Great Production Movement and Rural Construction of Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningbian District

In 1944, Zhang Side responded to the Party Central Committee's call on the development of the Great Production Movement and took the initiative to sign up to participate in the production team of the central government. The picture shows Zhang Side (left) who burned charcoal with his comrades.

In the modern Chinese country economy, some people of insight recognize the urgency and severe nature of China's rural issues. They conducted an attempt represented by the rural construction campaign, but the effect is very unsatisfactory. Chinese Communists attach great importance to rural issues and believe that "China's revolution is essentially a peasant revolution." During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Communist Party of China held up the banner of anti -Japanese democracy. Based on the large -scale production movement, it carried out a systematic social and economic construction in the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxian area, and accumulated valuable experience in rural governance modernization, rural social organization, and the development of agricultural economic economic development.

Material benefits that can be visible to the people

1941 was the most difficult year for the economy in the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningbian area. Mao Zedong said: "We used to get almost no clothes, no oil, no paper, no food, soldiers without shoes, and the staff were not covered in winter. The Kuomintang used the suspension of funds and economic blockade to treat us, trying to trap us, and our difficulties are really great. "

In order to solve the urgent need, the border area government can only adopt the method of levying the country to save the country. But the heavy fiscal burden quickly aroused complaints. The inspection found that "there are too many grains in Zhenggong, some people are unhappy." How to overcome difficulties? There are two methods: one is to do subtraction to reduce public grain (the public grains in 1942 dropped from the original 190,000 stones to 160,000 stones), and the fine troops were simplified (reduced the number of out -of -production personnel) to reduce the burden of farmers; The large -centered production movement centered on agriculture increases agricultural output. As a result, the vigorous production movement was launched in the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxian area.

At the senior cadre meeting of the Northwest Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong pointed out in the report of "Economic and Financial Issues" that "All empty talks are useless and must give the people the material benefits that can be seen." In the large -scale production movement, the border area, the border area, Under the leadership of the party and governments at all levels, farmers have determined the food production plan of "Flowing One One", "Renji One" and "Gengsi 1" in different circumstances. Workers. In addition to planting the original cultivated land, farmers are also encouraged to actively reclaim wasteland, carry out production competitions, actively hand in grain, grass, and participate in salt transportation, spinning, construction of water conservancy, and martyrs. While promoting the large -scale production movement, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China further improved the reform of the lease system with rental and interest rate reduction as its core, which effectively mobilized the production enthusiasm of all levels of rural areas. During the rental reduction process, people organizations such as farmer associations, tenants, and rent -reduction associations have also been established in various parts of the border areas to specialize in the protection of the protection of rent -reduction and farmers' power.

After two years of hard work, it has basically achieved self -reliance, full -scale food, and the living standards of people in the border areas have improved significantly. 1943年，延安市西沟农民“康树德家里，每天吃白面或荞面一顿，两顿小米饭，并经常吃着肉食；康树德本人，则每天早上吃着白面馍馍或烙饼，酒、肉、 Stir -fried. During the Dragon Boat Festival, the whole family dinner, slaughtered a pig, wrapped five liters of glutinous rice dumplings. " The steamed rice and dried rice are replaced. Dragon Boat Festival family dinner, eat chicken, wine, wine and vegetables. "Li Chengzhi, a peasant, Xuejiagou, Wuxiang, Seven District, Zhidan County. Twenty feet and 30 feet of cloth in winter clothes; and planned to "eat five sheep (have killed three, and have to kill two) in 1943. In the annual festival, two big pigs are killed. Eat meat, eat two noodles every three days, and use two or two oils every day. "Gao Fengcheng, a farmer in Xiying Village, Xiying Village, Four District, Ansai County. On the New Year, you have to kill a fat pig. You can eat well in the first month. You usually eat five times a month, six times or noodles. You can eat well every time. Putting one or two more oil, this is a general way of eating. "

Do a good job of adding agricultural production

The improvement of agricultural production capacity depends not only on the enthusiasm of farmers, but also depends on the supporting facilities such as farming technology, good variety promotion, production organization forms, and production funds. Most of the farming methods in the border area are quite extensive. In order to achieve the task of increasing the production of "Royn Eli and One", the border government requires generally improving farming technology to increase crop yield. In addition, farmers from all over Yan'an have basically did not fertilize in the past. After the government advocated, various places have paid more attention to accumulation of fertilizer, and many people are picking up dung every day. Farmers use various methods to increase the source of fertilizer, such as raising more livestock diligence, to build more toilets to pick up dung, 沤 农 农, digging ash and garbage soil. Before 1943, only about a quarter of farmers in Yanchuan County had a toilet, and the sanitary conditions were poor, and it was not conducive to accumulating fertilizer. After the county government was vigorously called, in 1944, a total of 3,160 toilets were repaired in the county. In March 1943, one of Yanchuan County's conditions to propose a labor competition to Gu Ling County and Yanxian County was to increase fertilization, that is, 10 bags of fertilizer and 15 cotton pockets for each meal.

