Yang Tuan | Preliminary thinking about several issues of rural revitalization

On July 13, 2022, the "Social Enterprise and Rural Rural Village "Revitalization" symposium was held in Beijing. The theme of this conference is "giving play to the advantages of social enterprises and helping the rural revitalization strategy", and in -depth discussing how social enterprises can better help rural revitalization strategies.

Yang Tuan, a researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, delivered a keynote speech entitled "A preliminary thinking about several issues of rural revitalization".

The rural revitalization strategy was proposed by the Party Central Committee at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 18, 2017. The practice of rural construction and rural development has been in China for many years. I have devoted my work in the countryside since 2002, and it has been 20 years now. Based on personal practice, I have a lot of experience and ideas for the revitalization of the countryside. I will talk about my thoughts on the three issues and discuss with you.

These three questions are: What is the ultimate goal of rural revitalization? Who is the core subject of rural revitalization? What methods are used to achieve rural revitalization?

1. What is the ultimate goal of rural revitalization?

For the general goal of the rural revitalization strategy, the party and the country have a clear method of promoting the modernization of agricultural and rural areas. The general policy is to adhere to the priority development of agricultural and rural areas. The overall requirements are the prosperity of the industry, the ecological livable, the civilization of the countryside, the effective governance, and the wealthy life. System guarantee is an institutional mechanism for urban and rural integration. This set of words is very clear, specific, and very systematic. But how to understand and implement in practice? I think that some cognitive problems of rural revitalization have not been solved well. It is difficult to understand what the rural revitalization is to do just rely on a literal simple understanding. I want to use the method of deduction to push the awareness of rural revitalization. It is not generally a positive interpretation of the concept of central documents, that is, what is rural revitalization, but to talk about what is not rural revitalization, and use this method to understand the thoughts and contents of rural revitalization.

First, the revitalization of rural areas is not non -agricultural, industrial abandonment, housing urbanization, and universalization of housing, and the fourizations are almost the basic state in the current village. Agricultural land is non -agricultural. A large number of agricultural land is no longer arable land, but is built into an industrial park. Some learn foreign villages such as Provences, and build lavender pastures. Industry abandonment of agriculturalization, many industries in developed villages have nothing to do with agricultural and rural areas. The rural industry is a new concept proposed by the country. It not only includes agriculture, but also local characteristic industries such as the characteristic handicrafts, characteristic agricultural products, and other local characteristics of rural local cultural production. Essence But at present, I think it is serious to get rid of the phenomenon of abandoned agriculturalization from the rural industry. Cultivated land is a must for the country. However, rural arable land is very serious. Of course, it is directly related to the low price of agricultural products and difficulty in sales. The price difference between agricultural products and non -agricultural products is too large. From the comparative income, the people are not unreasonable. Housing and urbanization, Needless to say, to develop well, people, housing, land, and industry are very important. However, does the rural housing be aligned with the city? What kind of houses to live in the city and what houses to live in the countryside. As a result, there are more tall buildings in rural areas, and there are relatively few farm houses that can really maintain the original rural cultural style. Not to mention the generalization of culture, the characteristic culture passed down in several generations of the villagers has been lost in large numbers. The culture of the countryside has become similar to the city and has no uniqueness.

I want to say that none of these "four modernizations" are required by rural revitalization.

