Jin Dynasty heritage exists in Taiyuan

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After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, first built the capital of the capital of Beijing (now Acheng, Heilongjiang). The construction of China is magnificent. The palace is used as a Taiwan -based railing with Han Baiyu. The green glazed tiles are strong and the decorative is gorgeous. The important Jin Dynasty buildings include the Three Holy Halls and Mountain Gate of Datong Shanhua Temple, Wenshu Temple of the Wutai Foguang Temple, Chongfu Temple in Shuozhou, and Fan Yanyan Mountain Temple. The latter also preserves large golden murals, which is the earliest existing temple mural relic.

The rulers of the Jin Dynasty respect Confucianism, repaired the Qufu Confucian Temple, and repaired Zhuyue Temple, Temple and Houtu Temple. The engraving plane map left after the rebuilding is an important information about the ancient building complex (you can check the Golden Temple Monument).

The Jin Dynasty architecture is quite creative. The so -called "institutional is not through."

In the Song, Liao, and Golden periods, imitation wood bricks are commonly used in masonry tower and masonry tombs. The brick carving stage scene in Houma Jin has the earliest information of the Chinese theater architecture.

During the Golden period, there are a small number of brick towers and stone bridges scattered on the northern land in addition to the wooden structure houses.

Taiyuan existing golden wooden structure ancient building

The architectural style of the Jin Dynasty is different from the architecture of the Song Dynasty, because its culture is different from Han culture, and some changes have undergone construction concepts and creation methods. The Golden Dynasty was established from 1115 AD to 120 years in the country. The territory of Taiyuan's entry into the Jinguo was in September 1126, the year before the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. During this period, the architectural structure of the Taiyuan area had both the essence of the Han culture of the Song Dynasty and the style of northern culture. Therefore, the unique characteristics of the Taiyuan Jindai architecture were formed.

The ancient construction of the ancient construction of Shanxi has more research on the development and evolution of the Jin Dynasty architecture. Among them, there are various claims such as the central and late periods of the middle and evening of the middle of the middle and the middle of the middle of the duct (mainly Jin south). However, Taiyuan is located in the central part of Shanxi. Its golden architecture is affected by various factors. The above statements are reflected in Taiyuan and are not exactly the same. Let's analyze the existing Jin Dynasty wooden building in Taiyuan to find out the style and staging node of the Taiyuan Golden Dai architecture.

Three golden buildings in the Taiyuan area are: the Dacheng Hall of the Qingyuan Wenmiao Temple, the Three Holy Hall of the Erfu Temple of Yangqu Fu, and the Jin Temple.

1. Qingyuan Literature Temple Dacheng Hall

According to the "Chronicle of the Qingyuan County" in Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty, the three years of Jindai and Zhang Deyuan, Zhixian County, to build the Qingyuan Temple. Jin Dynasty architecture now only has Dacheng Hall. The Dacheng Hall has three rooms (13.15 meters), three depths (13.3 meters), planes are square, and six eaves of the eaves are made of both eaves. With 16 columns, dual grooves in the body. There is a platform in front of the hall.

