The first "art wave" expansion of prehistoric China

△ Visitors watched exhibits in the Museum of Culture in the Gully Culture of the Temple.

About 10,000 years ago, the middle reaches of the Yellow River began to enter the Neolithic era.

It is located in Yangshao Village, Ximenxia City, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province in the middle of the Yellow River. It is the birthplace of modern archeology in China. In 1921, archaeologists first confirmed that there was a developed stone culture in Chinese history in Yangshao. In the past 100 years, archeologists started to explore many issues such as "where do we come from" and "how do we come from" and "how the country has emerged" and "how the Chinese civilization origin" and many other questions.

The Central Plains region is located in the second -level land to the third -order land in China. The diverse geographical environment has created a different natural environment, providing various conditions for human survival and development. In the early middle and middle of the Neolithic era in the Central Plains region, it was on the eve of the origin of civilization, but laid the foundation for the origin of civilization.

In an exclusive interview with the "China Report" reporter, Li Xinwei, a researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, pointed out that the genes of Chinese civilization began to be bred as early as thousands of years ago. At that time The foundation of civilization development.

The time and space framework of prehistoric civilization

Although Western archeologists and explorers found stone tools in different areas of China after discovering the stone and colorful pottery in Yangshao Village, it was difficult for these stone tools and pottery to be proved to be a local product at that time. "Chinese civilization west."

In the decades since then, through empirical recalling the statement, it became the goal of Chinese archeologists at that time. However, in the 1920s, China's archeology was still in its infancy, and it was difficult to keep up with personnel and research capabilities. In 1928, it was first discovered in Longshan Culture in Longshan Town, Shandong Province, and the business culture that was confirmed in Yinxu, Anyang in the same period failed.

The turnaround appeared in 1931. This year, archaeologists Liang Siyong participated in the excavation of Xiaotun and Hougang, Yinxuxun and Hougang, Anyang, Henan. It was also in this excavation that he discovered the famous "Hougang Three Stack Floor" in the history of Chinese archeology, that is, the famous three -layer accumulation relationship of Yangshao culture, Longshan culture, and business culture found in the site Essence This shows that in strata, Chinese history is in line from prehistoric to historical period. This discovery accurately returned to the west of Chinese culture.

△ Color pottery pots unearthed from Miao Dougou, Shaanxi County, Henan Province, are marked utensils of Yangshao Cultural Temple Dougou type. Photography/Teng Yanyan

In 1945, after the in -depth study of the Qijia cultural site discovered by Gansu, archeologist Xia Yan speculated that civilization should spread from east to west. Since then, with the development of archeological work, a large number of colorful pottery has been discovered in Xinjiang in the Yellow River Basin, China, and combined with the colorful pottery discovered in Yangshao before, this gives the "color pottery from west". The result of the East Yellow River Basin.

The academic community believes that Yangshao Culture is the key time in the era of China to enter the Neolithic era. In the 1950s, the Shanxi Linfen Tao Temple site and the temples of Shaanxi County, Henan, to a certain extent supplemented the archeological world's perception of Yangshao culture at that time.

In 1953, Xi'an Banpo Ruins were excavated and found that it was a site of a maternity commune village. Li Xinwei introduced to the reporter of China News that the Xi'an Banpo site fully demonstrated the appearance of the early settlement of Yangshao Culture, providing unprecedented information for the research of social organizations.

One year later, historian Yin Da proposed that the culture of different systems in the Neolithic era gradually formed different tribes in different regions in ancient Chinese history under certain conditions. From the perspective of the academic community, Yin Da's inference clarified the connection between the cultural pattern and the multi -ethnic countries of the prehistoric era and the historical period.

During the interview, Li Xinwei also told reporters that through the analysis of archeological historical materials, it can be seen that in the prehistoric era, the genetic and "long -term" general trend of "multi -one" had been formed, and the prototype of "China" also began to appear from the prehistoric era.

