Li Wenlong: "Grassland Silk Road Civilization: Rongdi Hun Bronze Culture"

Summary

In 2,000 BC, from the Mongolian Plateau and Altai regions north of the Great Wall of China, it extended west to the band Eurasian grassland of the Sikalba Mountains. Grassland nomadic people. In order to better adapt to the grassland environment, they adopt seasonal migration. Change the ranch in summer and winter.

According to the existing documents, the main ethnic groups living on the ancient Eurasian grasslands are roughly east to west: the Huns, the Yue people, the Series, the Salmart, and the Skyt. However, the above -mentioned ancient grassland nations are not a single nation, but are combined by multiple different races and tribes in the form of alliances.

These names are historians and writers from ancient civilized countries outside the grasslands, which are generally known as the same or near regional nomadic peoples living in the same era.

Prairie nomadic people have extremely superb ride -riding skills, and strong military strength, and they are aggressive, so that the entire civilized world is afraid of them, and gives them some unpretentious titles.

Although they did not leave any words to record themselves, only the heroic legends and poetry of word of mouth, they left a very great world cultural and artistic heritage.

The traditional ride costumes of the nomadic people include: a loose waist coat, waist trousers, soft boots, and bright textiles, and various animal pattern decorations decorated on the waist, decorated with a unique style Bird and Beast Weapon.

Their mainstream traditional artistic patterns will be used for a long time.

In the vast Eurasian grasslands, the geographical distance will not cause cultural isolation between each other.

The characteristics of the rapid movement of nomadic peoples, coupled with the approximation of the living environment, make the vast Eurasian grassland form a similar grassland culture. With the expansion of the Prairie Empire and business exchanges, cultural exchanges have also been promoted.

Before the opening of the Silk Road on the Han Dynasty, the grassland Silk Road was already a channel for cultural exchanges between the East and the West. In the long history, many nomadic peoples have created a variety of and unique culture. And the farming culture south of the grassland has developed parallel. During the period, due to the spread of business transactions, military war, and religious beliefs, they had contact with each other, the cultural influence, and penetration of each other, and eventually showed the phenomenon of integration between culture.

The geographical environment of the central and Mongolian border north of the Great Wall is also very different from the southern farming areas. The Gobi Desert, which has thousands of miles, is the north of the Gobi Desert. It is a northern grassland. The climate is dry and the population is scarce. The land is covered by the grassland and has never been reclaimed. It is a paradise for all kinds of animals to be the forest grassland and alpine grassland.

The Monan Ordos Plateau, which borders the Central Plains, especially the southern part of Ordos Plateau. The climate is relatively warm and humid, more suitable for farming, and affected by the Central Plains farming civilization. And with the relatively advanced handicraft industry, the population is relatively dense.

In terms of handicraft manufacturing, in the late summer solstice business, the ancestors living in the northern region not only mastered bronze smelting technology, but also cast a variety of utensils. For example, in the Xiajiadian cultural sites distributed in the southeast of Inner Mongolia, in addition to small bronze ornaments, large bronzes were also found. The cultural relic of Zhu Kaigou is equivalent to the early business period. The short knives and short swords found in the northern grasslands are obvious; the Shang Dynasty or the earlier period was manifested by reproductive worship or characters and animals.

In the middle and late stages of the Shang Dynasty, most of the round carved animals were decorated, such as the head of the knife and sword, and the head image of round carved deer, sheep, horses and other animals was mostly cast. Such decorative animals short swords and short swords are unique to the Mongolian plateau, while copper axes and other tube weapons are largely affected by the western tube weapon.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, car and horses appeared, such as round -carved animal decorations used to decorate the car; there were small animal trims formed by relief and transparent carving methods. Usually use double circles as decoration;

The Spring and Autumn Period is a period of bronze in the grassland style bronze. It is characterized by animal patterns as decorative utensils. There are obvious types of animals, and the shapes are more vivid. Secondly, a larger bronze casting, such as cars, etc., even the decoration, the size of the body has increased. The themes are mostly based on the theme of carnivorous animal hunting scenes such as tiger deer and tiger sheep.

In the middle and late period of the Warring States Period, the use of small cards gradually decreased, and large -scale cards used in pairs began to become popular. The cards began to pay attention to the left and right symmetry of the pattern, and the golden crafts on the surface of the card also began to appear during this period. The aristocracy began to use precious metal products such as gold and silver. Its production process is superb and richer in types.

The decorative style of the Qin and Han dynasties has changed very much in the early days. The subject matter of animals began to decrease. What appears more is the patterns such as double camels, double cows and other patterns of the peaceful scenes. The style of the cards of this period is regular.

