The history of the history and the environment of the history of the mountains and mountains

We explore Chinese history and can be cut in from many dimensions, such as politics, military, economic, and cultural aspects. In addition, we can break the problems from the perspective of geography and environment. History must be studied from different perspectives in order to be more authentic and convincing. As Mr. Shi Nianhai (1912 ~ 2001), the main founder and the Blazers of Modern History Geography in China, his academic works and views have a profound impact. Reading his book "The Mountains in China" (up and down) can bring us a lot of inspiration.

Inquiry of history cannot be around geography and environment

The path of Mr. Shi Nianhai across different historical periods. Mr. Shi Nianhai was admitted to the Department of History of Furen University in 1932. He joined the Yugong Society in 1934 to assist Gu Jiegang edit and publish the "Yugong" magazine. After 1948, he was hired as a professor at Northwestern University, Xi'an Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University, and served as the director and vice president of the Department of History of Shaanxi Normal University, Director of the Institute of History and Geographic and Tang History Research Institute, President of Shaanxi History Society, China President of the ancient capital. In his long -term academic career, he closely focused on historical geography and tirelessly developed a new field of disciplines.

"China and Mountains" has selected 20 representative works of Mr. Nianhai. These articles have been published in important academic monographs or journals such as "The History of History and History" in "The History of History and Geology". The previous volume mainly introduced the landforms and customs metropolitan meetings in my country. The next volume is introducing my country's road traffic and military geography. His lifelong research combines historical documents with field inspections in the field, solve the problem that a large number of literature research cannot be solved, and has made a significant contribution to the development of Chinese historical geography. In addition, "China and Mountains" also includes about 2600 annotations, retaining and fixing more than 60 illustrations. The book has a high academic value and moderate popularity. China provides important reference.

The changes in geography and ecology have deeply affected the direction of Chinese history. At a specific stage, sometimes the context of history is even left and right. The opening of "The Historical Change of the Motherland of the Motherland" in "The Mountains and Mountains in China" is a panoramic "sketch" for the Chinese river and mountains with considerable lengths and beautiful writing. It is not difficult to see from the lines. Essence

The overall process of Chinese historical development is often closely connected to a specific geographical environment. For example, the differences between geography and ecology make the north suitable for planting wheat and the south to grow rice, thereby forming different production methods, economic appearance, habits, and folk customs, and then the diversification of northern and southern culture. Examples like this can be listed a lot.

The environmental change of the river affects history

In my country's vast geographical map, the river is like the arteries and blood vessels on the earth, playing a vital role in geography. The rise and fall of any kind of civilization has a direct relationship with the river. And we have a development process for the origin of the Yellow River Yangtze River. In "China and Mountains", for a long time in the past, we generally believe that the Yangtze River originated from Mount Mountain. In the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Xiake traveled to Sichuan Shuyungui and other places to correct this statement. The problem of flow of the Yellow River is more complicated than the Yangtze River. When the Zhangye of the Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions of the Han Dynasty, the ancients thought that Lop Nur in Xinjiang was the source of the river. Later, it was continuously verified that the Yellow River originated in Qinghai. Mr. Shi Nianhai believes that he cannot fully deny the process of exploring history because of past misunderstandings. It is good to understand the natural world and social changes. It is a trek in the process. It is a process of constantly correction.

The direction of the river in history is different from today. The changes in the rivers not only reflect the changes in the environment, but also present the changes in production, life, economic and social and society during a specific historical period. The book "Mountains and Rivers in China" believes that the rivers generally have the effects of cutting and lateral erosion, and constantly diversion in the process of historical development. Affected by climate and geology, the Yellow River is the most frequent river in China. But how many times the Yellow River has changed, and the academic community has always had different claims. Mr. Shi Nianhai did not give a clear figure, but he passed the historical data research and field field surveys that the Yellow River diversion occurred in the North China Plain under the two counties of Henan and Wuyu. Huai enters the sea. Later, he entered the Yangtze River from the south of the Huaihe River, and then entered the sea.

In addition to the frequent changes in the Yellow River, there are some rivers who have also survived the road. For example, the Tarim River in Xinjiang also flowed into Lop Nur more than a hundred years ago. The Pearl River in Lingnan was originally fired from the Xijiang, Beijiang, and Dongjiang. Xijiang and Beijiang and Dongjiang have changed the road, and the places where the road diversion is on the Pearl River Delta. The place where the river flows through, due to the rich water resources, which is conducive to agricultural planting and choosing water is the ideal choice of people. In addition, water transportation is the main way of ancient transportation. In many rivers on both sides of the river, many economic vitality has appeared. For example, Yichang, Hankou, Jiujiang, Anqing, Wuhu, Nanjing and other places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are cities that are living with water. The development of these cities has also profoundly affected the history of modern China.

