He has won the Nobel Prize for discovering the origin of cancer, but it is a literary youth who has never done experiments in universities.

The following article comes from the WeChat public account: Future Science Forum, the author changes the future scientifically

Maybe one of the biggest misunderstandings about the Nobel Prize winner is that they are ready to observe and discover the secrets of life under the microscope. This is not the case for J. Michael Bishop. His first hobby is music, and the second hobby is history.

Image source: lindau nobel laureate mettings

Bi Xiaopu said: "If the reincarnation, I hope to be a very talented string quadrilateral musician. As a scientist, it is enough to be a life -very interesting, but it is enough."

The reason for "literary artists"

On February 22, 1936, Michael Bi Xiaopu was born in the home of a local Luther Association missionary in Yorkshire, Pennsylvania, USA. He grew up in the sound of music, but he never thought he would win the Nobel Prize one day.

Music is an important way of expression of Luthere and worship. German theologian Martin Luther attaches great importance to music. Martin Luther once wrote: "In addition to God's words, noble music art is the world's largest wealth." He believes that music is second only to theology, so music is important in the etiquette of Luther Club. The famous musician Bach is a devout Luther believers.

As a child, Michael Bi Xiaopu Picture Source: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Born in Luther's family, Bi Xiaopu has been influenced by a large number of religious music since childhood. He spent his childhood accompany the piano, wind piano and singing class in the church. He later even regretted not becoming a musician.

Bi Xiaopu's small village is extremely poor. There are only one school in the local area. There are only two classrooms in the school. He has received eight years of education there. Fortunately, Bi Xiaopu encountered a strict but often fascinating teacher. He used the strict guidance in many colleges today to awaken Bi Xiaopu's wisdom. The proportion of history in Bi Xiaopu's curriculum has stimulated his fun, and this has made history a long -term interest.

Born in a religious family, no one in the entire family had a little bit of science. Bi Xiaopu graduated from junior high school and did not take science classes, and rarely heard the term science. The only example he can cure is to collect and squeeze wild flowers. High school he was studying, and the school was very small, and more than 80 students were in high school entrance examinations. The weak teachers in the small village school made Bi Xiaopu have almost no intersection with science before entering the university.

Michael Pibapi Picture Source of High School Source: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

When he graduated from high school, Bi Xiaopu participated in a career test with other students. The results of the test show that Bi Xiaopu will engage in related work such as news, forestry or music teaching. Those who understand Bi Xiaopu can see some reasonable places from this seemingly wrong prophecy, which is due to Bi Xiaopu's "literary artist" on weekdays.

Transfers to study medicine

Bi Xiaopu's longing for the future was formed outside the classroom. One summer in high school, Bi Xiaopu and Dr. Robert Kough, who were responsible for taking care of his family, became friends. Although Kaofu is only a rural doctor who is engaged in general medicine in a rural community, he has interested Bi Xiaopu's life and is interested in the basic knowledge of human biology. This impact is very long -lasting. Every summer, Bi Xiaopu is playing with family doctor Robert and established a deep friendship.

Although Robert is only a rural doctor in the United States, his head is always meticulous. His dedication, in the heart of the literary teenager Robert, planted a seed of hanging pots. Therefore, when everyone thinks that Bi Xiaopu should learn a liberal arts major and embark on the road of literature and art, he chose chemistry as his college major.

Michael Bi Xiaopu pictures during the graduate period: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

But even if he chose to learn chemistry, Bi Xiaopu never thought he would become a scientist. Bi Xiaopu is more interested in history, philosophy and novels than chemistry. However, because the doctor's dream is too attractive, and he is talented, Bi Xiaopu still obtained his bachelor's degree in chemistry with excellent grades.

After graduating from college, Bi Xiaopu went to Harvard Medical College to study his doctorate degree in medical science. From a small countryside to Boston, he is the most touched by Boston, not the world's well -known medical skills, but the top art that gathers here. Boston's Symphony and Art Museum provide sufficient pastime for boys who experience urban life for the first time. Bi Xiaopu, who is mixed with major literary and artistic places all year round, is the least cold for clinical medicine among the same group of people.

