Reading | The longest siege consumed in World War I, a battle of a high -intensity siege

"Bloody Fortress: The Capital of the Pujemei Hill and the Call of European Hallow"

[English] Alexander Watson

Translation of Fan Rutian

Guangdong People's Publishing House published in June 2022

This book is the longest description of the longest siege in World War I. This time. This siege prevented the Russians from advancing, causing the Austro -Hungarian Empire to fail in 1914, and revealed that the Austro -Hungarian Empire was in the micro. All crazy, bad and dangerous in the final stage. After the end of the First World War, the national contradictions from this battle became more and more intense, and finally evolved into the biggest tragedy of humans in the 20th century, and opened the prelude to the anti -Small wave of Central and Eastern Europe and the national conflict.

>> Selected reading in the text:

The final chapter deepen the darkness (excerpts)

The hatred and violence caused by the First World War in the Central and Eastern Europe have been brewing for decades, and the unimaginable vicious bleeding conflict broke out. All parts of this area are shrouded under such a cloud. The siege war from 1914 to 1915 accompanied by danger, hunger and division, the hostile emotions further intensified, and this emotion will only further intensify. Although the city is no longer the front line, as the war has intensified, hunger and death are spreading step by step. Polish nationalism broke out. Now Rosnians are Polish, and their desire for social status is also increasing, and they are reluctant to give up Perja Mayle. In the autumn of 1918, when the Austro -Hungarian Empire disintegrated and the victor of war, especially the US President Wilson, promised to achieve "autonomy" for the Central and Eastern European people, the internal differences were largely different. On the evening of November 3-4, the Ukraine independence group launched a coup to seize the control of the city. The Poles rose up. Dozens of casualties and 5 civilians died. When the Ukraine Uprising was driven out of the city on the 11th and 12th, the winners launched a massacre; this was only one of the many massacres during this period of time. Jewish stores were robbed. The owner of the store was beaten. A Jewish man named Abraham Rot was also killed.

After the war in 1914, Preaei Hill failed to return to a state of harmonious coexistence in multi -ethnic groups. To be sure, the situation of racial tension already exists before the conflict occurred. The Jews and Ukraine are no longer an integral part of a multi -ethnic empire, but in a country established in a country established by a Polish that believe in Catholicism. In order to win East Gali, Poland immediately fought a fierce battle with the Western Ukrainian Republic, which was not abundant. The final victory in July 1919 and the recognition of its sovereignty in the 1923 International Alliance consolidated Poland's control over the region. The region was clearly renamed "Eastern Poland". In this regard, Ukrainian radicals have never been accepted. They believe in violence than the Polish government's commitment to autonomous and assimilation policies, and they are more extreme than at any time before 1914. Terrorism happened. In the early 1920s, at the nearly 1920s, someone tried to bomb the train and attacked the Polish soldiers stationed in the old city site. The action of extremists is not only to oppose Polish rule, but also to provoke the contradiction between the Poland and the Ukraine, and even hatred. Any Ukraine who cooperates with the Poles will be assassinated. In Pre and Prea, the most tragic victim is the respected educator and the dean of the Ukrainian Women's Teachers College, Sofron Matavia, who was murdered on September 1, 1924.

On the surface, after the Massacre of November 1918, the Jewish Jews of Preaehel had cooperated. The Jews continued to send representatives to participate in the Municipal Council. In the municipal elections in 1928, they advocated that the harmonious "National United Party" in race won all seats. However, this obvious tolerance only covers potential anti -Semitism. During the siege of the city from 1914 to 1915, the allegations of food speculation on the Jewish people caused the people's anger. The war with the Soviet Union in 1920 caused racial discrimination to upgrade. Throughout the civil war, the difficult economic situation also exacerbated the jealousy of other ethnic groups for Jews. Although many of the Jewish people were poor, they still dominated the business of Prea Mayle. After democracy in the early 1920s and the oppression of the second half of the 1930s, the public's resistance to Jewish business has been repeatedly supported in this city. Christmas in 1937, a week -long campaign was carried out in the threatening slogan "Pujemei Hill without Jews".

The outbreak of the Second World War on September 1, 1939, and the subsequent invasion and occupation of the Germans, destined to make any middle -aged citizen of Perhelmeihill feel fear. The panic when the enemy approaches, the sight of the refugees to escape, and the Germans immediately appear about the notice of restricting freedom, strict management and obedience to obedience, and it appeared 25 years ago. The situation is not different. Two politics divided by Poland in September 1939, despite the banner of the revolution, jointly dominated the history. Their boundary borders are roughly along the Christian world border, or the fracture lines that are blurred between Ukraine and Belarus. In the south, along the Sang River, Perjeme Hill was divided into two. The Germans occupied Zasani and gave it an uncomfortable name "Germany's Perhelmel". The old town, Jewish region, and the current eastern suburbs Lvovsky returned to the Soviet Union before 1941.

