Wang Zili: Twenty years of playing betrayal

Twenty years of playing betrayal

——The eight topics of the collection of "Yuan Jiu"

Wang Zili

Holy Beetle Seal (provided by Meng Jianmin)

Speaking of the source, there are three seals in China

In the history of the four ancient civilizations, there is a common cultural phenomenon, which is the possession and use of seals. With the development of history, the use of seals of the other three countries gradually declined and disappeared. Like India, more than 3,000 ancient seals have been discovered so far, but because of its interruption, the texts of the prints have not been read. In China, the seal represents the voucher role of individuals or power institutions. Even today, the official seal of various party and government agencies does not need to be repeated, and private seals are still in important personal credit recruitment situations such as house purchase and loans.

Beast button does not know text printing (provided by Changfu)

According to the mainstream classification of Indian studies, the Chinese seal has three times to develop a system that has influenced each other:

1. Origin from Yin and Shang, Bo Xing in Qin and Han, with government and official credit reporting as the main purpose of classical seals (or "Qin and Han Seal" and "Han Seal");

2. It is closely related to the calligraphy and painting activities of the Ming and Qing dynasties to express the "Ming and Qing Dai seal" for the purpose of expressing the inner emotions of the cultural people and the purpose of the case.

Third, between the above two, the development period is also between these two seals. It has long been called a type of seal of the "Yuan Jiu" for a long time.

Lion button silver seal (provided by Wang Jun)

1. Time is in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Cross Liaoning, Xixia, Jin, the main body is in Yuan, the stream of wind can be well, and even stretches to the Republic of China;

2. During this time, the official seal was transferred from an official to an official seal, and the number decreased. Private printing is popularized by paper use, and the sealing and folk formal changes. And changes in funeral customs, and the reasons such as reduction of Mingyin are no longer common;

3. Affected by the integration of the nation, the "Yuan Jiu" broke the original scriptures in the seal and seal aspects. The printing surface also breaks the traditional informal, the round type;

4. Represented by various "betting" and "records", mostly used for market folks.

Among the three major seal systems, the category of "Yuanshai", although there are more than the other two categories, but because of its "earth" and "vulgar", their academic research is also the weaker, and it is also a more partial " Unpopular.

Stone Pedica Benba Seal (provided in each hall)

"Yuanshou" practical tube peeping

In the past, the "Yuan Jiu" research was mostly limited to the category of aesthetics and engraving. The research of their practical functions in history has just started. In the "Research on the Printing of the Yuan Dynasty" ("The Seal of the Yuan Dynasty"), the Hu Family Listed the three issues to be explored in the "Yuan Jiu" research:

The first is to disconnect. Except for a few tombs unearthed in the age, often the Song, Liao, Xia, Jin, and Yuanshan mixed talks, and the New style has not changed much;

The second is regional;

The third is the processing method of the "Yuan Jiu" seal, because many literatures say that the betting is produced and sold in the store.

The horse -shaped button does not know the text print (provided by the mountain tower)

The horse -shaped button does not know the text print (provided by the mountain tower)

The mainstream views of the Indian academic community believe that the ancient Chinese seal was born in the Western Zhou and the Neolithic Times for the printing of printing patterns -the seal of the pottery. It slowly evolves into a special certificate that can copy fixed symbols and can identify the identity of the holder. In the thinking of many people, after the seal became "official seal", its identity voucher function was strengthened, and the practical "tool" was weakened.

But in fact, as a letter of seal and the poke of the labor tool, the long -term development is the basis for the seal to stretch for thousands of years. Like Wang Xiantang, there are three uses of seal seals: one is a letter seal, the other is a fire printer, and the other is a wearing victory.

The seal used in the folk handicraft industry and business obviously has its own tradition that is different from the "official seal". The regular script of the craftsman of the craftsman on the bronze mirror and other utensils. Even if you visit the filial piety in Nanjing today, as long as you are careful enough, it is not difficult to find such marks on the city wall bricks. Folk collectors are also easy to find the printed stamps left by the craftsmen on the Qing Dynasty silver ingots and the Ming Dynasty.

Some scholars believe that the influence of the ruling reaction of the literati genre Yin Xing and politically on the Mongolian rule of the Yuan Dynasty is the reason why the seal stamp was recorded in the sharp decline in the Ming Dynasty. Porcelain producers in this period replaced the use of poke in a "drawing seal" manner.

In the Qing Dynasty, a part of the seal poke was integrated into the creation of genre and became a pure artwork; part of it became a combination of "barriers" and "closure prevention seal". There are also some graphics and text printed stamps that have evolved into the logo of handicrafts and shops. It has the meaning of later stamp trademarks and evolved into a shop name.

