The answer to the "question of the era" of the historical materialism -read "The Sanda Leaf of Thought -Exploration of History Materialism Special Inquiry"

Fang Jun's book "San Yee of Thought -Exploration of Historical Materialism" (April 2022, Social Science Literature Press) focuses on the depths of the times, and led academic research with the major issue of history. Highlighting his consistent academic concept, that is, the research of practical problems drive basic theoretical research, and deepen the research of realistic issues with basic theoretical research. This is an important pointer for the author to engage in philosophical research, and it is also the most impressive point to me.

Deeply reveal the meaning of the philosophy and history of Marx's historical concept

Research philosophy, Kant philosophy cannot go around.

Kant's philosophy opened a revolution in the history of modern philosophy. Modern philosophy has moved towards modern philosophy through Kant philosophy, and modern philosophy has maintained the relationship with modern philosophy and even ancient philosophy. The question is, what is the true meaning of the Kant's philosophy revolution? Traditional concepts believe that Kant philosophy is the completion of modern Western philosophy themes from ontology to epistemology. The author pointed out in the book that Kant's criticism of theoretical rationality, that is, the theory of epistemology, the extreme admiration of ethics, and the emphasis on ethical issues that cannot be "knowing" by epistemology. Essence

Kant's critical investigation of morality, freedom, historical rationality, and even world citizens shows that the historical outlook is part of the organic component of his entire philosophy, and even its main efforts. Kant is the originator of this change from the theme of history to history in modern philosophy. The general recognition theory in philosophical research tends to obscure the essential trend of the philosophical change opened by Kant. Hegel's important contribution is to use dialectics as the principles and creative principles of history, so that dialectics has gained an unprecedented sense of history. Hegel distinguishes the laws of nature and the "law of law" as a historical law. It is believed that the laws of historical laws and historical necessity are different from the law of nature. It contains "should" and contains value factors, which makes people treat their own history It is difficult to be as objective as understanding of nature. If Kant has opened the transformation of modern philosophy themes from epistemology to historical concept, Hegel has raised the historical outlook to unprecedented height. He uses a historical outlook to take all his philosophy and form a huge system.

Hegel's philosophy is a "huge abortion" because his historical view is ultimately general historical philosophy of super history. Marx's transformation of Hegel's dialectics, one is to criticize the mysterious form of idealism, the other is to criticize the super historical nature of Hegel's "world historical individual", and the nature of anti -dialectics (metaphysics and the nature of it (metaphysics and the nature Not thorough). Lenin once profoundly revealed the real theme of the Marx's philosophy revolution, namely the change of historical view: When Marx and Engels founded the historical view of materialism, "specifically paid special attention to the upper levels of the cultivation of materialism, that is, they specially, they are particularly particularly special Note that it is not materialist epistemology, but the historical view of materialism. " It can be said that the modern philosophy theme opened by Kant's transformation from epistemology to a historical view, but only because of the establishment of the historical view of Marx, it is truly expressed in the form of completion. This is a revolutionary revolution in the philosophy. Sexual change. Due to this change, idealism was completely removed from its final refuge, the historical field of modern philosophy, and the historical view of the history of modern philosophy. The openness is to leave a broad space that develops it and enrich it.

Thorough analysis of the relationship between values ​​and historical views

How to understand historical inevitability is one of the core issues of ancient and modern historical philosophy. Solving this problem in a comprehensive and scientific solution is the important contribution of Marxist philosophy to the history of human thought. However, the historical inevitable concept of historical materialism has been interpreted, non -difficult and challenged in contemporary contemporary contemporary. For example, some people believe that historical materialism only talks only to determine the theory and ignores the ability of people, so it must be supplemented by selecting theory. If this view is accepted, it means that it is necessary to find the basis of value selection from historical inevitability. Therefore, the focus of solving the relationship between historical decisive theory and historical selection is whether historical inevitability contains value factors? This is a major theoretical issue that has troubled people for a long time.

