The arrest of "the two kings of the Northeast", Ma Jiajue, and recovering the "weapon" of the fugitives are made!

Author:Look at the think tank Time:2022.07.19

In early May, the Ministry of Public Security issued A -level wanted order, publicly wanted six major trafficking women and children to fugitives; June, A -level wanted order was issued again, and 12 major leaders and backbones of telecommunications network fraud groups were wanted at the beginning of the month. Chen Yan, a suspect of child criminal.

There are A -level wanted orders, is there B, C, and D?

The hierarchy of our country began in 2000. The rewards began in the 1980s, a major gun killing case in the northeast of the 1980s.

So, what is the development process of my country's wanted system? What contributions have been made for the long -term stability of our country?

Text | Xie Fang Watch Think Tank Observer Wang Yufan (intern)

This article is an original article on the lookout think tank. If you need to reprint, please indicate the source of the Source of the Source of the Think Tank (ZHCZYJ) and the author's information, otherwise it will strictly investigate the legal responsibility.

Wanted, existing ancient

Throughout the criminal laws of various periods in my country's history, most of them have the chapter of "capture". Among them, "death" refers to the escape, and "capture" is the provisions of hunting criminals and escape, Ding, and service.

In the later stages of slave society, there have been records of hunning and escape slaves. "Zuo Zhuan · Zhaogong Seven Years" records: "Zhou Wenwang's method said,‘ there is death, deserted reading ’, so it’ s the world. ”Among them,“ waste ”means“ big ”,“ reading ”means“ searching ”. Some slaves fled, and they were arrested and returned to the restoration of the Lord. This measure was supported by the slave owner and aristocracy, and then consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

Since then, the "capture" system has gradually improved, and the form of wanted, rewarding, collaboration, portrait, notification and sea capture has appeared.

In the Biography of Historical Records of Wu Zizhen, during the period of King Chu Ping, King Chu Ping suspected that the prince was "diplomatic princes, and he would be chaotic", angry and killed Wu Zizhen's father and brother. In order to pursue him, King Chu Ping ordered his portrait to make his portraits, posted it all over the country, and rewarded it.

Pu Jian, a professor at Peking University Law School, believes: "This portrait of Wu Zizhen can be said to be the earliest wanted in Chinese history."

During the Warring States Period, the first comparison of the "Dharma Classic" appeared in my country, but the content had been lost. The oldest and most complete feudal criminal codes in China "Tang Law Shu" recorded its relevant content: "Weekly overpass, the Warring States State is different, Master Wei Wenhou is in Li Yan, gathered in the criminal scriptures, and created the" Dharma Classics ". Six articles, one thief, the second thief method, the three prisoners, the four arrest methods, the five miscellaneous methods, and the six methods. Wanted chapter.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the reward of the arrests of thieves or enemy generals was widely used, and the reward and punishment were clear. "Hanshu Jibu Biography" records: "Xiangzhi is destroyed, Gao Zu is buying a thousand dollars, dare to give up, and sin three trins." Among them, 1,000 two silver rewards and punishment of the three ethnic groups.

The earliest original wanted order in my country came from the Han Dynasty.

In October 1973, a group of bamboo slips were unearthed in the Jinguan site in the north of Jinta County, Gansu Province- "Ganlu Two -year Prime Minister Royal History Book". There are about 500 words in the whole article. The bamboo slips recorded the second year of Emperor Xuan Ganlu (52 BC). Zhangye County executed the court notice, and wanted to escape the order and now hidden in the Gansu Provincial Museum.

In this notice, the first half introduced the basic appearance and characteristics of the wanted object, and ordered the county to guard the "below, official, and father of the official order of the county officials of the county", and investigated and inquiring in detail. The second half records the way of transmission of the wanted order: after the prime minister Shao Shi and Yushi Shou Shao Shi were transferred to the prince of Zhangye County, the Zhangye Taishou transferred the document to the captains, and the captain was transferred to the officials. Saihou officials transferred to Hou Chang again. This way of enforcement from top -down and layers is similar to today's wanted orders.

Note: "Husband" (Yin Tongshe) is a township official, who listens to the lawsuit and collects taxes. "Saisai" is the Castle of the ancient defensive border.

