Devil in the Japanese newspaper community in modern times

"Political Mobilization in the Modern Japan Press (1868-1945)", from the perspective of political mobilization, based on the rich Japanese data, combing in detail from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese newspapers from passive wrapping to active during World War II to World War II. The process of participating in the war and analyzing the performance and reasons for the continuation of the political mobilization thinking of the Japanese newspapers after World War II.

Author: Han Dong

Figure: Tuwa Creative

Chinese scholars' "propaganda warfare" research on the war against Japan is more concerned, and there are many results. These research time interruptions are concentrated in the war period, and the key issues of the pioneer of the Japanese newspaper in the Meiji Restoration period gradually alienated to the pioneer of democratic politics into the accomplice of war propaganda. The new book "Political Mobilization of the Modern Japan Press (1868-1945)" by Professor An Ping, Dean of the School of Journalism and Communication of Bohai University, cuts in from the perspective of political mobilization. Based on rich Japanese information, it has combined it in detail from the obsession from the obsession. From the Meiji Restoration to World War II, the Japanese newspaper community from passive wrapping to active participation in the war, and analyzed the performance and reasons for the continuation of the political mobilization thinking of the Japanese newspapers after World War II.

The Japanese newspaper in the Meiji and Dazheng period

According to Professor Anping's research, the origin of the newspaper media based on the "text society" is earlier than the Meiji period. At the beginning of the 17th century, commercial developed regions such as Osaka had already appeared in modern folk newspapers. At the end of the Shogunate, the "Dutch Wind Story" founded by the Tokugawa Shogunate to collect foreign news from various countries was considered to be the duration of the official nature newspapers media in modern Japan. In January 1962, the official translation of "Official Version Padavia News", which was dedicated to the upper -level officials, was born. This is the earliest newspapers printed by Japan's use of wooden characters. Although the newspaper finally released only 23 volumes, the "Official Edition · Overseas News", "Official Edition · Liuhe Cong Tan", "Official Edition · Hong Kong News" derived from the newspaper A number of news media such as "Official Edition · Overseas New News" gradually released in large cities such as Edo.

Most of the early modern newspapers in Japan have the word "official version". As Professor Anping said in the introduction, "modern Japanese newspapers have established a close relationship with politics from the date of birth and are an important tool for political mobilization." Specifically, the audience of the early Japanese newspapers was "not ordinary people, but the old, the old and the middle -aged, or the foreigners with many privileges"; on the other hand Propaganda tools, guide public opinion, and guide the fierce 'extracurricular theory' into 'founding theory'. "In addition to the above newspapers, in order to win the propaganda war with the shogunate," fight against the curtain faction 'newspapers, so that the announcement can be passed on to the people " In 1986, the Meiji government founded the "Log of Taiguan", the government -run news media, and released the Tokyo version of "The Log of Taiguan". In addition, in the economic and developed Kaigang Kaito Yokohama and Nagasaki, foreigners have also opened some English and Japanese newspapers to use the protection of external laws of external laws for foreign overseas Chinese and foreign companies to pass messages to understand current affairs.

During the Wuchen War between the Shogunate and the Meiji Government, the newspapers supported by the regimes of both sides attacked each other. The people's concern for the current situation. " In addition to the government -run "Log" mentioned above, the Meiji Government's party is more famous as the "Press News" and the private "Du Contempt News"; Daily News "," Jianghu News "," Yokohama New News Salt Salt "," This Flower New Book "," Public and Private SMS "and so on. Among them, the shogunate Kaicheng Professor Liu Hechun San founded the "Chinese and Foreign News" founded by Edo is the first Japanese newspaper edited by the Japanese themselves.

After the Wuchen war, the Meiji government "knows the huge influence of newspapers and the huge danger of using improper use", and decides to ban newspapers in the shogunate. As for the original reversing newspapers, the government believes that it is an indispensable and important tool in "the rich and strong soldiers and the openness of civilization", so it has vigorously supported the establishment of the media in the policy. In terms of specific measures, in addition to promulgating the first written news law "News Paper Printing Treaty" in Japanese history in February 1869, the Meiji government is still maintaining the news of the news industry at the legal level. Under the premise, "trying to strengthen the connection with newspapers through the activities of supporting editors and reporters." In addition to policy support, the Meiji government also encourages officials to participate in the establishment of newspapers, and even expand and guarantee the distribution of newspapers by directly buying newspapers.

The original intention of the Meiji government to support newspapers was to "consolidate the regime" and "open the wisdom, guide the fashion, and open the atmosphere." However, the internal political design of the Meiji government has different future political design, and the forces of all parties are not iron plates. On January 17, 1974, the "Establishment Members of the Establishment Member Jianbaishu" was signed by eight people in Hanagaki, Hosaki, vice island, and Jiango Shinping. The "Jianbaishu" was reprinted by the official media "The True of Nihin" the next day. "Royal official media made a different voice from the government", which caused great interest in the general public, and other media enthusiastically supported. The incident quickly became the "fuse of the Liberal Civil Rights Movement" and also prompted the birth of civil rights media. The civil rights newspaper mainly focuses on the "whether the timing of the election of the election is mature and whether the election should be set up, whether it is appropriate when the national education is not yet popular". These discussions are not only concentrated in the elite, but also gradually penetrate the people of the lower levels. During the Dazheng period, the struggle of Japanese liberal civil rights was increasingly fierce. The pillars of the Democratic Movement of the Democratic Movement are "Emperor's Organization" and "civilianism". The essence of these two doctrines is based on the power of the people, weakening the role of the emperor in the regime, and some radical claims even doubt and criticize the emperor system. This triggered the madness of Japan's right -wing and the military.