Take the Site of Xinzheng Pei Gang site in Henan, which was excavated in 1977 as an example. Li Xinwei said that Pei Ligang culture, which is more than 8,000 years old and Yangshao Culture, 7000 to 5000 years ago, is distributed in Henan Province, China, and developed to the surrounding areas with Henan as the center to the surrounding areas. Essence

From 1949 to 1979, the New Stone Times Site discovered six or seven thousand. Li Xinwei summarized these 30 years as the accumulation and theoretical exploration of the archeological community. The time and space framework of prehistoric culture in Chinese history was basically established during this period.

The "Names on Archeological Culture" published by Xia Yan in 1959 provided theoretical guidance for the construction of time and space framework for prehistoric culture. At the technical level, the carbon 14 -year -old annual technical technology was also applied during this period, which became extremely important archeological survey technology at that time.

The dawn of civilization first appeared

Existing historical data research shows that 15,000 to 6000 years ago, the transition from new and old stone artifacts, the origin of agriculture, and the formation of social complexity have been completed in various regions.

In the early 8000 years, the initial development of agriculture has been developed in the early 8000 years. A large number of carbonized rice was unearthed more than 8,000 years ago by the village and public cemeteries more than 8,000 years ago, and the vast majority of these rice can be identified as artificial cultivation of rice. The development of rice and human civilization has extremely important relationships. Research on the origin of rice work has always been a major topic of agricultural archeology in China. Most of the ancient rice relics discovered before are in the south. At least it shows that rice has become an important crop in the Central Plains at that time. The few tombs of the Jiahu site are buried with seven -hole bone flute. This is the earliest flute at present in the world. Some bone flutes can be tested to play close to seven sounds. It is the earliest foundation found in my country and the best music performance so far. The tube instrument also rewrite the history of world music. "Jiahu Bone Flute, etc. found that between 8500 and 7000 years ago, many important civilized factors have already appeared." Li Xinwei said.

△ Pei Ligang cultural bone flute unearthed from Jiahu, Wuyang County, Henan. Photography/Teng Yanyan

Several turtle shells were unearthed in some tombs of Jiahu Site. The scraping symbols at the bottom of the tortoise shells are similar to the pictographic shape of the "eyes" of the Oracle "eyes". It does not rule out the possibility of some inherent connection between the two. Han Jianye, a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China, believes that the shape of the tortoise shells is also likely to indicate that the cosmic view of the "Tianyuan Place" was taken abdomen at the time.

"In addition, the" rules' bone wares, bone flutes, wine vessels, and neatly arranged 'clan burial' cemetery, showing that in the Pei Ligang era, there have been gossip numbers, viewing time, and respect for Chinese civilization. The core element, "Han Jianye said.

More than 6,000 years ago in the intersection area of ​​the Central Plains Cultural District and the Haijie Cultural District, it was found that the tomb of the "Dragon Tiger" tomb was discovered. Han Jianye said that it is very likely that it is a astrological map, which is related to the astronomical knowledge mastered by the ancestors. It is considered to have the origin of the 28th system of China for thousands of years in advance.

Li Xinwei told the reporter of "China News" that it was a splendid turning period in the prehistoric era from 6000 to 5300 years around the period of 5300. Social development in various regions has occurred in synchronous social development. The Liang Sacrifice Center, Dawenkou Cultural Cemetery, Songze Culture Dongshan Village Large Cemetery, Daxi Cultural Cemetery and Lingjia Beach Conditions are represented by the "ancient country" relics.

Miao Dougou culture from 6000 to 5500 is the core and most developed stage of the Yangshao era. From the core areas of western Henan, Jinnan, and the central and eastern parts of Guan, it has been strongly radiated to the surrounding area, which has almost affected the entire middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. Some people call this phenomenon the "crazy expansion stage" of Miao Digou culture, and believes that this cultural phenomenon is closely related to the formation and expansion of the early Huaxia group. This is also the first time that the Central Plains Civilization has clearly influenced the surrounding area for the first time. During this period, the Henan Lingbao Ling Dingyuan area in the Central Plains region had a large settlement concentration of millions of square meters.