Furthermore, is the revitalization of rural areas equivalent to the increase in farmers' income? Indeed, the rejuvenation of rural areas should reduce the income gap between the villages, especially the income between urban and rural areas, and income is an important indicator. Now, the per capita annual income of the country is about 40,000. As soon as Yongguang heard that I said that the per capita income of farmers in Zhanqi Village was more than 30,000, and I felt that it was relatively poor. It depends on who compared with. Most rural per capita income is not more than 30,000, about 10,000. More than 20,000. However, even if the per capita income of the countryside is OK, but most of the rural family split problems, this generation is still in the countryside, but does his next generation inherit? The second generation of the Nongnong or even the third generation of the agriculture did not return to the village, and the village could not live in the village. No matter how good the house was, he lived in the city. This phenomenon is very common. This is related to the changes in the changes in the abandoned farmers to the abandoned village. The rural areas after a large number of transformations are like a bit of land, but they are no longer rural. Farmers also ran in the city's lifestyle. I think it is not the rural revitalization we want. Is there a goal of rural and farmers like cities and farmers in the city. To understand what the rural revitalization is, you may have to think down, what are the opposite, which are not the content of rural revitalization, and not the goal of rural revitalization to achieve. What kind of rural we do?

Second, about urban and rural integration. In the past, there were many proposals on urban and rural areas. One of the important methods was called urban and rural integration. Later, it was not called integration, and it was called fusion. But is there any difference between integration and integration and integration? When talking about urban and rural integration, it is said that from the perspective of economic perspective, it is called a unified layout of urban and rural areas, and the productivity of urban and rural areas is optimized. This regards the township as another economic department that is tied with the city to carry out a reasonable division of labor in the region; second, when the perspective of space, the material elements and spiritual elements of urban and rural areas must be planned, and their spatial position must be coordinated; Anthropology, we must do a good job of urban and rural relations, break the barriers of mutual division, realize the reasonable flow of production factor and optimize the combination, realize the close combination of urban and rural economic and social life, reduce basic differences, and so on. In short, different disciplines have their own claims, and these claims together say that urban and rural areas must become a whole, and to achieve completely integration based on division of labor. I think this does not seem to be the meaning of urban and rural integration now proposed by the central government. Is urban and rural integration turned into a whole? Is it no longer distinguishing the town and township. In fact, cities and villages have their own advantages and cannot replace each other. Even if developed countries have gone for more than a hundred years, the countryside still exists. What are the advantages of the countryside? Especially in China, why can't you replace the countryside with cities? First, you can't plant food crops on the roof? There are indeed science and technology now, soilless cultivation, roof, house, and laboratory utensils can be planted. However, to support so many people in China, of course, you cannot rely on the roof planting crops, and you must also rely on rural land to produce. Secondly, the countryside has an indelible rural culture that has been passed down from generation to generation, and the safety of culture is particularly important to China. China said it was 56 ethnic groups, in fact, there were more than 100, and the early liberation was merged. Even more than 100 ethnic groups have more than 100 cultures. At the time of China's reform and opening up, there were more than 600,000 villages, and now it is 491,000, even if it is 490,000 villages. The culture between the village and the village is often different. As the saying goes, "ten miles are different." Not only language, farming, agricultural tools, diet, customs, farming and education, there are many differences in history. These are non -material cultural heritage, and are the richest treasures of Greater China, which are passed down by farming. These local culture that comes from the evolution of thousands of years of practice is the living relics of living. If they are generalized, the villages and villages, like the township, and the city, then the treasures that the ancestors have left for thousands of years have been lost. The third advantage that the countryside cannot be replaced by the city is the ecology. Everyone is very clear about this. The perception of ecology has really improved significantly in these years in China.