The distribution of agricultural loans to support rural economic development is one of the center of financial work in the border area. On December 15, 1941, according to the proposal of the Bank of Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxin Border Area, the border area government decided to establish the Agricultural Loan Commission, with 7 members including Li Dingming and Gao Li. Subsequently, the county also established the Agricultural Loan Commission or Office. In January 1942, the border area government formulated the "Basic tasks of agricultural loans and the current implementation measures". In early 1943, according to Mao Zedong's proposal, the Border District Government formulated the "Thirty -two years (1943) Agricultural Loan Implementation Measures", "Interim Organization Measures for the Agricultural Loan Group", and "Agricultural Loan Articles of Agricultural Loan Loan", "The Measures for the Implementation of Agricultural Loan Groups", and so on. Border areas are divided into four categories: production, deputy industry, supply and marketing, and farmland water conservancy. The interest rate of agricultural loans is 1 point for a long time, and the short -term monthly interest rate is 1 %. In 1942, the border bank bank issued a total of more than 960,000 yuan in cotton planting, which doubled the area of ​​cotton in the border area, and the cotton output rose from 500,000 kg to 1.4 million pounds. Qingmiao loan is set up to solve the difficulty of farmers' production and living funds during the growth of crops and crack down on usury. According to statistics, in 1942, the Border District Bank issued a total of 460,000 yuan in cotton green seedlings in Yan'an County, Yanchuan County, and Yanxian County, which was equivalent to 11989 catties of cotton. In addition, wheat and Migu Qingmiao loans were also issued in Yan'an, Ganquan and other counties, a total of 685,000 yuan, regardless of interest. The farmland water conservancy loan is generally issued by the Border House Construction Department, and the bank assists. From 1945 to the spring of 1946, the border area government issued a total of 6 million yuan in water conservancy loans in Zichang County, 316 acres of new water renovation, and replenished 609 acres of water, and increased more than 300 grains. While using and transforming various forms of non -governmental labor mutual assistance, organizing the masses to develop agricultural and sideline, handicrafts, and transportation, it also enables the old labor mutual assistance organizations to have new properties: restricting exploitation, rewarding labor, and breaking the first of the small farmers' economy. Restrictions -scattered individual labor. On November 29, 1943, Mao Zedong called on the labor hero conference of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In order to mobilize without exception, organize it, and become a labor army. "It is advocated that the form of labor assistance such as workers, changing workers, and gongs and drums in various parts of the border areas is advocated. In 1943, the labor hero Wu Man You organized the village to form the work of Wujiazao Garden, which greatly enhanced the labor productivity and made the village the most exemplary village in the entire side of the region and the largest number of food in the whole side of the area. Luojiaping Village, Yan'an County was originally a poor village. In 1944, it organized a change of work team. 19 in the village changed to work with each other, and agricultural and sideline were promoted together. From 1944 to 1946, the village increased 53 stones for food, and every family had more food. According to statistics, by December 1944, 46.5%of the labor force (including semi -labor) participated in the work of fighting and changing workers. The agricultural production cooperatives in the border area are divided into types of wasteland cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, and transportation cooperatives. By the end of 1944, various types of cooperatives have grown to 425, nearly a thousand operating units, and 250,000 members.

Give a new face for rural society

In order to build a model for the new democratic society, the party and the government have adopted a variety of measures and means to eliminate vulgar and evil habits, and through publicity, refreshing the people's spiritual world, and changing the social appearance of the rural areas in the border area.

