Xia Shang's legacy Wednesday

△ On September 14, 2021, the National Museum "Lihe Fang Fang -Special Exhibition of Commercial and Weekly Bronze Ding Special Exhibition" officially exhibited to the public, and nearly 40 representative bronze rituals were concentrated in the Shang Week period. Photography/Teng Yanyan

Among the twelve books of "Historical Records" by historian Sima Qian, the "Five Emperor's Book of Book" was "Xia Benji", "Yin Benji" and "Zhou Benji". Although the current controversy of the Xia Dynasty's existence has not stopped, the history of the historians before and after Sima Qian said that the history of Xia, Shang, and Wednesday dynasties has been regarded as one of the "three generations".

Now archeological proofs, around 4300 years ago, the Central Plains region began to lead the civilization process on the basis of gathering and absorbing advanced cultural factors in various places, laying the foundation for entering the civilization of the dynasty. During the Erlitou cultural period about 3800 years ago, the "dynasty weather" -it was also the legendary Xia Dynasty.

According to the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties New Year Watch" announced by the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties project, there have been more than 1,800 years in the three generations in history. "The residences of the past three generations are between He Luo", between the Heilo, the hinterland of the Central Plains, "in the world"; the three generations also formed "under the heavens, no king earth; "Ideal consensus. For thousands of years since then, whoever wants to rule China will "follow the Central Plains".

"The three generations inherited the previous five emperors, and opened the Qin and Han dynasties in the future, especially in a series of institutional changes that occurred in the late Zhou Dynasty. For the reporter of the China News, Xia Shang not only shaped the national genes in the process of unification of the Chinese nation on Wednesday, but also left a cultural heritage that made future generations taste incomparable.

Gathering Chinese civilization to the heart of the heart

Tracing back to the origin of Chinese civilization, archeologists Su Bingqi and Yan Civilization have successively proposed the theory of "full star fights" and "stroke flowers" theory. The two theories mainly describe the development and distribution status of prehistoric culture in my country. The same point is to point out the importance of Yangshao culture in the Central Plains region.

The academic community agrees that Yangshao Culture is the "brightest star" and the "flower heart" in the middle, which constitutes a straight root system of the total root system of Chinese culture. The archeological discovery confirmed that the standing out of the Central Plains civilization was not overnight, and this evolution pointed to the ancient and long exchanges and integration of civilization between regions.

△ The audience watched the audience at the National Museum. Photography/Xu Hao

Wang Wei, a member of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society, described the summary description of the reporter of China News: About 5,500 years ago, the colorful pottery in the late Yangshao culture in the Yellow River spread widened the surroundings, appearing in the middle, middle, downstream, and Yellow River. The upper, middle and downstream and the Liaohe Basin are the first time that the Central Plains civilization has radiated towards the surrounding areas. About 4300 years ago, the civilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River began to decline and the Central Plains continued to rise. Formed, regional civilization was further blended, and the Central Plains carried out absorption and convergence. At this stage, the scope of the direct influence of the Central Plains civilization was Henan and south of Shanxi.

In 1959, the famous historian Xu Xusheng began to find "Xiaxu". With the discovery of the palace building complex, the metropolitan pattern, and the workshop ruins, the academic community established the important historical status of Erlitou Culture represented by the Erlitou site in the early state and civilization of civilization in China. Whether the Erlitou site is still in dispute, but the first site in the history of my country's history with the weather in the central dynasty cities appeared in the spatial and space of the Xia Dynasty, and it has basically become the consensus of the academic community.

Sun Hua told the reporter of the China News that its culture or civilization in the Central Plains region in the late Yangshao era and the Central Plains region of the Longshan era were not outstanding. Many highly developed prehistoric culture had emerged. For example Culture, Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Hongshan Culture in the Northeast region, Shanxi and Shaanxi have Tao Temple culture and Shijie culture. These cultures are relatively regional, and some cultures have not mastered copper smelting techniques. However, this also brings a benefit to the Central Plains region, that is, the surrounding culture can work together in the Central Plains region and promote the formation of the Xia Dynasty's unified dynasty.

△ On April 4, 2021, in the Yinxu Museum of Anyang, Henan, the children were watching the dealer Boba. Photography / Xu Hao

The earliest concept of ethnic region came from the "Kyushu" in "Shang Shu · Yu Gong". According to Sun Hua, the concepts of "king", "four soils" and "multi -party" appeared in the Shang Dynasty to distinguish the "middle" at that time. With "surrounding"; in the Zhou Dynasty, "Kyushu" was not enough to describe the world at the time, and there was a saying of "Little Kyushu" and "Big Kyushu", which shows that the unified territory of the Chinese nation has continued to expand. The Central Plains, where the space is "in the middle", has become the core of both civilizations and other regional civilizations, laying the foundation for the formation of the Chinese nation and multi -ethnic countries.