Since then, the wanted methods of various dynasties have improved.

During the Tang Dynasty, for fugitives, the government would publish a "sea catching document" and "open the list" everywhere. In addition to writing the name, age, status, and physical characteristics of fugitives, it is often equipped with a fugitive portrait, that is, "painting paintings Graphic "can be identified and arrested by officials and people. The "Tang Laws and Capture Law" is a great success in the experience of feudal rulers since the Warring States Period, including the legal responsibility of the hunt and punishment for various types of fugitives.

During the Song Dynasty, a major feature of the wanted order was that the reward was higher. In addition, the "Song Criminal Capture Law" stipulates that "if you do not win for three years, you do not win," that is, after three years of wanted, he stopped hunting.

During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the use of wanted orders was more widely used, and the production subjects were expanded. From the initial central judicial organs to local governments, the methods were mostly "painting and graphics" and "sea catching documents".

In ancient times, the wanted names changed, and the objects were relatively broad -they could be a fleeing slave, thief, or a hard work, and had been used as an important means of criminal investigation. In modern times, due to political turmoil and other reasons, the wanted order often has strong political colors, and the wanted targets have exceeded the scope of criminal investigation.

Who wants to want?

With the continuous improvement of my country's criminal litigation legal system, the wanted was included in the legal framework, and the timely arrest of the case in a timely manner and the successful protection of criminal proceedings were successfully arrested and the criminal proceedings were successfully carried out. In 1979, the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress approved the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, which stipulated procedures and specifications of investigative measures such as wanted wanted by the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China. Since then, the Criminal Procedure Law was amended in 1996, 2012, and 2018, but the revision and adjustment of the wanted system was less.

The basic content of the wanted wanted in the current Criminal Procedure Law still uses the 1996 version of the regulations: If the suspects arrested should escape, the public security organs can issue a wanted order, take effective measures, and hunt down the case. Public security organs at all levels can issue a wanted order directly within their own regions; areas that exceed their own jurisdictions shall report to the higher -level organs to release it.

In 1998, the Ministry of Public Security promulgated the "Regulations on the Criminal Cases of Public Security Organs". Subsequently, the Supreme People's Procuratorate promulgated the "Criminal Procedure Rules of the People's Procuratorate (trial)" based on the actual situation of the procuratorial work, which supplemented and explained and stipulated the wanted system.

The former regulates the specific measures included in the wanted system. The latter stipulates that the procuratorial organs as national legal supervision organs have the right to decide to take wanted measures for self -investigated cases. The wanted order was issued by the public security organs, and the hunting was hunting.

Note: The above two rules and regulations have been revised several times. At present, the "Regulations on the Procedure of Criminal Cases in Public Security Organs" shall be revised in the 2020 version, and the "Criminal Litigation Rules of the People's Procuratorate" is a revised version in 2019.

On the evening of November 5, 2019, Zhang Lichuang, a -level wanted criminals, surrendered to the Public Security Bureau of Qingyuan City, Guangdong. Figure ｜ Xinhua News Agency (provided by the Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department)

In addition to the procuratorial organs and public security organs, the supervisory organs also have the right to decide to take wanted measures.

The "Supervision Law of the People's Republic of China" passed on March 20, 2018 stipulates that if the investigators who should be left in accordance with the law are escaping, the supervisory organs may decide to be wanted in their own administrative areas. If the scope of wanted exceeds the administrative area, it shall be reported to the higher -level supervisory agencies to decide.

On May 11, 2018, according to the decision of the Yunnan Provincial Supervision Committee, the Yunnan Provincial Public Security Department issued A -level wanted order to make a wanted to Jiang Zhaogang, the former deputy secretary of the party committee and principal of Southwest Forestry University. This is the first wanted order from the provincial supervisory committee since its establishment.

On the 20th day after the wanted order was issued, Jiang Zhaogang was arrested and brought to justice by the public security organs at the hiding point of Kunming City. Since then, the "Running President" has been sentenced to fifteen years in prison and fined 3 million yuan.

From this point of view, procuratorial organs, supervisory agencies, and public security organs have the right to take wanted measures, but issuance and implementation of wanted is the duties of public security organs.