At the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, as a thinker, it was also the pioneer of Zhongjiang Zhaomin, Fuze, Yuji, Defu Sufeng and others. From the interests of Japan, the so -called Japanese "Guoyi". Civilization is open, and they mainly promote "Western civilizations, advocate freedom and democracy, and engage in spiritual enlightenment activities." But when they face the domestic free civil rights movement, the external pressure brought by the international European and American and the Qing Dynasty's foreign affairs movement, they turned to conservative. Internally, they advocated conservative theories such as "official polls and reconciliation theory", "getting off the theory of European Europe", "the theory of the king of power", and "royal centralism". Audit policy. The newspapers they handled as they naturally became the tools they advocated.

Japanese newspaper in war

According to Professor Anping's research, the Japanese newspaper community participated in the war of foreign aggression and could be traced back to the period of the Japanese invasion in 1874. "Tokyo Daily News" followed the army reporter Kishida Yinxiang followed the Japanese army invading Taiwan, "acting as the flag bearer of nationalism", reporting to Japan's domestic style and the status of soldiers. Kishida Yinxiang is also considered "the first reporter of Japan who can investigate." Since then, from Japan, the North Korean troops to interfere with the Eastern Study Party Movement, the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War, the Eight -Power Allied Forces Invasion of China, the Japan -Russia War, the First World War, and the Wagge of A Comprehensive Invasion of China to the Second World War, you can see Japan. From the figure of the military reporter. Professor Anping summarized the main activities of the Japanese newspaper and reporters in the war as "actively participating in the parallel planning and organizing many large -scale battlefield reports. Meet the "people's demand for war information; try to promote the" national power emperor Zhang ", 'unanimous country' '' to go to the country ', and to the maximum role of war propaganda and war mobilization by inciting the national war rituals and expansion awareness.

Modern Japanese newspapers and newspapers participated in the war into three aspects.

The first is the pre -war publicity publicity and mobilization. For example, before the Sino -Japanese War, newspapers such as "Journal of News", "Tokyo Daily News", "Tokyo Shimbun", and "Review News" "published a large number of politicians, guests and scholars, and businessmen 'scholars' theory' "Report. In order to create the necessity and legitimacy of the Qing war, intellectuals and newspapers such as Fuzawa and Yuji, Inner Village 3, and Defu Sufeng also personally wrote a large number of current affairs reports and news comments. It becomes a civilized country, and China, as the big empire, is still a representative of the barbaric and backward countries. "Therefore, Japan has the obligation and" responsible for implementing the output of civilization in East Asia, liberating North Korea from the control of barbaric China. " After the "July 7th Incident", newspapers such as "Osaka Daily News" and "Tokyo Daily News" also publicized and reported the so -called "Chinese 'violent', 'row Japanese'", and collected military songs to the Japanese people to incite the public War of war. The Japanese citizens were incited by the advocacy of these newspapers. In the end, ordinary Japanese people were abducted into the war train under the encouragement of newspapers.

Secondly, a large number of reporters from the army reported the battlefield situation during the war. For example, during the Sino -Japanese Sino -Japanese War, newspapers such as "Tokyo Daily News", "National News", "Daily News", "Osaka Daily News" and other newspapers sent a large number Reported in each battlefield. According to the statistics of Professor Anping, a total of 66 news agencies across the country during the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War sent a reporter from the army. These reporters focused on promoting "the Japanese army's heroic urgency, the Qing army was vulnerable; the Japanese army had a good love for the local people and the captives." , "To maximize the support of nationals."

Once again, the war was encouraged to support the war. For example, in the late World War II, the war led to the increasingly lack of human resources in Japan. In order to cooperate with the Japanese government's "born for the country! Breeding!" "Baby Force" and other social reviews encouraging population fertility. Of course, no matter during the Japanese and Russian War or the "September 18th Incident", there will still be some "anti -war" sounds in the Japanese newspaper industry, but these sounds are generally weaker and their influence is small. In the wave of nationalism and nationalism.

After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese government even learned from the overall theory of Nazi Germany, set up a special military report department in the military department, "the media propaganda during the unified leadership war." It is more improved to form a complete news leadership control system of "Naval Reporting Department and the Army Reporting Department under the control of the base camp and the general news and propaganda of the country.