The Chinese civilization exploration source project, which has launched pre -research at the beginning of this century, has attracted much attention in recent years. As Sun Qingwei, a professor at the Peking University Archaeological Board College, commented on the theory of "Double Flowers" theory, its single core and multi -layered heart structure gave birth to the basic background of a unified multi -ethnic country, which laid the use of the Central Plains Huaxia nationality in the history of Chinese history as the as the ascension of the Central Plains. The main body, at the same time, condenses the centrifugal super -stable culture and political structure of various ethnic groups and tribes around the surrounding ethnic groups. The source of ritual civilization

Zhu Xi, the Great Confucianism of the Song Dynasty, said: "On the occasion of the three generations, the" Classic of Li Jing "is prepared." It is consistent with the pattern of prehistoric culture in the Central Plains, and the ritual civilization that affects thousands of years in the future has also begun to start here.

Wang Wei said when reviewing the results of the Chinese civilization exploration source project that about 5,500 years ago, between the upstream and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Liaoshe Basin in the Yellow River, a worship of the dragon was formed, and the jade was valuable. The concept of concept, as well as a ritual system that shows the honorable status of the holder with some precious items; about 200 years after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, the bronze casting process appeared in the Erlitou cultural period, forming a bronze and a jade ceremony, and a bell and the 磬 磬, etc. The ritual and music system formed. These rituals and its concepts are radiated towards the square, forming a wide range of Chinese culture influence.

△ In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the inscription in the device records the major historical events of the king of Kings in the early morning of Jiazi, which is confirmed with the records in "Shangshu · Mu Yao". Photography/Xu Hao

"Ritual" refers to the system and etiquette of distinguishing identity levels. "Music" is a "ceremony" music and dance that belongs to "ritual" to lubricate the relationship between people. From the perspective of history, the etiquette system germinated in the late Neolithic era, the hair was in the summer business, matured in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and penetrated the three generations.

"Ancient etiquette, as an ideological reflection, is manifested by rituals, and the ceremony is usually expressed with some material products. A set of symbols of a whole set of Zhaoming society will become necessary." The reporter pointed out that this is the "device with Tibetan ceremony." From archeological materials and literature records, bronze and jade are the "frequent visitor" of materialized, bronze rituals are called "Yi wares", and the jade ceremony has the saying of "six Rui" and "six instruments". During the Xia Shang and Zhou dynasties, the bronze industry was used as the time sign of the times, the rituals were the most representative with bronze rituals.

On September 14, 2021, the "Lihe and Wanfang -Special Exhibition of Commercial and Weekly Bronze Ding" was launched at the National Museum. Nearly 40 representative bronze rituals and other precious cultural relics were unveiled. Sun Hua clarified the status of Bronze Ding during the Three Generations. Starting from "Yu Zhu Jiuding", Bronze Ding evolved from cookingware to a symbol of state power. Become the core carrier of the Chinese ritual civilization. From the Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, the shape of Ding also attaches great importance to being generous, and has developed into the emphasis on round tripods with equal relationships, and forms "Tianzi Jiuding and Eight Eight Bad, Princes Seven Dinglin, and Dr. Qing. The strict hierarchy of the 簋, the three Ding two dings and the two dings and the two dings.

The ritual and music system represented by bronze rituals is not only rooted in the Central Plains. Xu Lianggao, a researcher at the Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, wrote that the evolution trajectory of the "bronze ceremony cultural circle" showed that the middle reaches of the Yellow River of Erlitou culture continued to expand out. In the east to the seaside, including Gansu and some areas in the west, it covers most parts of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River Basin.

In Xu Lianggao's view, the expansion of the use of bronze rituals is the continuous acceptance of the surrounding culture to continuously accept the Chinese Plains Royal Culture Tradition and the ancestors behind it, the political concepts and systems of the ancestors of the law, form a common cultural identity, and integrate the materialization performance of the Huaxia cultural circle. Essence The six kingdoms of Qin unified are also based on the psychological identity of this common cultural identity. From this level of meaning, it can even be considered that Qin's unity cannot be regarded as the earliest beginning of "unification".

△ Zhou Cheng's poultry. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, King Wu died of illness, the king was young, and Zhou Gong was auxiliary government. The poultry inscription records the major historical incidents of Zhou Gongdong and the annihilation of the country. Zhou Gong is a model of supplementary administrations in the past and is regarded as a portrayal of ideal personality. Photography/Teng Yanyan

Experts interviewed said that the three generations of ritual systems did not develop in isolation and showed differences at the same time. In the Zhou Dynasty, the ritual and music system shined. After Zhou extinguished the business, he learned the lessons of the death and loss of the Shang Dynasty, and abandoned the norms of the ceremony system, and gradually formed two ritual laws of "Zhou Guan" and "Ritual". Planning for official positions, etc., also restrict the behavior of the public from many aspects such as sacrifice, marriage and funeral, and paid.