That border line strongly symbolizes the suffering of the city and Central and Eastern Europe. The only two major transit stations between the two empires (the other is located in Brester), It is like a scar made from ugly concrete bunkers, artillery positions and tangled iron wire mesh. This symbolizes the end of cultural exchanges, ethnic integration and flow for several centuries. Instead of permanent horror and oppression. After the border, the new bloody plan began to reshape the people in the occupation area. Nazi is not the first time that it has implemented cruel ideological changes in Pujemeihill and surrounding areas. This is now obvious. For residents who faced the Russian -Russian army 25 years ago, everything seemed to have known each other. The interference in schools and religions, artificial ethnic confrontation, violence, corruption, and plunder are the common characteristics of these occupation regimes. However, although the Russian army can only achieve limited achievements due to the lack of the guidance of the central government, the Nazi regime tried to make comprehensive transformation and pursue unlimited and expanded ideology. The large -scale slaughter policy will eventually lead to the death of about 14 million people in Central and Eastern Europe. The northern part of Premier and other parts of Poland was merged into Hitler's racial empire. Hitler launched the "Barbarosa Plan" for the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and the entire city will fall under the control of Nazi. Then, Perjeme Hill became the front line. After a week of violent bombing and tug -of -back warfare, two -fifths of houses were destroyed, and the old Jewish areas were also razed to the ground. The Germans occupied the area south of Sang River. The guidance principles of the Nazi occupation area, just as the ruthless words of a general's general: "The Germans are the owners and the Poland is a slave." The area was mainly used as a channel for Soviet product exports and the main transfer stations as foreign Germans. —— The Germans who used to be Soviet nationals "returned" Hitler's "Great Germany". The Polish received attention only because they are the source of slaves. Nazi killed more than 50,000 educated Polish elites. For others, cruel suppression, exploitation and hunger are the basic characteristics of daily life. In the Preaei and surrounding areas, 26431 Polish and Ukraine were shipped to Germany as labor. About 5,000 people (except Jews) were killed or disappeared during the Nazi occupation.

It was not until the second half of 1941 that the Nazi policies of the Jewish became racial extinction. In July 1941, the Jewish Jews of Preaei Hill were forced to leave their homes, and 22,000 unfortunate people were forced to squeeze into the Garbarzer District behind the train station. A "Jewish Commission" was ordered to manage this area according to the requirements of the occupant. The life here is cruel, full of hard labor, poverty, disease and hunger. In the spring of 1942, Ge Shi Tai Bao killed many Jews in the Southern Jewish cemetery in Pujeel Hill, the long -established southern Jewish cemetery. One year later, on July 16, 1942, it became a closed slum area. Within two weeks later, it was announced that "re -resetting Jews to engage in labor" is an euphemistic statement for extinct Jews. During the two cleanup operations from July to August and November 1942, most Jews of Preaei Hill were brought to the Bezker Death Camp at 100 kilometers northeast. 434508 Polish Jews. In September 1943, the last batch of Jews in Preaei Hill had only 5,000, men, women, and children, and almost all were sent to the Oswelin concentration camp. The last 1580 Jews who were not sent to the concentration camp were shot shot in the slum. In June 1942, 66 Jews living in the Za Nazi occupied area since 1939 were driven to the place where the Nazis executed death penalty. In the first fortress built outside the fortress, the group of Jews were killed. This is just the epitome of the history of the fortress and the destruction of Central and Eastern Europe in the middle of the 20th century.

Even through today's Preaeel, it seems that he can still see the world before the killing began in 1914. The clock tower built in the 18th century of the city still stands, overlooking the entire city and the East. People can stroll on Mitzkovic Street, pass the military building of the Austro -Hungarian Empire, or stroll in the old town to visit the historic church. But both Jewish and old Jewish churches have disappeared. The Tsar Nichola II has never been allowed to hold the Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Orthodox Mass there, losing the dome on the east, and becoming the Roman Catholic Church. The population composition here has also changed a lot. At the end of the Second World War, there were only 28,144 people left in the city, which was about half of 1939; only 415 Jews survived. Soon after the Ukraine, the Ukrainians disappeared. The Soviet Union re -divided the Polish territory. The Communist Party of Poland came to power. The terrible atrocities of the Poland in the surrounding areas in the surrounding areas of controversial areas were determined to purify Poland on national issues, and the Ukraine was deported. The race cleaning of Preaeihill was completed in 1947. About 15,000 Polish people who were displaced in the Soviet occupation area were taken to Pigmelihill to replace the original residents who were slaughtered and expelled to establish a pure Polish city.

The remains of the old fortress outside the city reminded people that in this war, Central and Eastern Europe fell into a horrible cycle.In 1914, the first battle of the European continent in the 20th century broke out here.The original order is no longer, and the ugliness of human nature is released from the seal.These ruins have strongly proved how fragile civilization is, and people living in it never expected that civilization would end so suddenly and terrible.The rubble may be a proper commemorative commemoration that happened later.

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Author: Alexander Watson

Edit: Zhou Yiqian

Editor in charge: Zhu Zilong

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