Of course, cities also have an irreplaceable advantage in the countryside. In the city, the population is very concentrated, the transportation is very developed, the material life is very convenient, the cultural groups are very gathering, and the spiritual and cultural life is rich. In particular, the high -tech high -tech that boosted people's creativity is suitable for rapid development of the fertile soil in the city. Regardless of the development of the countryside, in these aspects, in these aspects, especially to gather high -tech talents, screen information, and seamlessly connect, the development advantages of science and technology are not available in the countryside. Therefore, urban and rural areas have their own advantages and cannot replace each other. Then, urban and rural merges are not a whole as a whole, not the villages have become the same as the city. For example, it is not a high -rise building like the city living in the city, and the population is fully concentrated. Some problems that appear now are thought -provoking. For example, in the first two or three years, the villages began in Shandong. At that time, the population of the village was considered to have shrunk, and it was relatively withered. It was good for the people to synthesize the small villages and let the people live in the people. As a result, the documents were issued, and some counties and towns even enforced the villages. As a result, farmers committed suicide in some villages to protest. Recently, there is another new way in Zhejiang. The wealthy village and the poor village picked up the group to develop the economy. Dozens of villages are hug into a group. Foreign capital invests in the rich village project and uses the land indicators of poor villages. The purpose is to allow poor villages to develop a large area of ​​land through the introduction of foreign capital. And 99%of these projects are industries that abandon agricultural chemical chemical chemical chemical chemical chemicals. Indeed, this made the poor village get some dividends. I saw only 60,000 to 70,000 a year and the highest 100,000, but the economic dominance and development initiative of the village have basically disappeared. Are these villages voluntarily voluntarily? Can more village holdings be completely voluntary? In some cases, it has only been proposed in the rural revitalization strategy in four years. why? It is because we always think about the rapid development of the economy and achieve their achievements quickly. The results of rural rejuvenation are to be aligned with the city, and there must be large projects, large -scale land, and large output value. Such a rapid development of the countryside is likely to cause rapid desire.

I think that the Party Central Committee proposed that the rural revitalization strategy is not a short -term goal, but from now to 2050. It is almost 30 years old. It will go through the goal of the entire historical stage of one or two generations. This historical stage is ultimately the basic appearance of laying China's long -term stable development in the future. This basic appearance has been shaped in developed countries, but China has not yet, and we still have more than decades of exploration and creation. This basic appearance must be connected and inherited the long history and culture of China, and it must be able to follow the past, so that all Chinese nationals are equal and wealthy, and permanently maintain their own survival and development. It must be to go hand in hand with the city and the countryside, each play its advantages, integrate and complement each other, and build and integrate together. To achieve this ultimate goal, the most important thing to mention is not the city, but whether the countryside can exert the advantages that the city cannot replace, and even create a new advantage. Because the rural revitalization must run through a long historical period, it is only the beginning, and the exploration has just begun. Therefore, it is better to promote it quickly without thinking about it. Encourage various methods to actively explore and compare each other in a timely manner. No matter what ways, there must be the true nature of the countryside, and at the same time, the development of the countryside is given to the greatest room for exploration. The true nature of retaining the countryside is to ensure three safety, first food security, second cultural security, and third ecological security. In a certain sense, I think that there must be a bottom line in the revitalization of the countryside. It protects the villages like protecting historical and cultural heritage, protects agriculture, retains culture, and protects the basic rights of farmers, especially their rights as collective members.

2. Who is the core subject of rural revitalization?

This is a question that needs to be discussed carefully. State documents have said that farmers are the main body of rural revitalization. However, the individual farmers divided into scattered fine contracting land are too scattered and must be organized. Farmers' reorganization is the most obvious, most prominent and most important issue in rural revitalization. Who will organize farmers?

Some people say that it is the government, and only the government can organize farmers. But can the government replace the self -organizing of farmers? Some people say that it is a village collective, but more people say that the village collectives are representatives of the village committee. At most, they can handle some administrative affairs, but they are not able to withstand enough cognition and have no economic support. Some people say that it is a village collective economic organization and is a village collective economic cooperative that has been recently established by the country. It is not a village committee, it is a pure economic organization that starts another stove. It is registered in the county agricultural and rural bureau (unlike professional cooperatives, not a legal person in industrial and commercial registration. At present According to the constitution, it can be counted as a special legal person). However, at present, such organizations seem to be limited to ensuring that collective property is not lost, and the operating function is very poor. Most of them cannot develop independently. As for professional cooperatives and family farms, they can indeed organize some farmers, but it is difficult to call on all collective members. Others proposed to be the village party branch, but the village party branch is a political organization is not an economic organization or an autonomous organization. Faced with the current status of the revitalization of the countryside and the long -term goal of the future, who can organize all farmers and support the development of the village for the development of the village?