After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns defeated repeatedly in the war with the Han Dynasty of the Central Plains and were defeated by Emperor Hanwu. Most of the northern Xiongnu was forced to move westward, and its residual parts were annexed by increasingly powerful Xianbei. The Southern Xiongnu has gradually embarked on the road to integration with the Han nation, and the Huns have lost their glory. Its handicrafts have also begun to go downhill, and the casting utensils have become rough. The surface decorations on the surface are extremely rare. The animal patterns of the decorations and other utensils are more affected by the Central Plains culture. On the other hand, the grassland in the north is vast, and there are many ancient pastoral hunters living here. The ancient sayings are clouds "hundreds of miles and do everything, thousands of miles and vulgar." The religious beliefs and customs of each nation are very different. Even the same nation, the customs and habits of different regions are different. As a result, the utensils and accessories are produced, which has the commonality of the grassland nation; it also has the unique style of their respective ethnic groups.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, handicrafts created by the ancestors in the Mobei Grassland areas are derived from various wild animals in the forest grassland. The animal patterns shown by the utensils, whether it is carnivore or herbivores, has a beautiful and smart form, and is full of wild and powerful muscle. The surface of the card is more polished and smooth, and there are few pattern decorations. This wild performance also represents the bold temperament of the hunting nation.

Although the animal style in the northern part of Moan Grassland is close to the Mobe Prairie, the animal patterns of cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep in southern regional affairs are mostly obese, with short limbs, and they have the characteristics of obvious artificial domestication. It shows that this area has been influenced by the Central Plains farming culture.

From the late Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, large decorations in Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Ordos in the Ordos region in the Ordos are more common in the Ordos region, while Mobei Mongolia grasslands are found very little. The reason may be affected by the Han culture because of the southern Xiongnu, more attention to the decoration of clothing, and the improvement of the level of casting technology. These two points are possible to cast large -scale decorations for casting.

During the Western Han Dynasty, a large number of gilt gold medals with borders appeared in Moan Grassland and many regions of the Central Plains, including Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hunan, Guangzhou and other places. While the Huns accepted Han culture, grassland culture also affected the vast area of ​​Central Plains. On the other hand, there are also the possibility of making rewards for the Central Plains dynasty to appease the northern nation.

The animal patterns on the utensils found in the east of Zhangjiakou, Chifeng, and Liaoning areas are mostly culturally stylish in the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. Most of the animal forms in this area are more slender and less focused on muscle strength. Some unique animal styles have appeared, such as double horses, double tigers, and other heads connected to the tails, as well as round -ranging bells with round carvings such as tigers, horses, and deer. There are often religious mysterious colors in many utensil decoration.

Ningxia Guyuan, Gansu Tianshui, and Longnan are the main areas of Xirong's hometown. Because their geographical location is close to the Central Plains region, the cultural influence is more in -depth, including the improvement of smelting technology, the use of gold products, and the luxury of the life of the upper nobles. Far further than other grassland peoples.

The car and horse jewelry found in this area is also very rich, and it is very common to include gold on car and horses. The large -scale cards in this area appear earlier, and the number of cards of more than 10 cm during the Spring and Autumn Period is not uncommon. The decoration style is different from the smoothness of the line and the strength of the muscles. Gorgeous, in addition to showing the mighty tiger and leopard, fine patterns are also cast on the surface of the decoration to display the native hair of the beast. The treatment method of the surface tinning makes the decoration more beautiful and is not easy to oxidize.

Ordos culture shows the living form of various animals in the forest grassland. Use realistic methods to show the living scenes of animals walking, squatting, predation, and bite, focusing on the sense of muscle strength of animals, and the description of the animal's face and body proportions and portrayal.

And Skyt culture is more influenced by Greece and Rome. The artistic expression of his works is more intense, more abstract and exaggerated, focusing on lines and outlines and sense of perspective. Although the two cultures have their own distinctive style characteristics, because the nomadic people have the characteristics of rapid mobility, their culture has many associations, and it integrates and affects each other. Therefore, its works have many similarities.

In the Altai Mountains located in the middle of the grassland of Eurasia, many grassland nomadic peoples from all sides are gathered here. Eastern and Western cultures blend here, and it has also become an important channel for the spread of Eastern and Western culture.

This time, from more than a thousand collections that have been collected for more than 20 years, we have selected more than 200 boutiques with distinct cultural characteristics and good quality.

Different from similar books in the past, the collections included in this book are not only richer in variety, but we also try to indicate the source of the collections as much as possible when it is recorded, and strive to inherit the order and increase the amount of information. Collection has not only many provinces and cities in China; as well as the region of the Mongolian People's Republic, Japan, Iran and other Western regions, France, and Russia, the region has greatly expanded, which undoubtedly broaden our research field of research.

I hope that more colleagues who love grassland culture will understand them and can better inherit the exploration of grassland bronze culture.

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