The author clearly states in the article "Practice · Historical inevitability and value" that does not study the relationship between historical concept and values, and does not study the value orientation of Marxism's materialist view. The simplified understanding of the historical view of materialism will also lead to the reconstruction of idealistic history in the field of value theory.

The author believes that the use of choice theory to supplement decision theory is from a major misunderstanding from the root cause of cognition, that is, according to the tradition of western scientificism, history must be regarded as nothing different from natural inevitable. To solve this theoretical problem, it is necessary to break through the narrow perspective of scientificism and naturalism to understand the laws of social laws, clarify the essential characteristics of historical necessity different from natural inevitability, and reveal the inherent connection of historical inevitability and value. Natural inevitability is a kind of freedom, and historical inevitability is formed in human social practice activities, and the inevitability of dominance in the process of human activities. Although this inevitability can not be pre -planned or randomly canceled in advance, it cannot exist in isolation of people's activities. Thinking of social laws as pre -form, independent existence outside the scope of people's activities, is tantamount to people's activities that can get rid of historical necessity restrictions and do whatever they want. The author believes that historical inevitability is the historical connection between the active activities of generations. inner relationship. The subject of practice is thoughtful and conscious, and the choice and decision of the subject plays an indispensable role in these three connections. Therefore, people's value evaluation and value selection actually constitute an inevitable link in the historical development causality chain.

The so -called historical inevitability, which contains the inevitability of people's choice, and the value factor is what is inherent in historical inevitability. Hegel said that the reality is reasonable. The "reasonable" here is the principle of the general scale of the objective world, and the other is the principle of the inner scale and value scale of the person. Historical inevitability, as the process of development of reality, is the process of continuous resolution of these two scale contradictions. Based on this, the author further revealed the relationship between historical inevitability and human development. The author believes that the development of people itself is the most essential connotation of historical inevitability. It is reflected in the inevitability of the survival and development of the society and the inevitability of the trend of social progress. From the perspective of the general trend of human development, the humanitarian factors (that is, the affirmative factor for the human itself) is inherent in the inevitability of history, and the inherent connection of value relationship and historical inevitability is also here. Value is the humanitarian factors inherent in history inevitable A reflection in the relationship between the main and object. We do not need to find the basis of value choice outside of historical inevitability, and historical inevitability itself has objective value orientation.

In short, the historical outlook on science and the reasonable values ​​are inherently unified. Only by in -depth grasping the connotation of historical necessity can there be a correct value basis; only by adhering to the values ​​of Marxism can we fully understand the historical inevitability of history and in -depth way Grasp the historical view of materialism.

Methodism of the Material History Opinion of the Book

Lenin emphasized that in almost half a century, Marx and Engels developed historical materialism and promoted a basic faction in philosophy. Implement in the field of social sciences. This book is a collection of special research on historical materialism. The principles of the methodology of materialism history penetrate the book, which is concentrated in the following aspects:

First, the principle of methodology of the historical view of materialism based on practice.

Social life is essentially practical. Social practice is the most essential provision of human and their society. Leaving social practice, you cannot reveal the special nature of society, and you cannot understand all social life. Why is Fernabha re -caught in idealism in the field of social and historical? Because he did not determine the premise of human survival and historical development. As Marx pointed out, intuitive materialism, to understand the objects of the object as a perceptual person, as a practice. Marx's criticism of theoretical criticisms dedicated to the criticism of practice, and everything that causes theory to lead to mysteriousism can be reasonably resolved in people's practice and understanding of this practice. Ferbaha never saw people who existed in reality, but stayed in abstract "people". Therefore, Marx said that history is outside his perspective, with him, materialism and history are completely separated from each other.

Practice is the ideological weapon of the historical view of the historical materialism. The conceptual view of conceptual views abstract personality, use the so -called "nationality" to explain history, and replace scientific investigations on historical development with passional moral criticism. The scientific personality and human nature theory adhere to the perspective of practice, and include personality and humanity issues in the historical materialism view. It is believed that individuals cannot have a certain personality and personality. Socialization and personalization, and continuously obtain the development of their own personality and humanity through a certain social relationship. Marxism is concerned about the historical things in different social forms. Personality and human nature are always specific, and abstract personality and humanity are not available. The core issue of the scientific historical view is the relationship between economic and social development and the development of people itself. On the basis of practice, it adheres to the basis The historic changes are the most important methodological inspiration given to us by the historical view of materialism.