Obviously. In the entire historical stage of rural rejuvenation in the next 30 years, the problem of core subjects must be resolved.

How to identify the core subject of rural revitalization? Is there a criterion for identification? My opinion is that who can organize scattered farmers, who can support and represent farmers' all rights as collective members, who can allow farmers to have the main position and subject rights, who is the main body of rural revitalization.

So, first of all, you need to determine the subject status and subject right that farmers should have, and then examine who can give farmers to have these rights?

In addition to the common rights of citizens stipulated in the Constitution, farmers, as collective members, they enjoy the four four of the land contracting rights, the right to use of the homestead, the right to allocate the collective income, and the right to participate in rural grassroots social governance. Item rights. These four farmers' rights, as members of the collective organization, are guaranteed by the four basic systems of rural areas. The first is the land system. The organizational system of rural collectives and collective economies established is also stipulated in the Constitution, and this regulation can be traced back to the historical period of cooperation and the people's commune and reiterated by many legal and policies in recent years. Third, the operating system, collective land Based on family contracting, the double -layer operation system that combines collectives and individuals is to be combined with individuals. The foundation, which is also officially entered the Constitution. Therefore, the main right to realize farmers is to realize the four basic institutional guarantees of rural areas stipulated in the constitution.

How can we fulfill these basic systems that have entered the Constitution in the practical operation of rural construction and development to maintain and support the four rights that farmers deserve? These four rights have both economic rights and social power, and members of each village collective need to have equal rights. No collective organization is the master. How can it be done? However, this collective organization must not only have a collective economy, but also collective welfare, collective culture, and collective education. This must be planned and coordinated. And these are not covered by the economic functions of an economic cooperative alone. People must have a little spirit, and the crowd must unite, and it needs a collectivist spirit that can condense people's hearts. This spirit in China is the spirit of the people cultivated by the Communist Party of China with a century -old Chinese Communist Party and serving the people. The key is how to integrate this spirit of the party into the collective economy of the village and the publicity of the village's publicity. I have gradually learned about this issue from the practice of Nonghe House I have participated in these years. Among them, I have gone through a long and repeated understanding process. It's not how clever I am, I am not high at all.

In 2019, Nonghe House was piloted by the project in Laixi, Shandong, and learned that in 1990, the five national ministries and commissions proposed three principles in the National Village -level Organization Construction Conference of Laixi. The first, the party's leadership refers to the village party branch. Second, villagers' autonomy. Third, collective economy. We felt as if they had opened their tricks at once, and pondered how to integrate these three principles into the pilot to promote the rural revitalization of Laixi. Later, we went to Zhanqi Village, Chengdu, Sichuan, and found that Zhanqi Village came from 1965 to today. The collective economy of the village has continued to grow and grow. Farmers trust the collective of the village. The core of the leadership of Zhanqi Village is a team that is united by the village party branches, village committees, and village collective economic organizations. The members of the three organizations are part -time. All tasks are made by this core decision and arrangement. implement. Thinking of the pilot of the Laixi Conference in 1990 and the Laixi Town we made in 2019, we found that under the national conditions of China, local experience is the most valuable. The function of the party, government and economic functions in practice, and the three functions of the three functions of the three functions, the village committees, and the village collective economic organization. Only the different organizations of different organizations can only be coordinated to condense into the road to the development of Chinese -style organizations to develop the development path. Only the core leadership can play comprehensive benefits in all aspects of rural revitalization and achieve the greatest efficiency.

Therefore, we must organize the scattered small farmers and support and represent the main right to act as a collective member. In a village in China, the party and government can not be separated. Core or core subject of leadership of rural revitalization.

