"Multi -Story" fifty years: Follow Anderson's footsteps

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In August 1972, PHILIPANDERSON (1923-2020) article "MoreisDifferent" was published in Science magazines. In this article, he clarified the concept of emerging, and believed that "a new nature of the physical system will appear in each complexity" -tly, although chemistry is subject to the law of physics, we cannot follow us from our law. Physical knowledge is inferred that the results of chemistry are inferred. Fifty years after this milestone papers were published, in July 2022, Nature Reviews Physics Magazine invited eight scientists to tell the interesting phenomenon of their respective fields to commemorate them.

Steven Strogatz, Sara Walker, Julia M. Yeomans, etc.

Wang Jinkun | Translation

Liu Peiyuan | Trial

Deng Yixue | Edit

Original address:

https://www.nature.com/articleS/S42254-022-00483-X

Steven Strogatz: Beyond Jiahe

Steven STROGATZ is a professor of applied mathematics in Jacob Gould School of Cornell University. He studied non -linear dynamics and complex systems, and was applied to physics, biology and social sciences. In 1998, he and his disciple Duncan Watts closed the Nature magazine thesis "Collective Dynamics of the Little World Network", which ranked among the 100 scientific papers with the most cited scientific papers.

In 1665, Christiaan Huygens could not be closed because of "slight discomfort". He noticed that the two clocks in the recent manufacturing were placed together and maintained a perfect time (synchronization). When a clock's pendulum swinging to the right, the other's pendulum swinged to the left, exactly 180 degrees. When Hui Kus tried to interfere with their oscillation, he was surprised to find that the two -hour hanging board began to shake. This jitter gradually pushed back to the opposite synchronization. In communication, he described this "strange synchronization" of the clock as "incredible".

The work of Huachangs opened the study of synchronization. This phenomenon spread throughout the nature and the technology world, from the flocks of fireflies to superconducting Josovson. However, although Metus's observation has passed more than 350 years, we still have not fully understood the synchronization of clocks from mathematics.

The main obstacle to this study is that synchronization is a non -linear phenomenon, which makes the control equation cannot find an explicit analysis solution. In addition, the equation also includes a non -smooth pulse effect, which comes from the sudden vibration applied by the escapement mechanism of the clock.

In this way, the clock synchronization reflects the content discussed by Philip Anderson in "Different" [1]. Although we know the law of a single pendulum, this is not enough to tell us two or more of them.

Sara Walker: Symmetry

Sara Walker is a celestial biologist and physicist who study the origin of life and the law of the universe, which may enable us to find examples elsewhere. She is an associate professor of the Earth and Space Integration College of Arizona University and Deputy Director of the Scientific Basic Concept Center. She is also an external professor at the Santa Fei Institute.

When studying the origin of life, people cannot avoid emerging. Life itself is a kind of attribute: a cell is alive, but each part is not. In the words of Anderson, it is not possible to simplify the organism into simple organs, which does not mean that we can rebuild their lives from these organs. In fact, although we have a detailed understanding of molecular biology, the attempts to solve the origin of life have not yet been successful.

What did we miss? The answer in the order of time is that life is accidental in history. Darwin talked about "Endless Forms Most Beautiful", which is very different from Newton's gravity law [2]. This is a good reason: only in creatures, we can see path dependence and historical mixing of history. This is a new form; each evolution innovation is based on the previous basis, and these innovations often interact with each other over time, and the older form interacts with a more modern form.

Anderson believes that the breakdown of symmetry is the foundation of emergence. Time anti -discrimination of symmetry is the most obvious when observing each part of life. Even biological elements such as protein, DNA, and RNA, if there is no life, it is still part of the "life": if there is no evolution process to choose the machine that assembles them, they will not appear in the universe [3]. As Anderson said, this time sort is driven by the "Information-Bearing Crystallinity" of life. Each innovation, whether it is the mutation of the genome or the mutation of human language, provides inspiration for future events in a way that is different from the time orientation of the Second Law Institute of thermodynamics. If we want to explain the emergence of life, we need to understand how the information breaks symmetry in time. Julia m. Yeomans: self -assembly and control mechanism

Julia M.yeomans FRS is a professor of theoretical physics and the head of the Center for theoretical physics and the center of the center of Oxford University. She applies theoretical and computing physics technologies to the problems of soft coagulation and biophysics. Her current research interests include activated substances and mechanical biology. She has won the Epje de Gennes Speech Award, the Sam Edwards Award of the British Institute of Physics, and the Lennard – Jones Award from the Royal Institute of Chemistry.