However, there is also an agency and department in my country, which also has the same wanted arrest authority as the public security organs, that is, the national security organs. According to the "Implementation Rules for the Implementation of the National Security Law" promulgated in 1994, national security organs can be wanted and hunt for criminals who betray and endanger national security.

Three major weapons

So, how does the wanted system play a role in the work of public security organs?

The "Regulations on the Procedure of Criminal Cases of Public Security Organs" stipulate several wanted measures:

The first is a wanted order.

In the wanted order issued by the public security organs, the personal details of the wanted person should be written as much as possible, and photos of nearby periods should be stated. In addition to the matters that must be confidential, the time, place and brief case of the case should be stated. The scope of the wanted order is determined by the person in charge of the public security organs issued by the wanted order. After the wanted order is issued, if you find a new important situation, you can refer to the notification.

On May 6, 2022, information such as the name, gender, status, and ID number of the fugitives was listed in the public security wanted order. Picture source:@图图 Criminal Investigation Bureau

However, for a long time, the wanted order was only conveyed within the public security and defense system, and the communication effect was limited.

Until January 1992, the Ministry of Public Security agreed to the Beijing Public Security Bureau in the "Approval on Improvement Methods" in the "Optional and Local Newspaper, Radio, and Television Station to publicly want to escape criminal criminals, and was appropriate The scope is posted and issued a wanted order. Please support the newspapers, radio, and television stations as a report of the news for free. " Since then, the public wanted has gradually matured and promoted to the whole country.

Since February 2000, the Ministry of Public Security's wanted order was first divided into two levels: "A" and "B". The "A -Class" is a command issued to arrest the Ministry of Public Security that he should focus on the fugitives, which is mainly suitable for emergency, major cases, or malignant cases. The "B" is an order issued by the provincial public security organs in response to the request of the provincial public security organs. This classification is used to this day.

With the advent of the Internet era, the public security organs issued online wanted orders on the Internet, which can remind the general public to improve their vigilance and better maintain social stability. Molecular, urge them to invest early. It should be noted that in the practical criminal investigation practice, the wanted order is often parallel to the reward, which is inseparable from the second wanted measure -the reward announcement.

The "Public Security Organs' Regulations on Criminal Cases" stipulates that in order to discover major criminal clues, recover the property and evidence involved in the case, and seize the suspect of criminals. If necessary, it may issue a notice of reward by the person in charge of the public security organs at or above the county level. The reward notice should stimulate the basic situation of the reward object and the specific amount of bounty.

In fact, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to avoid the problems of "money -oriented", it has not been wanted by rewards. After the reform and opening up, my country entered a period of economic and social transformation. The income gap began to increase, the population flow accelerated, the crime forms and means also began to complex and change, and the difficulty of pursuing criminal suspects in public security organs increased sharply.

Wang Dawei, a professor of the People's Public Security University of China, said that in practice, 80%of the cases were not present at the time of the case, and the suspects were hidden among the people when they fled.

At this time, it is believed that the people and relying on the people's rewards can play an important role.

The first reward of our country can go back to the "Northeast King Extraordinary Murder Case" that shocked the country in the 1980s.

In the 30th year of 1983, Wang Zongfang and Wang Zongwei shot 4 people in Shenyang, and then flowed across the country. Within 7 months, more than 20 policemen were killed. During the period, in Xiliping, Hengyang, and Wuhan, Hunan, the "two kings" were hunted by the police for exposure, but they eventually escaped. After several research and judgment and report, in May 1983, the Ministry of Public Security decided to issue a hunting notice and reward 2,000 yuan.

As the first reward announcement after the founding of the New China, the "Notice on Harbin Holding the Sage and Murder Wang Zongfang Wang Zongwei" is printed with the appearance characteristics and criminal facts of the "two kings". "Submit".