The development and practice experience of excellent villages in many places proves that the village party branch, village committee, and village collective economic organization Sanhe -1 village -level leadership team is the core subject of the village revitalization. They organized all collective members to form a rural community of independent development and independent governance, leading everyone to build a collective economy inside the villages that cooperate with individual sincere cooperation with individuals. The biggest difference between this new type of collective economy and the people's commune is that it is not just that the collective does not need to be individual, as long as the common interest does not require personal interests, only the leadership decisions have no farmers' participation; it is not the cadre economy, but is based The community of economic and social interests of all members. It establishes a complete set of institutional arrangements for collective and members, and how to accumulate, consume, produce, distribute, distribute, public welfare and membership dividends to inspire each collective member to create and actively participate in the spirit of the owner. Comprehensive governance.

I found that when we talk about rural governance now, all we think are social governance. The elderly, women, children, and public facilities have public services. This governance is relatively close to the scope of social welfare, social organizations and social welfare. However, a main village must have its own economy, and must rely on its own development and expansion of the village economy in order to have the strength and confidence to do its village social governance. Although the national villages have given a large amount of funds across the country in recent years, almost the basic spending of the village social governance. However, in any case, the country's package is just the basic and basic village public facilities and public services. It is the bottom line project or gradually raised the bottom line. The fiscal budget in this area is a game of chess in the country. However, every village is different. If a village is really good, you need to establish your own special services and characteristics according to your needs. Who will come out of this money? You must rely on the economic strength of the village. So I feel more and more that the village is actually a social enterprise group. Social enterprise groups that benefit the people in the village. The core of this group is the team of the party, politics, and through the three types of organizations. In fact, the leaders of these three types of organizations in a considerable number of villages are mutual and completely unified. The governance of their villages is a comprehensive comprehensive governance, and the public order penetrates public order into collective organizations, collective economy, and various affairs of the community, including education, culture, and ecology. Such governance must often face new public problems in the development of various fields to maintain public order.

What is the same comprehensive governance in the village? It is like national governance. The governance of the village is actually very similar to the country. It has its own resources, its own people, and their own will will use the village as the main body, to negotiate, exchange and cooperate with various subjects with the external market, and to the development of the village. Work hard as a whole. It can be said that within the area of ​​the village, who is the key to the core subject. Who will lead this core subject? Liu Haibo, a researcher at the Institute of Law of the Academy of Social Sciences, has proposed the idea of ​​party organizations with the characteristics of holographic organizations, which is why grass -roots party branches can lead the source of village committees and other economic organizations. The holographic characteristics refer to the party's grass -roots organizations with the same type of thinking and independent decision -making mechanism as the highest level. This allows the actions of grass -roots organizations led by the party may be a high unity of will and highly flexible methods, and play the role of party leadership and leading role in various organizations such as economics, culture, and society. At the grassroots level, there are party branches that can lead the holographic holographic types of all kinds of affairs in the village, and they can overcome the traditional disadvantages of departmental division and functional separation. They can integrate the five revitalizations of the industry, ecology, organization, talent, and culture, and lead the villagers to the common prosperity.

Of course, this is a theoretical refinement, which should not be taken for granted. To achieve the leading party branch leading the village committee and the village collective economic cooperatives to coordinate the various affairs of the village, we must strengthen the construction of the grass -roots party branch. In the 45 years of Zhanqi Village, the eight village secretary letters one after another, and more than 3,000 village party branches in Yantai led the cooperatives. Although the leadership team of the party and government and government, which can give full play to the collective subjectivity of the village, is still a few in the country, we have also found that more and more county and rural areas are exploring this direction. The power of the example is endless. We believe that when the direction is right, we will step by step.

Third, what methods do you use to achieve rural revitalization?

The rural revitalization is first of all the revitalization of grass -roots villages. The revitalization of towns and counties is more complicated and more complicated than the village. It is not necessary to drive the revitalization of the village through the leading industry through the leading industry, but to be clear that the village is the cells of the countryside. The cells are not activated, the foundation is not good, and the risk of high -rise buildings is relatively large.