In ancient China, the river was very valued. The ruling class has vigorously excavated the artificial canal for the south of the north to connect all parts of the south. It is well known that the Grand Canal, including the Sui and Tang Dynasties Grand Canal, the Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal, and the East Zhejiang Grand Canal, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers. The artery of ancient north -south traffic has continued for more than 2,500 years. At the same time, the river is sometimes a "double -edged sword". River can raise life and have huge destructive power. For example, the Yellow River carried a large amount of sediment in Pentium and Roar. The year after year, the riverbed continued to rise, which led to the flood of the river and seriously affecting the lives of people on both sides of the strait. Whenever the rainy season, floods have become a serious threat. The governance of the river has always challenged the courage and wisdom of the ancestors. In fact, in the present, it is still a test to scientifically govern the river and effectively use water resources. History of mountains, resources and environment "symphony"

The crisscross rivers and lakes are pivotal in Chinese history, and the mountains are equally important in the process of social development. Many mountains are symbols and symbols of natural resources. On the one hand, acquiring and using natural resources, on the one hand, the performance of civilization progress, and on the other hand, it is also the need for production and life. From south to north, many mountains and surrounding areas have water, forests and mineral resources. For example, the Qilian Mountains can be described as "Wanbao Mountain". The snow on the mountain has become water, nourishing the Hexi Corridor and millions of people. The grass field north and south of the mountains is a natural barrier of environmental protection. Inside the mountains, there are many types of minerals with a wide range of quality. Such as asbestos, pyro -iron ore, chromium iron ore and other minerals. The Yumen Oilfield near the mountain is the first oil field in China, which has played a huge role in the construction of modern industrial in China.

Most mountains and surroundings in China have rich forest resources. "China and Mountains" pointed out that before the Ming Dynasty, forest resources were mainly used to build houses and cooking fire. Forest's cutting was limited. After the Ming Dynasty, the population increased rapidly, which caused the large forests to be destroyed, which seriously affected the natural environment. After the ecological destruction of forest resources, the earth is sandy, the rivers dry, climate disorders, and threatened to biodiversity. For this point, British scholar Yizheng has also studied in the monograph "The Retreat of Elephant Elephant: A History of an Environment of China".

Relying on natural resources, more than two hundred resource -based cities have emerged after the founding of New China, such as Anshan, Panzhihua, Baotou, Daqing, Songyuan, Karamay, Kouquan, Datong, Yangquan, Pingdingshan, Jinchang, etc. These resource types, these resource types, etc. The city used to be a dazzling coordinate in geography, but has faced many challenges over the years. First, the mining of mineral resources has affected the ecological environment. At the moment of vigorously rectify the ecological environment, scientifically mining and building a green mining area and green oil fields are the only way. Second, the mining of natural resources for a long time has led to the exhaustion of some cities' mineral resources, insufficient endogenous power and vitality, and social construction and development must be transformed.

China's mountains and rivers are always accompanied by the natural environment. For example, the article "Hexi and Dunhuang" in this book has in -depth discussions on this. Dunhuang, located at the west end of the Hexi Corridor, is not only an oasis, but also sufficient water. If not, the ancients would not be able to build a mogao cave like a rainbow for hundreds of years. The ecology around Dunhuang itself is fragile, but the ancients did not care about the surrounding oasis and cut off, which reduced the flow of the river in Dunhuang. This is an important reason for the decline in Dunhuang from glory to decline in history. When discussing the cause of the deterioration of the natural environment of Dunhuang, Mr. Shi Nianhai held a cautious academic attitude. In his opinion, this is a very complicated historical issue, and it is necessary to continue to study from different dimensions. The more thorough the study of such problems, the more you can provide a reference for the construction and development of ecological fragile areas. In fact, in history, the ancient country of Loulan is more bumpy than Dunhuang. Due to the deterioration of water and the natural environment, the ancient Loulan ancient country disappeared into the long yellow sand.

History Geography, as a cross -disciplinary discipline, has an inherent connection with many disciplines, and its research is particularly many. One person or a book cannot involve all aspects of historical geography. Mr. Shi Nianhai and "China and Mountains" are actually the same. Perhaps it was why Mr. Shi Nianhai worked in Shaanxi for a long time. He paid more attention to the historical geography of the northern mountains and rivers, and it was clearly reflected in this book.

Reading this book brings the author's inspiration: on the one hand, understanding history, understanding history, and interpretation of history, and fully considered the elements of geography and environment. Such history can be credible, and more temperature and thickness. On the other hand, we love the Master of Motherland, we must not stay on the slogan, but also protect the green mountains and green water in real actions. Only in this way is worthy of history, and it is steady in the present and future.

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