Ding Shuo's collection of overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese batch printing

Ding Shuo's collection of overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese batch printing

"Yuan Jiu" widow on "Overseas Chinese Class"

Chaoshan, Fujian, Fujian, and other places in China are well -known overseas Chinese hometown. The Ming and Qing dynasties immigrated to Southeast Asia and other places. In the case of not being established or incomplete in the financial postal institution at that time, folk water customers and special financial institutions, the overseas Chinese bureau, came into being, and its operations have been stretched from the first half of the 19th century to 1979.

The overseas Chinese approved that the overseas Chinese who returned to the domestic remittance and family books through the overseas Chinese approval bureau were a special email of a letter and convergence. In the envelope and stationery approved by Chaoshan Overseas Chinese, you can see a variety of colors and use of various uses. Especially according to the tradition of overseas Chinese, the red "Ruyi" chapter is covered on the upper right of the envelope and stationery to bless the auspicious Ruyi from the receiver, and at the same time play the role of the first corner, anti -counterfeiting, token, and confirmation. Some special "wishful" chapters and usage have special meanings agreed by some users. The "Chinese Overseas Chinese Class" has been included in the World Memory List by UNESCO. This type of seal can be regarded as "Yuan Jiu" in modern times in terms of its function and form.

Shadow Qing Porcelain Seal "Wan" (provided by Baizhangzhai)

Three types of Chinese characters

The word printing in the "Yuanshou" accounted for a considerable number of words. Some of them are surname seals, such as "Zhang" and "Liu"; some are good words, such as "good" and "blessing"; there may be some kind of practical verification function, such as "Dang" and "Guan". There are also some may be related to business, such as "remember" and "treasure". Most of these seals are regular and row fonts, and there are also ones.

It is worth noting that some of the "ups and downs, fierce, and strangeness" included in the scores such as Shi Yuanliang's "Huaju Yinhui", which have a single word in the style of Weibei style, but there is almost no seal in the reality collection. Therefore, Sun Xunzu suspected that these batch of seals in the "India" first engraved in "India" in "Tang and Song Yuan Private Seal" may be the hands of the Qing Dynasty scholars and Indian families at all.

The sealing seal before the application of the paper is "sealed".

At first, the vast majority of names were also sealed with names or official seals. Later, due to the general and extensive exchanges of books, the dedicated seal also formed a unique system. The text is long, such as "Liu Ciqing's sealing", and the short words include "Yan Lin Bai Jian" and "Sun Min Bai Ji". In the Yuanbao system, the typical "seal", "seal inspection", "kinza", "sealing", "Dunjin seal" and "head" and so on. There are quite a lot of existence in the world, and they should be stated on the letter of contact to show humility.

The tradition of "seal inspection" continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty, such as the "protection" seal of pages 94 on pages of "Copper Seal button". Mr. Zhang Qianhong introduced that in the Republic of China, there was a seal with a seal with a seal paper. The sealing paper is a kind of extremely thin and tough rice paper specially produced, which is sold for small books. After the letter is sealing, a sealing paper is pasted on the seal. Benefits casually.

印 Niu Tiangan Di Branch Group Indian (Cultivation provided)

Ji language seal is also called idiom seals, which is a carrier of the user's spiritual wishes. During the Warring States Period, there were seals such as "respect", "righteousness", and "forgetfulness". Some theories believe that Jiyin is not carved by himself, but a batch of production. As a commodity, it is sold on the market for people to wear or be a funeral, or it may be a letter to show the blessing to the receiver.

Nasal button sheep printing "Ji" (provided by Baizhen Zhai Tibetan)

Unlike the Ji language seal in the Qin and Han seal, the auspicious printed in Yuanshuzhong is more rich in grass, such as common "Daji", "Hehe", "Fortune", "Great Geely City" and so on.

Huaju is still in Japan so far

"Huaju" is the most characteristic category of "Yuan Jiu", and it has almost become the reputation of seals such as the "Yuanshu". Regarding its origin, there was a period of repeated quotation in the Yuan Dynasty Tao Zongyi's "Ball Plowing Record": "There are many people in the Mongolian color people who can not write and draw, for example, it is printed with a ivory or woodcut."

Huaju, the Minister of the Cabinet Prime Minister of Japan, signed the signed

Those who are "bet" also have a verb. This is a verb. It refers to a specific symbol that is used as a cursive signature or instead of signature in text, calligraphy and painting, and deeds. The form of the department is available in the Han Dynasty. For example, Juyan Hanjian has "□ Moon Criticism, Book of Ink Paying Rulai", "betting ink" refers to painting with a pen and ink. At that time, the rune of the chief to the officials was only a "promise". For example, today the official reading of officials (reading), or the word "read". Some researchers believe that as early as the Lord of the Northern Qiqi, the official documents have been signed by the official document. Tang Taizong and Tang Xuanzong also left the handwriting of Huaju.

There was a Wei Yan in Tang Zhongzong. He often used colorful notes as a scribble. Most of them were taught by themselves. His signature won the reputation of "Wei Yan's five clouds" with a gesture of lingering. It can be seen that flowers are very popular in the Tang Dynasty. The brush is signed, which plays a role in beautifying the signature and credit recruitment.