To do a good job of village revitalization, the most important thing is to build the power operation system and mechanism of the grass -roots organizations that are effective in the construction of a village. It has three points: the first one, who is this grass -roots organization? Second, what is its industrial operation? Third, how to do the method of supervision.

The first, grass -roots organizations refer to the core leadership of the village leaders with integration of party, political, economic, organizational, and functional integration.

The second, we must clarify the basic way of doing the core of this leader in the village. This is the combination and multi -layer operation between collective and members, as well as multi -layer operations between the collective and members of the village. The combination of the unified score here is only much higher and wider than the unity of land operations, but it still takes collective land as the business foundation, and it is a combination of agriculture, industry, industry and tourism. That is, one production agriculture is connected to two, and the processing industry, especially the agricultural and sideline product processing industry, and the third, the third, the service industry, including commercial leisure tourism, and so on. One after another economy is a regional economy. What scope? Is it a village or a township or a few villages. In short, there must be boundary, scope and boundary, and the main body of management and management may be clear, that is, to serve the members within this scope, create and distribute benefits.

The unified operation method refers to the collective unified management, which refers to the combination and cooperation of collectives and members and various types of different subjects, including cooperation with social organizations. The China Poverty Alleviation Foundation (Rural Development Foundation) has done a good job in rural areas. Their brand Baimei Village Su and Shanpin Commune can be called a cluster of social enterprise groups established with local villages. The unified division combines the establishment of multi -layer, diverse, and diverse -style cooperation methods, which enriches the implementation of collective economic organizations and proves that the operation method can be diversified. The core leadership core and collective members are clear and stable.

Third, how can the power of village -level collective power be corrupted and not bad? Special key is to establish a system and mechanism of supervision. Many people are not optimistic about the collective economy now, that is, the collective economy will eventually lead to the cadre economy, and cadres eat more. However, today we did see a group of very good rural collectives, such as Sichuan Zhanqi Village, Inner Mongolia Economic Sunday Town, Tianjia Village, Shandong, and the collective alliance we made in Shangtao, Laixi Courtyard. Integrity and hard work to serve the villagers, and also received the sincere support of the villagers. Therefore, the bad things that appeared in some places in the past have not been used as collective organizations in various places in the future. The key is how to show good factors and curb bad factors.

The three principles of Lessi experience, the party, villagers' autonomy and collective economy, the three are indispensable, there is this meaning. Villagers' autonomy refers to democratic participation in governance, and ordinary people must participate in decision -making, inspection and supervision. The experience of Zhanqi Village is to allow the village's councils, supervisors, councils, village social organizations, villagers 'congresses, and villagers' conferences. These rural organizations are not virtual, they all play a specific role. The performance of these functions is a mechanism that guarantees collective unchanging colors. However, only the supervision and inspection in the village is not enough. I think that in the rural rejuvenation, it is necessary to establish a set of supervision and procuratorial mechanisms at the first level of the township party committee and government. For example, the work assessment mechanism of the grass -roots party branch, the selection, cultivation, appointment, and evaluation mechanism of the party branch of the grassroots village, setting up the daily channels of communicating with the masses on the Internet, and the normalization of the system of the villagers' opinions at any time. Village -level democratic governance system inspections of multiple parties, comprehensive evaluation, and so on. In fact, similar methods have begun to implement social organizations and foundations a few years ago. Although the system needs to be improved, this direction should be adhered to. In rural areas, since the core of the village -level leadership of the party's government and the economic integration is the core of the village's social enterprise group, then we must pay great attention to how to make them rise in the rural rejuvenation so that they can persist in the future, can be able to be able to stay, can be able to be able to stay, can be able to be able to stay in the future. Continuous development and establish a decision -making and governance system that truly has autonomous autonomous autonomy elements with villagers.

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