Archaeologist Wang Renxiang's expansion of the Temple Dougou Pottery was called "the wave of art in prehistoric China". Its petals were scattered in all directions, arrived in Gansu, turned over the mountains, and came along the channel of the Hengduan Mountains to the Minjiang River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

"The distribution range of the various types of patterns of the temple bottom gap culture has been superimposed, and the overall area of ​​the temple under the cultural pottery is obtained. The cultural tradition has also gathered the spirit of residents in this area. People within this scope unify their own faith and faith, laying a deep cultural foundation for the emergence of the unification of the historical era. "Li Xinwei said.

Han Jianye believes that the spatial scope of the cultural community of the temple underlord is amazingly similar to the political geographical scope of the Shang Dynasty. Whether in geography or culture, it has laid the foundation for the Xia Shang and even the Qin and Han dynasties. Cultural circle, or cultural "early China".

Gathering from "multiple" to "integration"

Beginning around 5800 years, the Central Plains has gradually imposed an impact on the surrounding areas, and the scope has gradually expanded, reaching peaks around 5300 years. This period is also an important period for the origin and formation of civilization and formation of various regions of China.

Professor and archeologist Yan Civilization proposed in 1987 that the most famous in the prehistoric cultural pattern is the Central Plains Cultural District. Throughout the territory, "the entire Neolithic culture of China is like a huge stroke." The Central Plains, which is "Hua Xin", is easily affected by the surrounding culture. It can absorb advanced factors that are conducive to its own development from all aspects. Therefore, conditions are the earliest to enter a civilized society.

Wang Wei, director of the History Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society, said that during this period, the upper, middle, downstream, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Liaohe River Basin have gone through the process of gradually intensifying social differentiation and moving towards a civilized society. Civilizations in each region not only originated and developed alone, and each other communicated with each other, and gradually formed some common qualities.

△ The National Archaeological Site Park of Yangshao Village overlooks the map.

Li Xinwei told the reporter of China News that in the prehistoric society with low productivity, the cooperation within the family or clan effectively ensured the survival and reproduction of the group, and also stimulated the huge driving force for population and land expansion in the group. The vibration and fusion generated during this process continuously incorporate the "edge" into the "core" area, and fully absorb foreign civilization factors, and harvest together, which has become an important means for the process of civilization in ancient China. "Perhaps for glory, maybe to accumulate astronomical, geographical and communication supernatural knowledge. Prehistoric political elites traveled to the mountains and rivers, gained the world's horizons, and competed for their respective development in each other." Communication and exchange contents include the most advanced cultural essence of the original universe view, astronomical calendar, senior items production technology, power expression methods, funeral and sacrifice etiquette.

"Chinese civilization is a diverse and integrated pattern formed in a complex and diverse environment. After the development of social development, the upper society between different regions will go to other regions to learn advanced knowledge." Li Xinwei said.

5500 years ago, several large settlements appeared in the west half of the Zhengzhou region in central Henan. In recent years, the Gongyi Shuanghuai Tree site 5300 years ago was the largest settlement site in the same period found in the middle of the Yellow River in the middle of the Yellow River. The Shuanghuai Tree Site and the surrounding ruins are surrounded by triple ring. The central area has large buildings with east -west rows and north -south. This kind of progressive and left -right architectural layout first appeared during the period of Shuanghuai Tree, which opened the precedent of the ancient Chinese palace building layout. Nine pots were also found in the shape of the northern Dipper in the site, and the earliest family silkworm teeth carvings that were important related to the origin of the silk were unearthed.

With the convergence, integration and development of many civilized elements in the Central Plains region, the dawn of civilization in the Central Plains region has become brighter and brighter, and it has begun to show the prototype of the country. With the arrival of the Central Plains Longshan Culture period, the land of China began to enter the "Five Emperor".

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