Door button (provided by Wang Jun)

Beast button (provided by Wang Jun)

In order to use it for convenience, the sign of the signs used for it is engraved into prints, and the seal is replaced by the autograph. This is the seal of the flower. The time when "Huaju" is seal, the mainstream view is the five generations. Sun Xuzu believes that many of the seals of the people's collection are considered to be "Yuan Jiu", and a considerable part of it should be the Song Dynasty products.

The use of the seal of the Huaju seal has been extended to the Ming Dynasty. The method of ink and pen in the document was still used until the Republic of China was still in use, that is, the folk "signing and painting". In Japan, which is also in the Chinese cultural circle, this method of signing is even greater.

According to Sato's "Huaju を" (1988), in the middle of the 4th century in Japan, the Yamato regime unified the small country of sections. During this period, a large number of Chinese knowledge and technologies were introduced into Japan. In the 5th century, Chinese characters began to use Chinese characters. The earliest foundation found in Chengping (933 years, equivalent to the Five Dynasties of China) in Chengping. It has been widely signed by painting and signed by the tenth century, and has not been replaced by seals in the middle of Edo. Until now, the Cabinet Prime Minister and the cabinets still use the way of signed the document. Some special industries, such as the webmaster of the railway, also have the habit of using Huaju. The huge number of scenery seals

Jingjiao seal peeping mountain tower Tibetan

Jingjiao belongs to a branch of Christianity. The founder of Jingjiao was Nestorius, 380-451, born in Syria). It may have entered Luoyang of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the early 6th century. When it was introduced to China, it was originally called "Persian classic teaching" and "Daqin religion". Later, it was changed to the name of Scenicism. When the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the most prosperous, they were also known as one of the "Three Yijiao" with the Jiao and Mani religion.

In the Tang Dynasty, due to the different preferences of the ruler, the scenery was as good as the time. The landscape teaching in Khitan and Mongolia is quite popular. As the Mongolians entered the Central Plains, many people came to China. The religion flourished again in the Yuan Dynasty, and was collectively referred to as the "also warm" teaching with the Catholic Church at the time. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the ruler was suppressed and the Jing religion faded again, but it was not extinct. There was always a "cross -sectis beliers" activity in the society, which lasted for two centuries. Work, Jingjiao is extinct from China. Now there are only believers in Hong Kong in China.

The number of Jingjiao seals is very large. Taking Sun Xunzu's "The Private Seal of the Tang and Song Dynasties" as an example, Jingjiao seal accounted for about 8%of the total number of seals in the book. In the hands of folk seal collectors, a large number of this seal is. In recent years, many places have been available in Northeast, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Hebei and other places.

Jingjiao seal peeping mountain tower Tibetan

Its shape is larger than the average Yuanbend, with its own independent system. It is characterized by the ever -changing pattern. The cross skeleton is often composed of four -hearted trapezoids. The middle is decorated with the word "卍", "卐", "+", and has a unique sense of form. Another kind of bird -shaped or double -headed bird -shaped, the folks are mostly called "eagle". Sun Muxu believes that this pattern comes from the Greek and West Asian system, which should be released as "pigeon". It is also pointed out that the area found in a large number of seal is in China, so it was penetrated by Buddhist culture, and there were patterns such as lotus and cloud patterns coexisting with cross.

It is particularly needed to remind that in the graphic prints of folk collection, some strange graphics of "not spectrum" can often be seen. It is easy to be considered "fake seal" and "makeup products", but in fact these prints are very good It may be a relic for cultural exchanges between Chinese culture and grassland culture, grassland culture, western region culture, and even South Asia in history. If you have a vision, it is very likely to "pick up".

Holding the Hydrangea Dog Character Nuxe (provided by Wang Jun)

Post -language

Mr. Han Tianheng once wrote: "Collection is both a kind of interest and a kind of enjoyment, a kind of knowledge, a dream of dreams, and even reproduction. The life of the collection is far greater than the life of people ...".

I have cooperated with Zhao Yang to establish Fuxing Zhiyuan Collection Network in 1997 and began to contact the ancient seals. Worshiping the Internet, knowing many friends who are interested in "Yuan Jiu" in the South China Sea, in countless exchanges, deeply feel that there are many unsolved mysteries in the "Yuan Jiu". In the hands of folk collection enthusiasts, there are indeed many strange seal varieties that have not been seen in various previous speakers. It's just a moment of time, and it has passed away for 20 years.

After many years of accumulated climbing comb, the "Civil Collection Print List" compiled by the fellow fellow Wang Jun and Mr. Sun Huimin is about to pay, and it can also be considered a summary of the long -term collection hobbies.

On September 10, 2016, I learned at Liangxi to peek into the mountain tower

This article has been authorized by the author, and the graphic is provided by the author

This article published in the October 2016 issue of "Favorites/Auction" magazine

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