In the "Notice on Harbin Holding the Sage and Murder Wang Zongfang Wang Zongwei", the "Two Kings". Picture source: CCTV12 "Skynet · Public Security Legend · Forever Interpol"

Since then, clues about the "two kings" have come. On September 13, the "Two King" was exposed in Guangchang, Jiangxi. Wang Jun, the former deputy inspector of the Criminal Investigation Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, recalled that a young man from the Guangchang County Civil Affairs Bureau of Jiangxi "saw someone wearing a grass hat, which was very low, riding a bicycle to go", it looks like a reward person, So quickly reported that the public security organs.

Guangchang County temporarily organized more than 20,000 militias, plus more than 700 public security, launched a big search throughout the territory, and eventually killed the "two kings".

Picture source: CCTV12 "Skynet · Public Security Legend · Forever Interpol"

Since the "Northeast King Extraordinary Murder Case", the criminal investigation system such as the wanted, special police, patrol police, road inspection points, and 110 alarm telephones has been slowly established.

In the late 1990s, in the "Fighting Special Struggle" nationwide, the wanted measures were used in large quantities and achieved more obvious results.

In 2004, the race wanted to become the focus again because of the "Magatjue case". On February 23, Ma Jiajue, a student of Yunnan University, fled after killing 4 students in the dormitory, and the social impact was huge. Subsequently, the Public Security Department of Yunnan Province and the Public Security Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region issued a promotional warrant. On March 1st, the Ministry of Public Security issued A -level wanted order, and awarded 200,000 yuan to the nationwide wanted Malgajue. On March 15th, Magajue was arrested in Sanya City, Hainan Province. The largest bounty after the founding of New China was obtained by a driver who provided clues.

According to data in 2005, since the Ministry of Public Security implemented the "A -Class Wanted Order" system, the capture rate was 71%, which was 10 to 20 percentage points higher than the usual arrest rate.

The third wanted measure is border control measures.

The main control measures are mainly to prevent the suspect from escaping abroad. The review and approval authority also have clear restrictions: If the suspect needs to take border control measures at the port, the notice of the border control object shall be produced in accordance with the relevant regulations, and attached to it, and attach it After reviewing the person in charge of the public security organs at or above the county level, it was submitted to the provincial public security organs for approval to handle border control measures nationwide. If the suspect's personal freedom is needed, legal documents shall be attached to restrict personal freedom.

In an emergency, if you need to take border control measures, public security organs at or above the county level may issue a public letter to the transfer of the entry and exit border inspection authority of the relevant port. Essence

The timely implementation of border control measures is very important for arrests of criminals who are preparing to escape.

What should I do if the criminals have fled abroad?

Red wanted order

At present, the red wanted order is one of the most commonly used international wanted methods in my country.

It should be pointed out that the main body of the red wanted order is the International Organization of the Interpol (ICPO).

The International Interpol was established in 1923 and has 194 members (as of June 2019). It is the second largest international organization after the United Nations and is headquartered in Lyon, France. my country joined in 1984. In November of the same year, it established the International Criminal Police Organization of the China National Central Bureau in Beijing. Since then, it has opened cooperation with its information information on intelligence information, coordinating foreign -related cases, and cross -border pursuit. On November 12, 2016, the suspect Yan Yongming returned to China from New Zealand to surrender. Figure ｜ Xinhua News Agency

my country's general red wanted order (also referred to as "Red Tong"), its essential meaning is "Red Notice", which is a report made for the fugitives who need to arrest and extradite. The international criminal police emblem was named after red.

The effectiveness of the red wanted order was facing all members and began to be delivered. Finally, the wanted person was arrested or extradited, and the validity period was five years. After the expiration, the suspect was not caught after the expiration, but it continued for another 5 years until it was returned.

The International Interpol has a total of seven colors of international notifications, including two categories. The "Procuratorate" article introduced that one is the notification issued by the specific national central bureau on the requirements of the specific national center bureau. In addition to the red notification, there are also the following:

Blue, reported criminal suspect notification;

Green, prevent reporting of professional criminals;

Yellow, the missing population notice, is currently used in cases of disappearance of minors;

Black, found an unknown corpse request to confirm the identity notice.

One category is a notification of items or other situations, such as:

Purple, major criminal cases or cases of special criminal means;

White, artworks and collectibles.

