyed, and the city center became a scorched soil in just 30 hours.

During the reconstruction, in order to save land in the city center, high -rise buildings came into being. Chicago was born in the world's first skyscraper -the Chicago Family Insurance Building, with a total of 10 floors and 42 meters high.

Later, thanks to the rapid economic development, the skyscrapers quickly spread all over the streets of major American cities and continued to refresh the high record.

In the 21st century, the high -speed growth of China's economy brought the golden age to the real estate industry, and it provided support for the rise of super high -rise buildings. Shenzhen Sieg Building. Figure/Figure insect creativity

With the intensification of urbanization, people around the first- and second -tier cities gradually gather to urban centers, driving the price of core cities to rise, and spawning a large number of office and living needs.

Based on the role of super high -rise buildings in intensive use of land resources and promoting urban economic and social development, build ultra -high -rise buildings, increase plot ratio, and "upward growth" has become a common choice for some urban development.

According to data from the World Society of High -rise Buildings and Urban Human Residence (CTBUH), in the past ten years, the growth of the world skyscrapers has been largely promoted by China.

In the TOP50 list of the Global Skyscrapers in 2022, China was on the list of 25, occupying half of the rivers and mountains. 632 meters of Shanghai Central Building, 599.1 meters of Shenzhen Ping An International Financial Center, 530 meters of Guangzhou Chow Tai Fang Financial Center, Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Center at 530 meters, and 527.7 meters of Beijing CITIC Building Gaoju List.

Of course, the significance of super high -rise buildings is not only height.

For modern cities, the landmark buildings that have a beauty design constitute the skyline are very visually impactful. What's more, ultra -high -rise buildings can also drive foreign investment and enterprises to enter, thereby driving regional economic development.

Therefore, some local governments have even formulated better conditions for urban skyline competition, and have released documents to promote the construction and development of super high -rise construction projects.

For example, in August 2012, a document issued by a city in Guangxi stated that if super high -rise buildings exceeded 300 meters, the plot ratio of parts below 150 meters according to the current regulations, and calculating the land transfer price in accordance with the current regulations. price.

Song Yanhao, a professor at the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University, once said that building super -high -rise buildings is actually an insurmountable technical threshold for China where construction technology is booming today.

At the same time, China's economy is booming, which is enough to support super high -rise buildings with a huge sum of money to build a height of more than 500 meters. But he believes that "can build" does not mean "must be built."

From the perspective of Long Weiding, the skyscrapers bloom all over the ground, not all the reflection of the enhancement of economic strength. Especially in some cities out of actual needs, the skyscrapers are used as an important output window to show the local "political achievements", and the public investment of tens of billions of yuan will be used to build landmark buildings.

Li Xun said that because some places do not consider the local economic strength and the actual needs of office buildings to build ultra -high buildings, there are great potential risks of this unrealistic high -rise building economy.

It is understood that China's ultra -high -rise buildings are mainly high -end office buildings and hotel formats, and due to increased supply, the current vacancy rate of office buildings is extremely high.

According to Li Xun, the vacancy rate of Grade A office buildings in some places has reached more than 30%, and even more than 50%of individual cities.

Ratal risk and cost of high luck and maintenance

"The construction cost of super high -rise buildings is high. If a high -rise building cannot be sold or unable to rent out, many developers cannot return funds. The response, even rotten. "Li Xun said.

以天津117大厦为例，该大厦曾以596.5米的高度号称打造中国第三高楼，总投资接近700亿，但从2008年开始动工至今，耗时十多年，经历了几乎所有危机——停工, Re -work, shortage of funds, transfer, etc., the date of completion is still far away.

The Foshan International Business Center also broke the capital chain on the way, which once became the largest rotten tail building in the local area. After 10 years of shutdown, it was finally auctioned at a low price of 120 million.

According to data from the world's high -rise buildings and urban people's residences, as of May 2022, China has 81 skyscrapers with "unfinished" and "suspension of construction", of which 66 are "rotten".

At the same time, problems such as earthquake resistance, ventilation, power supply, and drainage of super high -rise buildings are far more complicated than ordinary buildings.

When the building exceeds a certain floor, the windproof and shock -proof, safety and other factors will surge in building costs. According to Long Weiding, the cost of construction of super high -rise buildings is much higher than ordinary buildings, and its later management and maintenance costs are even higher.

For example, ultra -high -rise buildings use high -speed running elevators. Affected by the building's high -altitude swinging, the elevator technology is very difficult and the maintenance cost is high. Because super high -rise buildings are full -closed buildings, the energy consumption of cooling and heating is high and high cost ...

Long Weiding said, "The energy consumption of super high -rise buildings is generally about 30%higher than ordinary buildings."

Taking the Harry Fafa of the UAE Dubai as an example, when the building is the highest peak in summer, it takes about 10,000 tons of ice cubes to melt the refrigeration capacity. Light 360,000 100 watts of light bulbs.

Due to the long period of use of ultra -high -rise buildings, the uncertainty of the external environment and the attenuation of their own resistance may cause unpredictable emergencies. The fire rescue of super high -rise buildings is still a worldwide problem.

An unnamed firefighter told China News Weekly that the evacuation path and evacuation width of the skyscraper building were limited. Many times, they had to rely on the firefighting facilities inside the building to extinguish the fire, or concentrated on the refuge layer to wait for rescue. The team's resources are equipped with the possibility of escape. A 100 -meter -high high -rise building, without blocking, the flue gas can spread to the top floor in only half a minute, and the speed is about 10 times the horizontal direction.

However, the highest operating height of the fire truck is more than 100 meters, which is still to ensure the work venue and the data under the premise of carriers. When facing the fire, the effective height of the fire truck can generally only reach about 50 meters.

Therefore, once a fire occurs in the skyscraper, it is easy to form a strong "chimney effect", and personnel evacuation, escape, and fire extinguishing work will be quite difficult.

After completion, there are still problems such as demolition and reconstruction of super high -rise buildings. Due to the explosion of plot ratios and high costs of skyscrapers, after the construction of the building is aging, not only the cost is high, but the possibility of demolition is also minimal.

According to the "new regulations" released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban -Rural Development in 2022, the situation of large -scale demolition and large construction will be contained. Great expenses.

Long Weiding introduced that in the early years, Japan had done calculations that the operation and maintenance costs of super high -rise buildings in the later period will account for 60%of the total cost. "No matter what the construction is in the early stage, the operation and maintenance of the later period is the key to maintaining the life cycle of super high -rise buildings."

Author: Chen Shulian ([email protected])

Edit: Sun Xiaobo

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