Figure 1 Qingyuan Wen Temple Dacheng Hall

The structure of the Dacheng Temple beams is: the eaves on the stigma, the forehead of the stigma, and the conjunction of the general shot. The front eaves stagnate applies the forehead, the general shoots, and the upper and inside and out of the inside and outside. Mingjian Liangfu is a four -pillar of the four pillars of the four pillars. Liang head is not going out. In front of the temple, the inside of the hall is made of five shops, and the second floor of the Huayu is inherited with the tail of the milk and the four crickets. There are humps on the milk cricket, and the hump should be used to fight on the top of the hump. The shadow of the horizontal pupae is engraved on the top of the 刻, and the upper scattered fights are supported by the wood and the puppet. The vertical mud road is slowly set up, and the second floor is set up on the top of the scattered bucket. Two -petal humps are placed on the milk and the four pupae heads, and the humping peaks are set on the outside and outside the four paves. The first layer of 枋, the first layer of 襻 枋 is engraved with shadows, and the second layer of the scattered dot is placed on the second layer. The muddy road of the second room is slowly placed on the upper scattering of the mountain. In the backward direction, the inner column stigma was not used with a bucket, and the stigma was straight to the four 栿 栿. The mountain milk is inserted into the inner column head, and the tail of Ding Ying is put on the four puppets, and the pillar is supported by the pillar. Mingjun is a longitudinal connection at the south side of the back tail of the two Ding Ding. Two rooms are separated from the pier between the cream and the diced pier. Between the three crickets and the flat beams, the hump and the cross are intersecting the pad, and the feet are obliquely in the middle of the flat. There are Shuzhu on the flat beam, which is stable. There is a shun ridge between Shuzhu.

Figure 2 Qingyuan Wenmian Temple Daicheng Temple Popular Popp

Figure Sanqingyuan Wen Temple Dacheng Hall Liang frame

Dacheng Temple stigma and beams are all preserved. There are 36 eaves paving. Except for the pillars, there are two supplements in each room.

Figure 4 Qingyuan Wenmian Temple Dacheng Hall Liang Figure

While continuing the practice of the Song Dynasty, its wooden rack adopted Ding Hua wipest, Shuzhu was stable, and the practice of the fork was holding the spine. Ding Hua wiped out in the Song Dynasty, which was generally used in the Song Dynasty, and after Jin Dading, it also became the basis for building stages. The pinch of the feet is between the wood and the flat, and the architectural techniques such as the oblique straight type are different from the architecture of the Song Dynasty. From the above structure, it can be seen that Dacheng Hall has the obvious characteristics of the golden architecture in central Shanxi, which is in line with historical records. Although it has been repaired later, the subject has not changed greatly.

Second, Yangqu Fuji Temple Three Holy Hall

There are three questions about the Three Holy Hall ridges: "The Han Dynasty, the old man, the year, the old and the Song Dynasty of the Song Dynasty, the Songhui of the Song Dynasty"; Reconstruction of the Fayang on the 17th of the Ugly Moon ", which is written in the middle of the middle and two ends of the lower skin of the Mingjian ridge, should be inscribed for the same period. From the inscription, it can be judged that the three temples were founded in the nine years of the five generations of the Northern Han Dynasty. According to the inscriptions of the second year of the Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1724), the temple was "created from the six years of Jin Mingchang and rebuilt in the 12th year of Yuanzheng." It can also fully prove that the three Holy Halls of the Temple Temple were built for six years in Jinmingchang. Figure Five Big Temple and Temple Three Holy Hall

The building is south to the south, with three wide faces and three depths. The plane is nearly square, with a building area of ​​147.6 square meters. A single eaves hang on the top of the mountain, the front eaves are out of the corridor, and the eaves are used to fight with five paves. The eaves are 2.31 meters. The material is 21 cm high, 13 cm wide, and 9 cm height, which is the fifth -class material specified in the "Create French". From the perspective of materials, it reflects its influence of the architectural culture of the north and Liao Dynasty, and is based on the architectural style of solemnity, magnificent and rich.

The beams are four pillars in the front and rear, and the front corridor -style single eaves are not made of both ends. The ratio of the discount is 1: 3.7, which is similar to the "French" of the Song Dynasty. The center of gravity of the forefront is not the same as the eaves pillars but falls at the back end of the puppet. At this time, the lead is loading. The purpose is to expand the space of the gallery. The eaves stigma is set up with the four puppets, and the back end of the four puppets is separated from the back of the inner column. The front end and the puppet are equipped with a hump inheritance. Above the hump and the fighting beam with the hump and the fighting. On the flat beams, Shuzhu is set up with a hump, and the spine is set on the Shuzhu. The upper fork holds it in the ridge, with Ding Hua stable, and the lower road holds the hand to the bottom of Ding Hua. The establishment of the double fork is a basic architectural feature in the early Northern Song Dynasty to the early Gold.