Life system is a highly complex machine: cells need to assemble molecular structures. These structures can use chemistry to perform complex tasks required for life processes. Creating the challenge of artificial cells highlights the complexity of the emergence of life that can be operated by life.

For example, cells need an internal transportation method. They are implemented by continuously evolved rail networks. These networks consist of growth and decomposition polymer wires, and motor proteins carry load on it. In another example, the bacteria use the rotary motor to rotate whipped at a speed of 500 rpm per minute. This molecular motor is a group of organized special proteins with a diameter of about 45nm. These proteins form a rotor driven by a proton flux, which is rotated compared to the cells fixed on the cell wall. The embryo grows from a small cell to an adult animal through a series of steps, which involve the movement and division of local cell groups. Each step must be proceived at a specific time and place.

How are these self -assembly and forms mediated? The life system is running away from the position of the balanced state of the thermodynamics. Therefore, people are increasingly using the thoughts of activated material physics -to handle the materials that each particle continuously uses energy to move -to describe the life system. Research on self -assembly in the living system can deeply understand the potential universal principles in biological design. These principles can be used to help manufacture high -efficiency microscopes.

Corina Tarnita: emerging mode

Corina Tarnita is a professor at the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Princeton University. He was a junior researcher at the Harvard Researcher Association. She obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics at Harvard University. Corina studies complicated biological characteristics from simple interaction at the scale of time and space.

Unparalleled architectural skills, division of labor, agriculture and animal husbandry -although these sounds like human unique achievements, I actually refer to insect society, such as ants and termites. Their internal tissue is full of emergence: any individual attributes of tiny insects cannot indicate incredible complexity that millions of individuals jointly implement.

Over the years, I have been organizing biological communities, but when I see any surrounding environment of the community, it will be even more shocked. The self -organizational capabilities of group insects have expanded to the terrain scale, accompanied by the characteristics of the emergence of the ecosystem [4,5]. Take termites as an example: termites and neighboring ant colony are fiercely competitive. The termite partners in the same ant colony cooperate with each other. They divide the terrain into hexagonal defense areas around ant colony. The smaller communities were destroyed in the consumption battle, leaving a area of ​​several kilometers of size, scattered with equal and equal anthills, like a dot pattern.

These biological communities can survive for decades, but when their elaborate earth piles are died in the death of the builders and re -settled by the new community, they can even last for hundreds of years. [6] Due to the termites of the soil engineering and nutrient cycle, each mound has the characteristics of soil matrix between the mounds, such as different and more diverse microbial communities [7], different and more productive plant communities [7] The higher insects and limb animals, or more frequent herbivorous animals. However, the spatial pattern of the mound has the consequences of the ecosystem. These consequences cannot be predicted from the characteristics of a single mound, let alone prediction from the characteristics of a single termite. Compared with randomly distributed mounds, thousands of hexagonal mounds are distributed to increase the diversity of microorganisms and the productivity of ecosystems [7,8], and it is expected that they will greatly enhance the robustness of the ecosystem to disturb the climate. [4].

Elsa Arcaute: The Stream of Innovation

ELSA Arcaute is a professor of complex science at the University of London University of London. She has a master's degree in theoretical physics and doctoral degree in the University of Cambridge. Her preliminary research in the field of complex science explored the self -organization of ant colony. Over the past 10 years, her research focuses on cities and urban systems. There are many emerging behaviors such as social animals such as division of labor and professionalism. These features are the result of information exchange through different mechanisms and constraints at the local level. As far as human society is concerned, our interaction is constantly being adjusted by path dependence, and fine -tuning through mixing and memory to form a mechanism that transcends the basic needs of our survival. Any learning related to learning is the case. In the process of learning, our collective knowledge has been continuously updated, creating innovation outside of expected, creating a new community and activities transcending material, culture and political boundaries, affecting the entire earth and even even farther.

For example, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, an information sector (in mathematical sense) penetrated into different academic fields, resulting in general thoughts behind complex science at the same time in many different disciplines. This field corresponds to the flow of information through direct or indirect interaction. In the past, the information flow was strongly adjusted by the speed of transmission, which also restricted urban development. For example, our street network is a fractal structure. These fractal structures are formed by interaction between important places.

We are now being able to develop any ways to pass a lot of information on the earth. However, as we have seen recently, face -to -face interaction is still the key to innovation, and cities are the core of these innovations through ideological integration.

Manlio de domenico and Oriol Artime: System system

Manlio de Domenico is a complex scientist and a professor of physics at the University of Padova. He studied the statistical physics and non -linear dynamics of complex networks, and focused on systematic systems, information dynamics and geometry, as well as the functional behavior of interaction between the structure and dynamics in biophysics, social ecology, and social technology systems.