The above measures are the regular measures of the Japanese government in the newspaper. Specifically, according to different targets, the propaganda warfare is divided into two aspects. One is the "propaganda war in China". "Wait for Chinese cultural people and upper classes and ordinary people in the occupied areas to propagate fraudulent publicity and" promotion ". On the other hand, it is aimed at Japan's domestic propaganda warfare, incorporated the newspaper community into the "overall national war system, and propagate and encourage the people to support the war unconditionally." In addition to the "propaganda war" means, the Japanese government has adopted corresponding unconventional measures for the Nanjing Massacre of the Nanjing Massacre. According to Professor Anping's research, the Nanjing propaganda war in the Japanese newspaper community is different according to the propaganda target, which mainly includes two aspects: on the one hand, it is for the people of Japanese people to "defeat propaganda and promote the Japanese military merit"; on the other hand The massacre reported to negate the publicity of the Nanjing Massacre.

In terms of domestic propaganda Japanese military merits, Matsui Ishigen, the commander of the Shanghai dispatched army who invaded the Japanese army invaded Nanjing, attached great importance to the war propaganda during the war. On October 9, 1937, Matsui expressed the time when he met the Japanese reporter reporters "to meet the reporters of the army. The attitude of dealing with the emergency situation is to do its own communication reports, and to actively cooperate with the work that supports our army. " After the Japanese army invaded Nanjing, in order to report the situation of entering Nanjing, the Japanese government organized more than 100 reporters and writers to interview Nanjing. On December 1st, the Japanese base camp specifically stipulated the report of the invasion war: "Publicity strategy and general spy reports are responsible for the major generals of the Army Command. The specific propaganda outline stipulates: "The act of disciplinary actions of the Imperial Army, the attitude of the samurai road, and the kind behavior in the occupation site."

Under the requirements of the above provisions, 120 news, magazines, photographers, and reporters including the famous Japanese writer Mansion Takakura, Kimurai entered the Nanjing city with the army. According to the requirements of the Japanese government, the reporters mainly recorded the so -called heroic deeds of the Japanese army and rarely mentioned the later massacre content. Even some reporters, photographers, writers, and critics from the army "follow the military's instructions, false reports to recover the order of Nanjing in order to cover up the massacre atrocities." The "Ren Yiyi" who welcomes "each other" has beautified the war of aggression into the "jihad" of "establishing king and music". Regarding the reports of the Nanjing Massacre of the British and American, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other places, the Japanese government not only strictly blocked these newspapers to enter the Japanese homeland, but also the Japanese army also tried their best to block the news of the massacre in Nanjing to reduce its so -called diplomatic losses.

After -war Japanese newspaper

On August 15, 1945, the Japanese government announced an unconditional surrender. However, the Japanese government has not admitted to "surrender" from the beginning. The Emperor of Japan did not surrender or defeat in the "Book of the Final War". "It did not acknowledge the war of aggression against the outside world." Similarly, the Japanese newspapers have not been completely pursued after the war. Professor Anping believes: "The war responsibility of the Japanese newspaper community is the responsibility of assisting the government and the army in the Japanese newspaper community to assist the government and the army in the war of foreign aggression to carry out political mobilization and implementation of publicity war. False fraudity propaganda, as well as the responsibility of directly organizing war mobilization activities to lead the country and the state to the state of war. "

The reason is that on the one hand, after the war, Japan from the emperor to many ordinary people did not think that the war of aggression against the non -righteous war, that is, the degree of self -provoking of the war was not deep, which can be seen from Emperor Yuren's "The Final War". This phenomenon also appeared in the Japanese newspaper community. For example, on August 15, 1945, when the Asahi Shimbun was published in the final battle of the Emperor, he also distributed the editorial of "100 million Crying Autumn". The object of "100 million crying" is not the "sacrifice" in the war, but "sorry for the emperor and the gods of heaven and earth", which is the same as the tone of war. Secondly, many countries including Japan, including Japan, accepted and adopted the "History of the Pacific War" of the Alliance Command in Japan. This view of history "is based on the interests of the United States and Western countries, evaluating the Japanese aggression war with American values", and "the war responsibility of the" militarist "centered on the military, and the emperor, Gongzhong Group, Caizhong Group, and Cai People and press on the journalism, etc., are regarded as the peers of the "stable faction 'and the" militarist'. " In this way, the tuber's accountability that is closely related to the Japanese government war is ignored. Finally, after the outbreak of the Cold War, the United States quickly adjusted the policy of Japan and supported Japan as a bridgehead of the anti -Communist, defense, and Huahua. question. Insufficient accountability has led the Japanese newspapers to retain a large number of right -wing forces, coupled with the direction of "Guo Yi" that the elite class in the Japanese newspaper industry has always adhered to, eventually led to in the 1980s. Beautify the history of aggression, promote the history of the "Emperor Kingdom", and advertise reports such as "saving Japan's sink", "restoring the dignity of the country" and "not saying to China" and other reports such as negating objective history. The thinking of "political mobilization" and "propaganda warfare" reflected in these reports is the continuation of the "overall war system" to obey the national policy and vigorously maintain the political mobilization of the "national Yi". The inevitable result of depending on the government's deformity development.

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