Figure Liu Fuji Temple Three Holy Temple Liang Figure

From the perspective of the overall structure of the beam frame, the handover points of the beams use the hump, and the upper and lower levels are connected to the feet to form a "holding foot holding". The specifications of beams, columns, buckets, and component materials are based on the provisions of "Create French".

Third, Jin Temple offering hall

The Dianxian Hall is located in the Jin Temple 20 kilometers south of Taiyuan City. In front of the Virgin Temple, the two palaces are separated by Yu Magua flying beams. It is used to place the palace of the ancestor of the Jin Dynasty, Tang Shuyu, the mother of the Kingdom of Jin. Three rooms (1256 cm), three four sideways (757 cm) in the depths of the temple, and the top eaves. The Mingjian Liang frame uses the two pillars in front and rear eaves, and the hump to support the pad between the beams. The ends of the four strokes stretched into the stigma shop, and the head and Lingya surrendered. The humpy peak was applied above the four crickets, the humping beam was on the hump, and there was no barriers to fight. There are Shuzhu on the flat beam, and the sides of the Shuzhu are stable. Shi Jianjian on the Shuzhu, and for the wooden ridge. There is a fork hand on both sides of the, and the upper ends of the feet support flat. On the flat beam, Shu Zhu inherited the structure of the fifth generation and the Song Dynasty in central Shanxi. The stigma shop turned out to be a two -sized five -storey shop. The Building Shop is used as a single Single Single and the Five Shop. Its structural point continues the system of the Song Dynasty. From the comparison of the structure of the Virgin Temple, it can be seen that the premium hall is the same as that of the Virgin Hall and Xia Ping. Mr. Liang Sicheng described the Sideline Xian Temple in the Jin Temple in the "Pre -Investigation of the Ancient Architecture of Jinfen": "Before the palace is in the main hall, the pond is released from the section. Under the same regulation. "

Figure Seven Jin Temples Destruction Hall

Fourth, the comparison of Jin Dynasty architecture in Taiyuan area

The Jin Temple was built in the eight years of Jin Dading (1168). The Sansho Temple of Fuji Temple was built in the six years of Jinmingchang (1195). The Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Wenwen Temple was built in Jindai and three years (1203). Due to the inheritance of the Song Dynasty, the characteristics of the Jin Dynasty are not obvious, and there is no comparison here.

(1) Comparison analysis of the structure of the beam frame

1. The spine, the fork, and Ding Hua wiped out

In the early days of the Jin Dynasty, most of the spine was made of two materials. After Kim Da Ding, the single -materials began to become the mainstream. From the perspective of the Dacheng Hall of the Qingyuan Wenwen Temple and the Both Temple of Fuji Temple, it is a single material. It can be seen that the inheritance and flow of architectural style can be seen.

The Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Wenwen Temple is a single fork, and the fork is held between the wood and the ridge, which continues the practice of the Song Dynasty. The three holy halls of the two temples are double forks. Regarding the changes in the fork, Mr. Li Huizhi pointed out in the study of the "Before the Previous Wood Structural Building Area of ​​Shanxi": "The structure of the upper flat beam in the middle of the Song Dynasty changed, the structure technology of a composite fork hand, and continued to the gold to gold to gold In the early stages of generation, the structure point of the ink hand was the same as the fifth generation and the early Song Dynasty. The ink hand directly held the ridge, and the single fork hand was reused in the middle of the golden generation, and the spinal structure point was moved to the ridge. "Yi On the previous terms, although the completion of the Three Holy Halls of the Temple of Two Temple was only 8 years earlier than the Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Temple, it has been divided into two building time periods. In addition, at the same time, the setting of Ding Huayu's setting and region also discussed: "After the golden generation, the wood structure buildings have more Dinghua wipes, and all the feet of Shu Zhu are stable. Shanxi) Southeast of Shuzhu, and stable and solidly; (Shanxi) the southwestern part of the Song Dynasty continued the hump and the 襻 山 山. "The two golden buildings of Taiyuan have Dinghua wipes, so that Taiyuan Jin Dynasty The architectural structure is more scientific and ornamental. The setting of the double fork hand in Shanxi is very scarce in the existing ancient buildings in Shanxi, and has become a rare treasure in studying the development of ancient architectural structures in the Taiyuan area. 2. Camel, co -stepping and Shu Zhu

