Is the vacuum empty?Can I really have nothing to do in quantum mechanics?

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In this article, I will introduce a very surprising experimental result, which has set off a new storm of theoretical physics. The name of this experimental result is "Lamb Shift". At that time, this small in -depth exploration of the hydrogen energy level was inspired by the quantum field theory led by Ferman, Schwennge, and Chao Yongzhen Ichiro. revolution. I will introduce to you what Raim displacement is, and explain the current model. Friman Dyson summarizes the importance of this phenomenon:

Those years discussed with Ram's displacement as a physics center were the golden age of our generation of physicists. People have just witnessed this small displacement, and Rim displacement is difficult to ponder and measure. Our thoughts on particles and fields are urgently needed to be updated.

Experiments that are inconsistent with Diqi hydrogen atomic model

The hydrogen atomic model was established in the 1940s. It was composed of a proton and an electron attractive Kulun potential. The Dirac equation describes the broad type of particle behavior called Femiko, and electrons are also one of them. Physicists thought that they had a good understanding of the hydrogen atomic level through the Dirac equation -until a experiment from Willis Rim broke everything.

In 1947, Lang Luludford experimented with an abnormal result-in < /g> < / g> and < /g> < /g> Two quantum energy levels have slight energy differences! so, what happened? The Dirac equation predicts that the energy of these two quantum state should be the same.

The following image shows the nature of energy splitting. The energy level on the left is predicted by the Dirac equation, and the right is observed in the experiment. The line in the middle of the left indicates that < /g> < /g> and < /g> < /g> < /g> The energy corresponding to the energy level is lower, although the difference is small. In other words, this phenomenon is new physics content.

The energy difference measured by Rim was around 1028MHz, and Ram's displacement discovered that he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955.

Explanation of Rim's displacement -vacuum rising and falling

The displacement of Lam showed that the Dirac equation was not perfect when fine, and the subtle energy level implied that physicists had some content to be added. The Dirak equation is not considered here. It is the Vacuum Fluction that physicists later discovered. It is a subtle change that can be measured around the electronic space, or the vapor can be measured in the vacuum.

There will be a mysterious phenomenon between the two metal plates in the vacuum. They will be attractive, called Casimir Effect. The power during the Dirac period cannot be explained. Because tiny experiments generated between the two metal plates in the vacuum can be repeated, this makes Casimir power both mysterious and indisputable.

There is a possible explanation model for this phenomenon. Physicists calculate the energy that can be continuously increased between the two metal plates in the vacuum, and can even explode to an infinite high value. Because energy itself is not an observable amount, physicists believe that infinite energy can be "leaked" from the two boards through standardized mathematics. If you do this, you will find that some quantities will be produced out of thin air, one of which is Casimir. Because this force looks like it is produced from vacuum, we usually consider this force to be a vacuum rising.

The current theory of vacuum rising is to say that tiny particles are constantly generated and annihilated in their own space. This statement is still controversial. Before, people always thought that there was no excitement in the vacuum. However, the Casimir effect broke this cognition. Modern quantum field theory believes that vacuum itself is highly active, and the production of particles and anti -particles causes trace energy changes.

In order to understand this problem in depth, imagine the vacuum space, and a positive particle and anti -particles were generated at the random point, and at the moment they were generated, they immediately collided and annihilated. Such tiny fluctuations continue to occur in the vacuum, causing the force of experimental observation to correct at a tiny quantum level.

The picture above shows the event stage under the electromagnetic field. A virtual electron and its anti -particles (that is, positive electron) are generated and annihilated in an instant. The following animation is a diagram of vacuum rising in the background of quantum dynamic dynamics. The theory of quantum dynamic dynamics is generally used to describe the connection between quarks.

Electronic vacuum rising

The situation of the electrons is the same. When the electrons are attracted by an atomic nuclear proton, the particles will interact with the electromagnetic field. Dirac explained this that happened, but it could not explain the essence of the interaction slightly in the air. In order to make the explanation easier, we first consider the two electronics mutual exclusion. How can we describe the interaction? The most reliable electromagnetic theory model is called "Quantum Electrogynamics", which simulates the properties of virtual particles. These virtual particles are called "Virtual Photon". When the two charged particles generate electromagnetic forces, they exchange a virtual light between them to produce exercise. Whether it is attractive or exclusive between particles, photon exchange will be performed.

In order to calculate and sign the role, we use Fermanu to show.

From left to right, understand this Ferman map: There are two electrons on the left, each with a negative charge. The green part of the switching of virtual light is displayed, which is the reason for rejecting. So the two spread out as shown on the right. Fermanu is not just a useful tool, each Feimu can clearly show a series of mathematical rules for physicists' calculation intensity and form.

Do not consider mathematical rules carefully, this one of Fermantu is actually Kulunli!

So far, this model has not involved a vacuum rising, but just reproduces the known results before the Lang's displacement observation. But Rim displacement needs to be explained on the basis of the above.

How do we reflect vacuum rising?

At that time, physicists realized that this phenomenon needed to consider vacuum rising. As I mentioned earlier, the form of ups and downs is quickly annihilated by particles and anti -particles. They must be conservatively conservatively to ensure that some quantities (such as charges) are conservative.

Naturally, we need to add some pictures to consider this process. As shown in the figure above, the first picture is based on the basic model that has been considered, and the next two considers the vacuum rising. In the second picture, the process of exchangeing photons produced a electron-positive electron pair, and then annihilated into a photon, and then the reprimand was generated. In the third picture, the photon generated electron-positive electron pair, annihilated into a photon, generated another another Yes, then annihilate again!

The important thing is that this new process will only produce a small but very critical effect. For example, the second picture is a vacuum polarization diagram, because this small fluctuation is very similar to the North and South Pole with magnets.

The accurate description of these pictures requires a lot of physical and mathematical training, and the task is arduous and boring. Skip these mathematical computing, physicists have found that the momentum after the correction is very similar to the Kulun potential, but there is an extra small correction:

The second item is called UEHLING item. Through the theory of micro -disturbance, you can launch < /g> /g> and < /g> < /g> The energy level does split into two! The process of expanding standard mathematics to contain these vacuum effects is called reorganization. Summarize

I hope this article will bring you a decryption course for large -scale theory and vacuum magic phenomenon.

references

[1] g-aruldhas (2009). "§15.15 lamb shift". Quantum Mechanics (2nd ED.). PRrance-Hall of India PVT. LTD. P. 404. Isbn 978–81-3635–3

[2] https://www.scientificAmerican.com/article/are- virtual-particles-rea/

Author: AFIQ Hatta

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Original link:

The elusive lamb shift. The first significant Success of ... | by Afiq Hatta | Cantor ’s Paradise (medium.com)

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