According to statistics from the International Interpol, 2,222 notices were issued worldwide in 2003, of which 1207 were red wanted orders, and a total of 1960 cases were arrested. In 2004, there were 1620 red wanted orders received by the National Center of China alone. At present, there are approximately 14,000 valid notices in the world, and more than half of them are red wanted orders.

Most of the red wanted orders issued by China are economic crimes and duty crimes, and crimes such as violence and drugs only account for a small part.

In April 2015, the Central Anti -Corruption Coordination Team deployed the "Skynet Action" for foreign corruption elements. Through comprehensive use of police, prosecution, diplomacy, finance and other means, a group of corrupt elements were arrested. Clean up a group of illegal certificates, crack down on a group of underground banks, recover a number of assets involved in the case, and persuade a group of fugitives.

Subsequently, the website of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection announced the list of 100 national staff and important corruption cases, namely the list of "100 Red Tongli", and issued a red wanted order by the International Criminal Police National Center.

As of May 2022, 61 Red Tong personnel have brought back a hundred people. Among them, Yang Xiuzhu, who was suspected of corruption over 250 million yuan and claimed to "die in the United States", fled 13 years and 7 months, returned to the country in November 2016; Object Li Huabo was repatriated in May 2015; Sun Feng, suspected of using his duties to easily deceive others, fled for 10 years, was arrested abroad and was repatriated in May 2022. Red Tongtong.

The "Fox Hunting Action" led by the Ministry of Public Security is also an important part of the "Skynet Action". With the help of the International Interpol, from May to October 2016 alone, 634 criminals who fled outside were captured from 67 countries and regions. Among them, 59 were involved in the case of over 100 million yuan. There are 17 people above the year.

In June 2021, Xiao Pei, deputy secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and Deputy Director of the State Supervision Commission, said that since the "Skynet Action", 9,165 fugitives have been recovered from 120 countries and regions, including 2,408 party members and state staff. The recovered stolen money was 21.739 billion yuan.

At the same time, in the face of the red wanted order in other countries, my country is also actively contributing its own strength. For example, in 2018, an Indian -owned terrorist hiding in Hong Kong, the Indian police sought assistance to our country in the form of a red wanted order. The man was arrested on February 28 and then the Indian police launched the extradition process.

Overall, the red wanted order is playing an increasing role. Now, many national central bureaus have extended the red wanted order to the border exit entrance port. Law enforcement officers can inquire and report the situation at the border port, which has improved the efficiency of discovering the fugitives.

references:

1. "Wanted Order" in Chinese history | government legal system. 2009, (02)

2. History of the wanted system | Li Qi. Crime research. 201, (03)

3. Establishing a discussion of my country's reward system | Liu Xi. Sichuan University. April 2007

4. Han Dynasty arrest system examination | Cheng Zhengju. Journal of Henan Provincial School of Political and Legal Management Cadres. 2007, (01)

5. Research on the wanted system | Shang Chenyan. Shandong University. March 2013

6. Development of my country's Criminal Procedure Law in 40 years of reform and opening up | China People's Congress Network. August 24, 2021

7. Jiang Zhaogang, President of the Southwest Lin Dayuan: The first in the country is wanted by the Supervisory Commission | Global Network. November 7, 2018

8. Analysis and definition of the concept of wanted | Li Qi. Journal of Jiangxi Police College. 201, (3) 9. Northeast "Two Kings": The earliest bandit bandits after the founding of the People's Republic of China | Gusu Evening News

10. "Skynet · Public Security Legend · Forever Interpol" | CCTV12. October 6, 2016

11. Reveal the "Red Wanted Order" | Shen Yinfei. Fangyuan. 2019, (03)

12. In 2016, "Fox Hunting Action" has 634 fugitives and arrest | Zou Wei, Zhu Guoliang. Xinhua News Agency. October 24, 2016

13. National Commission for Discipline Inspection: "Tianwang Action" recovered 9,165 fugitives, and 60 "Hongtong personnel" were recovered | Yu Li Shuang, Zhu Songmei, Li Yao, Pan Zhiwang. Beijing Daily client client . June 28, 2021

14. The mechanism for the solution of the confession of my country's wanted orders has been improved | Song Wei. Democratic and Legal Times. April 22, 2007

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