Second, the organic unity of truth and value.

Practice is not only the process of the regularity of the species -scale transformation object, but also the process of people who process the objectivity of the objects of the inner scale. Human practical activities are to continuously generate and resolve facts and value, "yes" and "should" contradictions to promote the development of society and people. Ignoring the two -scale thought of Marx is an important reason for the simplified understanding of the historical view of materialism. Is the view of materialism as some Western scholars attacked, "not ethical and morality" and "ignoring the role of morality"? From a formal point of view, Marx has indeed critically criticized the attempt to abuse the historical development in abstractly. The question is not to recognize the role of morality and ethics in social progress, but to be unable to understand morality and ethics. In Marx's opinion, the social and historical conditions that have left and activate and play a role in various specific morals and ethics are impossible to truly reveal the essence and role of morality, because "any social form of property has their own" Morality 'is compatible with it, and the form of social property that makes property the attribute of labor will never create personal' moral restrictions', but will liberate personal 'moral' from class bondage. " The organic unity of truth and values ​​based on practical views is not only an important methodological principle of scientific historical outlook, but also an important methodological principle of scientific ethics. The author believes that the contradiction between the relationship between the regularity and the purpose of human practice activities is not only to produce and solve the contradictions of the contradiction between the "real world" and the "response world". The realistic foundation of diversity and unity. Different solutions to the relationship between the regularity and the purpose of the combination determine the different characteristics of human beings to grasp the methods of the world (science, art, morality, etc.). If you start from the perspective of practice and understand the historical view of materialism in a complete and accurate understanding, we can consciously grasp the organic connection between the scientific history and epistemology, logic, ethics, and aesthetics in the Marxist theoretical system, and from this organic Like each aspect of research. Third, the principles of organic unity of dialectics and historical views and values.

The author not only discusses the essential connection of scientific history and values, but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for the values ​​of science, but also discusses the internal connection between dialectics and values, revealing that dialectics is the essential attributes of criticism and revolution. Marx's view of history is material and dialectical, and historical materialism is also the dialectics of history. On the one hand, the history of materialism is the "dialectics of reasonable forms", and on the other hand, dialectics is also a profound historical point of view of the development of human society. Marx's dialectics is supported by a heavy historical sense and reasonable values. It is the organic unity of scientific historical outlook and reasonable values. Marx has the limitations of dialectics and the limitations of purely logical understanding, and use dialectics as the principles of historical promotion and creative principles, so that dialectics obtain unprecedented historical sense of history. Dialectics has objective value orientation, which is closely linked to the fate of socialism and historical activities of human liberation. As a dialectical law that truly reflects the laws and trends of historical development, it reflects the power and development trend of a certain value. Practical activities are historic activities that create value. The choice of value of people constitutes an inevitable link in historical causality. The dialectical rules reveal the dialectical nature of the historical development trend. The author believes that the historical development of research on the relationship between people and world value is an important way to obtain a reasonable form of dialectics. Value relationship is a dialectical relationship with negativeness as a medium. On the one hand, value relationship is a human relationship, a positive relationship between reality, that is, the development relationship of the person as the person itself as the purpose of the real world; on the other hand, this affirmation relationship with people is The form of negative and alienation is manifested. From the perspective of the general historical trend, it is more manifested as a negation. The dialectics of the affirmative understanding of existing things also contains the understanding of the negation of existing things, that is, the inevitable understanding of existing things. In its reasonable form, dialectics has aroused the anger of the bourgeoisie and its spokespersons. This profound dialectical historical outlook and values ​​essentially reveal the power that truly represents future development trends and directions.

(The author is a member of the Department of Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Li Jingyuan

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