Oriol Artime is a postdoctoral researcher at the Broon Casler Foundation in Italy. He studies the cross -disciplinary disciplines of statistical physics and complex systems, from classic problems such as phase changes to modern applications of online science. He is keen to innovate cross -disciplinary challenges and seek to point his research direction in these directions under possible circumstances.

Many emergence phenomena are maintained through interactive networks. For example, focusing on biophysical phenomena, we have biomolecular interactions from human tissues, or from human tissues from the Chinese electrical chemical nerve connection mode. However, in general, these networks are not in isolation: they are coupled by structure or functional dependence, and they are organized in multiple interactive environments, also known as layers. These layers may include space, time, information, or links of their combination.

The perspective is converted from a single network to a multi -layer network analysis. It can be found that a large number of newly emerged physical phenomena have not been observed in the interactive system, which is closely related to Anderson's "multi -different" paradigm. A typical example is related to the robustness of the multi -layer network: the failure of a single node can trigger the classification of the class. These faults spread through the interdependence relationship between the multi -layer systems, causing the sudden crash within the system range. This is extremely difficult to predict the prediction of prediction Essence Another example involves the emergence of mutual communication and the emergence of sub -critical points, and separates the region that does not depend on each other with the critical nature of the process, and is separated from the critical properties. [9]

The multi -layered of the biophysical system promotes our understanding of biological functions far beyond the hypothesis of traditional restore theory. Our understanding of the pathogenesis is far beyond the Monter simple gene mutation that leads to the disease: at the molecular level, life and life and life and life and life and life and Diseases depend on the emergence of highly interconnected, multi -level and multi -scale interactions. In the next few years, it will have exciting research in the field of online medicine, system biology and systematic medicine.

Kwang-IL Goh: Novelty

Kwang-IL GOH is a professor of physics at Korean universities and is interested in statistical physics of complex networks. Along the main routes from the non -standard network and multi -layer network to the high -end network, his main research focuses on using simple physical models and dynamic processes to find and apply novel points and physical meanings in complex network systems.

When modern complex network theory began to sprout, I was lucky to start the career of statistical physics. From the early days, I often asked such a question: "As a physicist, why should I care about the Internet?" I got the best answer from the lessons of giants such as Phil Anderson. In Anderson's words, a key saying of complex network theory is that when a large amount of freedom interacts with an extraordinary but organized network, a new and unpredictable collective phenomenon may emerge.

The network mode presents another aspect of complexity, and on this basis, it can further study multi -physical physics. Many physical physics on the Internet can usually use the average field method to solve, which provides rare examples in physics, which can compare the average field solution with reality. In addition, in the most attractive case, the average field theory produced has the strangeness of other systems. The zero epidemic threshold on the bidding network (even if the infection rate is zero, epidemic disease can also be spread on the biddable network), the theoretical root of the phenomenon is that the novelty brought by the extraordinary network mode is Essence The development of multi -layer networks and recent high -end networks follows this tradition, that is, classify new and strange points. I want to know if Anderson foresees all this, when he mentioned "... the principle of" glass and other unsatisfactory forms is still fascinating, which may reveal more complicated behavior types ", but in terms of online sciences I have always felt and I will continue to feel that I have been following Anderson's footsteps. references:

1. Anderson, P. W. MORE is different. Science 177, 393–396 (1972).

2. Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Nature Selection, or the Preservice of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (John Murray, 1859).

3. Marshall, S. M. ETAL. Identifying Molecules as biosignatures with Assembly theory and Mass

spectrometry. nat. Commun. 12, 3033 (2021).

4. PRINGLE, R. M. Tarnita, C. E. Spatial Self-Organization of Ecosystems: Integrating Multiple Mechaanisms of Regarrn Formation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 62, 359–377 (2017).

5. Sundaram, M. ETAL. Rainfall, Neighbors, and Foraging: The Dynamics of a Popuration of Red Harvester Ant Colonies 1988–2019. ECOL. Monogram 92, E1503 (2022).

6. Watson, J. P. A Termite Mound in an Iron Age Burial Group in Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 55, 663–669 (1967).

7. Baker, C. C. M. Eth. Spatial Patterning of Soil Microbial Commities Created by Fungus-Farming Termites. Mol. EcoL. 29, 4487–4501 (2020).

8. PRINGLE, R. M. Etal. Spatial Pattern enhancess ecosystem functioning in an african savanna.

PLOS BIOL. 8, E1000377 (2010).

9. de domenico, m. Eth. The physics of spreading process in multilayer networks. Nat. PHYS. 12, 901–906 (2016).

Does not represent the position of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Source: Jizhi Club

Edit: Lezi Superman

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