The flat beams of these two buildings are padded in hump and fighting. Shuzhu is made of square wiping. However, the Shuzhuzhu of the Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Wenwen Temple is stable. The Shuzhu of the Three Holy Temple in Fuji Temple stands above the hump and fighting. The changes in the structure point of Shuzhu's feet are in the early stage of the hump, and the later period is stable. And this has also become a feature of architectural stages and affected by regional architectural styles.

(2) Comparison analysis

The Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Wenmiao Temple is the four shops. Douyu's single material is 5.46 inches (17.5 cm) and the material is 3.36 inches (11.5 cm), which is consistent with the seventh -class material specified in the "Create French" large wooden work system.

Figure eight Qingyuan Wenmian Temple Daicheng Temple Pillar Palace

The three holy halls of Fuji Temple, as the five shops, made the heart, and the stigma shop was used to make a single single -handed fight. After the tail of the complement, the tail of the Zhennang is used as a rod component, and the flattening is picked up, that is, the golden bucket of the golden Douke of the Qing Dynasty. The horizontal puppet is all single materials. Douyu's single material is 6.55 inches (21 cm), and the material is 3.8 inches (13 cm). It is similar to the fifth equal material specified in the "French" large wooden work system in the Song Dynasty.

Figure Jiu Fu Er Temple Three Holy Hall Pillar Popping Figures

Figure 10 Fuji Temple Three Holy Temple Building Panels

From the perspective of the material, the three holy halls of the Temple Temple are higher than the two levels of the Dacheng Temple of the Qingyuan Temple. However, the two buildings are also three halls, and the Dacheng Hall of the Qingyuan Wenwen Temple is the top -shaped shape of Xieshan, but the three holy halls of Fuji Temple are the top -shaped shape of the hanging mountain. The opposite phenomenon appears, just to show that the two buildings are in the time node of the building staging. At present, it is generally believed that the Jin Dynasty architecture was based on the middle period of Jin Dading as the staging node of the Jin Dynasty building. Especially the Shanxi and southeast of Shanxi, the most obvious, but the Taiyuan area was relatively north. During the period from Jinchu to Jinzhang Zongchang, the wooden building in Taiyuan area was based on the use of the Song "French -style French" and combined with some materials in the northern and Liao Dynasty buildings to form similar but not exactly the same as the Song -style architecture as the Song Dynasty architecture. A new architectural style. It shows that the architecture of the Taiyuan area in the early days of the Jin Dynasty was greatly affected by the architectural style of the Liao Dynasty, and the beam frame system and the production style were deeply affected by the Liao culture. It was only after Jintai and after the construction of the Central Plains, and the Liao style gradually lost. The Jin Dynasty architecture also developed towards the system of materials, the structure of the beam frame, and the elegant direction of the building shape. The architectural style is also transformed from solemn to flexible and elegant, and directly affects the formation of architectural shapes after the Yuan Dynasty in the Taiyuan area.

references

1. Li Huizhi's "The characteristics of the Wood Structural Building Area Before Shanxi's Existing the Yuan Dynasty", "Fifty Years of Protection of Cultural Relics Building in Shanxi", Edited by the Cultural Relics Bureau of Shanxi Province, 2006.

2. He Dalong's "Special Research on the Early Architecture of the Southern Southern Southern", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2015.

Source: Time and Space Family State, Liaoning and Jin Xixia Research

Original title: What are the ancient buildings of the Jin Dynasty wood structure in Taiyuan, Shanxi (seat)

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