The transformation of the second -row is a mass movement starting from Yan'an County. According to the survey of the Border District Government Construction Department, before 1937, Yan'an City had a population of less than 3,000, while the hooligan and land was nearly 500; the population of Yan'an County was about 30,000, and the hooligan and the ground were 1692; Roughly similar. Not only did some second -class sons not produce, they also stood on the side of the road and said strange things: "We don't plant land, there is no these troubles!" Relying on a mouth and rogue means, it openly violates government laws. In order to build a new democratic society, a thorough transformation must be carried out. In the spring of 1940, Yan'an County held a production mobilization conference in Miaogou Township, and proposed that the second -rate son participated in production. By the end of 1941, the second -class sub -sons of Yan'an County decreased by 72%. The work of Yan'an County was affirmed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Mao Zedong praised: "The spirit of comrades in Yan'an County is the spirit of Bolshevik." On January 14, 1943, when the Northwest Bureau High -Gold Association commended the production hero and advanced collective in the production movement, Mao Zedong gave the inscription of Wang Yinian, secretary of the Yan'an County Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Liu Bingwen, the county government of the county government- "good at leading the masses". And hope that the Northwest Bureau and the Border District Government will promote their model experience to other counties, districts, and towns as soon as possible. On February 14, "Jiefang Daily" published the editorial "Transformation of the Second -Stream", actively promoting the experience of the second -class transformation of Yan'an County. From March 4th to 5th, the Central Production Commission held a general mobilization meeting of various troops, agencies, and school production in Yan'an. Zhu De instructed: "In production, there is no loser and a second -class." So far climax. The 1943 production plan formulated by Liuxiang, Chuankou District, Yan'an County, clearly stipulates that "squeeze the second -rate squeeze on production". The methods include: the combination of individual persuasion with the struggle of the public meeting; designated the land -opening place and scope; the burden of the village's obligations is added to the second -rate sons who do not participate in production; The transformation method is the same as the second -class son. Yan'an City formulates the Convention on the Reconstruction of the Second -Stream: Do not stain bad hobbies; do not string the door; do not recruit idlers; do not provoke right and wrong; there must be a legitimate occupation; At the same time, compulsory measures are also adopted to promote the transformation of second -rate sub -sections. For the stubborn second -class sub -seduces, centralized control and forced labor are adopted to carry out an organized and renovated transformation. Relying on the power of the masses to transform the second -class son and let the prestigious people and labor heroes in the countryside persuade the second -class son, it is an effective way. For example, Shen Changlin in Yan'an City helped the two second -class transforms, and Yang Chaochen helped six second -class sub -sections to achieve a transformation. In addition, Yan'an literary workers also used the familiar forms of the masses to edit the "Brothers and Sisters", "Second -Streaming Heroes" and other Yang opera opera and folk song nursery rhymes to penetrate the rural tour. After all aspects of efforts, the transformation of the second -class movement has achieved great results, increased labor, and consolidated social stability. In 1944, a Chinese and foreign reporter's northwest visiting delegation was surprised to discover: "There is no phenomenon of Tangtang there, and people urge each other to live with each other, so most of them are called" assault players' ''. Two streams, these people were treated everywhere, they were despised. "

Opium is the evil habit of the old society to the people of the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxin border area, which seriously affects economic construction and social atmosphere. In June 1938, the publication of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, "The Mass", published an editorial: "Smoking is the same as the Anti -Japanese War. We must regard it as a struggle for national liberation. The majority of people come together to work together. "The main way of banning smoke poisons in the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningbian District Government is to legislate, ban and mobilize people's supervision, etc. The main approach is to ban the planting, strictly investigate opium smuggling, and transform the hobby of opium. In order to check and handle the citizenship criminal activities in the border areas, the Shaanxi -Gansu -Ningxian Border Region Banning Supervision Office was established in 1942, and later set up a smoking inspection division in important cities and towns. On September 11, 1943, the Border District Government issued the "Instruction Letter to Prohibit the Disperture to the Commissioner's Office of the County (City) Government", which put forward specific requirements for helping smokers quit smoking, called for the formation of mass smoking quitting campaign, and mobilized smokers to carry out performers for performed to carry out to carry out to carry out to carry out performers for performed smokers for conduct Quit smoking competition. Liu Shenghai in Wuqi County is a model of quitting smoking addiction in the border area. After quitting smoking, he quickly got rich through hard work and became a well -known labor hero. Liu Shenghai's deeds were promoted by the Jiefang Daily and organizations at all levels, which caused a lot of shocks in society and promoted smoking prohibition and anti -drug. Taking Yan'an City as an example, 1500 smokers registered in 1939, 1,398 drug drugs have been detoxified by 1941, with a detoxification rate of 93%. By the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the preparation of opium was almost extinct.

Model village is a new thing emerging in the major production movement. The construction of model villages starts from Yan'an County. The first exemplary village in the Shaanxi -Gansu Ningbian District is Wujiazaoyuan Village in Liulin District, Yan'an County. In November 1943, the Northwest Bureau entertained the Labor Hero Conference call, "The labor hero must become the core and flag of the production of a village and a village." The exemplary production experience of Wujiazaoyuan Village has been promoted to the second village of Liulin District, Yan'an County, making it a model township. Inspired by this, more labor heroes have stated that they are ready to expand their personal production experience to the whole village to make it a model village. In 1944, the construction of model villages in the border area entered the peak, and production model villages, cultural model villages, sanitary model villages, salt modation villages, textile model villages, etc. emerged. The construction of model villages not only promotes the continued development of the large -scale production movement, but also has a very prominent role in rural social transformation and farmers' education. Yangjiawan Village, Beijiao Township, Beibei District, Yan'an, used to be a typical dirty village that does not talk about hygiene. The district, township cadres, and doctors patiently explained the persuasion, and built toilets for them, digging garbage pits, cleaning the yard, etc., Yangjiawan's sanitary status and hygiene concepts have completely improved. From then on, there were no longer livestock dung, broken firewood, and cleanse on the village road. In addition to the three times the village's cleaning, the villagers saw that they were not clean, and they scrambled to clean the garbage. Various utensils and quilt clothes in each kiln are neatly placed. They often hit flies. The pots are brightened, and their feet and caves are cleaned. Villagers have the habit of washing their faces every day, and often bathing. , Washing and disassembling the consciousness of the quilt; every day the woman in the family cooks a pot of boiling water, and some boil some mung bean soup. Because of these changes, Yangjiawan Village was rated as a sanitary model village in the health movement. (Wang Jincheng, author unit: China Yan'an Cadre College)

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