Yang Wensheng, deputy dean of the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, who has long studied the ancient ritual culture, pointed out to the reporter of China Report that in recent years, the academic community has gradually accepted the "ritual" as the core of Zhou culture and Zhou Li as the "origin" of Chinese culture. He summarized that although Zhou Li was complicated, it provided a behavior of people with different social status, so that the rule of the Zhou Dynasty for more than 800 years could be maintained. A deep foundation. "The governance model under the ritual and music system also emphasizes that the law and morality now emphasize that the law and morality are emphasized." Yang Wensheng said.

Yang Wensheng believes that when the vassal hegemony in the late Zhou Dynasty, there was actually no "ritual collapse", and the traditional view should be corrected. "The continuous" gift 'entered a mature period in the Spring and Autumn Period, and extensively penetrated into all aspects of the production and life of social production and life in spring and autumn. The empty power of power has played a constraint on society, to a certain extent to balance the various forces of the Spring and Autumn society, and maintain the existing order. What did Yin Zhou change?

About 1046 BC, King Zhou Wu destroyed the business and opened the Zhou Dynasty. "The change of Chinese politics and culture is during the occasion of Yin and Zhou." In 1917, Wang Guowei stood in the 20th century when he looked back at history "Yin Zhou System Theory".

In addition to the successful use of the Zhou Dynasty's ritual and music system, Wang Guowei has changed Yin Zhou opera in the article that the Zhou Dynasty began to inherit the system from his brother and the eldest son, and implemented the ancestral legal system, the same surname, unmarried, divided into sealing System, etc. Wang Guowei believes that Wu Wang's extinguishing business is no longer the dynasty revolution of "the rise and fall of a family and the transfer of the capital", but a cultural change.

"Before Yin did not distinguish, the elder brother and inheritance system was implemented. The Zhou Dynasty established the father -son and son's inheritance and concubine system. Established the relationship between the names of the monarch and minister. The ancestral temple system and the same surname were also established in the Zhou Dynasty. "Yang Wensheng told reporters that as Wang Guowei said, the Zhou Dynasty laid the foundation for Chinese civilization and designated a civilized installment line.

△ Xia Dai Bronze, unearthed from the Erlou site. Photography/Teng Yanyan

The academic community believes that a series of changes in the Zhou Dynasty actually originated from the reflection on the destruction of the Shang Dynasty. First of all, it began to question the so -called "sky". "Merchants obey the sky and think that only by not annoying the sky can they be considered. In order to obtain care, the merchants continue to sacrifice the heavens, but they still die. Zhou people saw the barbaric and brutal of the merchants, and decided to change this" view of destiny '. 'Destiny is the conclusion of the hearts of the people. "Yang Wensheng believes that to a certain extent, people no longer believe in ghosts and gods at that time, and they can be described as a great liberation of thoughts. Adopt, and have been inherited to this day.

"Tianzi" was governed by "destiny" and "the world". Wang Wei told the reporter of "China Report" that there was no "unity" in the sense of the later generations. For the big country of the Central Plains, the surrounding Fang Kingdom was rebelled when the Central Plains was chaotic, and the independence of Fang Kingdom was enhanced until the Western Zhou Dynasty. Only to truly realize the founding of the country.

As a result, through the sealing of the princes, the Western Zhou Dynasty completed the "return to the world"; through the law system, the "world is returned to the ancestors" through the legal system of blood, and the people of the world are completed. Better.

△ The "Changsi" bronze chime bell during the Zhou Mu period. Photography/Teng Yanyan

It turns out that the segmentation system, the law system, and the etiquette system complement each other, and the effect of maintaining the rule of the Zhou Dynasty is significant. Wen Yang, a researcher at the China Research Institute of Fudan University and a researcher at the Spring and Autumn Development Strategic Research Institute, pointed out in the article that the 3000 years after the change of the commercial and Zhou dynasties, no matter how the dynasty replace, how to change the chaos, how the territory changes, and how the nation migrates, one The largest and most populated settlement civilization in the world has always existed on the land of China, and it is very obvious to distinguish itself from other civilizations.

Sun Hua told the reporter of "China Report": "China has the" Totu restructuring "statement. Later, in order to find a reasonable basis for the reform, the reformers made this to prove that the ancients did this -either trace back to Xia Yu or trace traceable to trace traceability To Zhou Gong. "Confucius Chong Zhou was committed to restoring" Zhou Li "all his life; when Emperor Hanwu" stopped hundreds and respect Confucianism ", the Zhou Dynasty had become a reputation of political ideals or advanced culture.

However, Sun Hua and Yang Wentsheng believed that despite the historical significance of the changes in Yin Zhou, the Western Zhou Dynasty was just a Zhao Xing. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "hundreds of flowers and hundreds of schools were arguing", and many ideological genres that influenced future generations have been here. The vassal states have carried out political systems, economic systems, and cultural education reforms in order to open the era of a larger unified Qin and Han dynasties.

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