Bi Xiaopu and his "scientific sketch"

However, the medical school is not the paradise for the teacher he expected. On the contrary, the path to the academic career is through research, not teaching, and Bi Xiaopu has no research experience. In order to find the way he wanted to chase, Bi Xiaopu applied for a summer internship in a neuroma biology laboratory, but was rejected because he had no scientific background. Confusion and one -end rejection made Bi Xiaopu the idea of ​​giving up. But just when Bi Xiaopu desperately, the two pathologists at the Massachusetts General Hospital accepted him and introduced him to study. He finally started his own first academic experience. Unfortunately, Bi Xiaopu's laboratory does not have much practical work to do. There were no intense experiments and no fierce discussions. Bi Xiaopu spent a whole year steadily in the laboratory. In this year, Bi Xiaopu's work is the dissertation involved in various academic fields. In these academic fields, Bi Xiaopu chose one of the most valuable and potential -molecular biology.

Layman

Although the value of molecular biology is recognized, this discipline is still extremely obscure for Bi Xiaopu of chemistry and medical background. Bi Xiaopu knows that he is a "layman" and can never reach the molecular biology center. Therefore, he can only take a different approach to start researching from the outermost part of the molecular biology.

In the third year of the laboratory, in an elective course, Bi Xiaopu learned that molecular biological technology can help us study the virus in animals. He was attracted by animal virus, and this field is the best cut -in. He also entered the temple of virus through the laboratory of the lecturer Elmer Pfefferkorn. There, he "learned the intoxicating, rigorous practice and disappointment of the research."

Image source: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

After the official entry research, Bi Xiaopu spent all the spare time in the laboratory. Although everyone told him that this was the future of his own. In the last year of the medical school, Bi Xiaopu obtained a special approval from an enlightened dean, abandoned all the courses from a enlightened dean, and devoted himself to basic research. In the end, Bi Xiaopu only completed one of the courses that the fourth -grade students were usually required. Even in this era that is said to be more free, this flexibility in medical school affairs is rare.

In the face of a high -paid doctor's career, Bi Xiaopu chose basic research without returning. However, although Bi Xiaopu was soaked in the experiment every day and the lack of scientific background, he still made him nothing during this time. Give up the opportunity to become a doctor, but there was no good paper Bi Xiaopu, and soon was beaten by society after graduation. In 1962, Dr. Bi Xiaopu graduated. Missing the fourth year of medical courses made him difficult to become a doctor, but he was scarce to publish academic publication, making it even difficult for him to find a decent post -doctoral opportunity. Bi Xiaopu, the arrogant of the Harvard Medical College, was facing the dilemma of unemployment.

In the end, Harvard's fame saved him and obtained a position for him in the Department of Department of Massachusetts Hospital. Two years later, when the Scientific Assistant Training Project of the National Institute of Health (NIH) was launched, Bi Xiaopu gave up clinical medicine again. NIH's scientific research assistant training project aims to cultivate medical doctors with basic scientific research, but because they are not recruited, they will not be able to recruit suitable people. Because in the United States, there are too few doctors to give up basic research on high -paying work.

Rather than saving Bi Xiaopu in this project, it is better to say that Bi Xiaopu has achieved the project. This is exactly this project. It further trained to consolidate Bi Xiaopu's research skills and let the scientific door open again to Bi Xiaopu. Bi Xiaopu published the first paper about the duplication of spinal ash virus virus.

Bi Xiaopu's first academic thesis picture source: PNAS

After turning around, after the academic circle of Sanjin and Sanjin, Bi Xiaopu finally published his first academic paper on PNAS. This was 1953, and Bi Xiaopu was 29 years old. There is no doubt that this is a good start. But Bi Xiaopu's post -doctoral supervisor Leon Levintow left NIH shortly and went to the teaching position of the University of California (San Francisco (UCSF). Bi Xiaopu, who was able to calm down to do scientific research, had to set off again, and went to Germany, across the ocean to continue his scientific research career.

Image source: ucsf library

In the years of working in Germany, Bi Xiaopu did not have much academic output, but this did not prevent Bi Xiaopu from flying back to the United States in February 1968 to establish his own laboratory in UCSF.

Missed Nobel Prize

After returning to UCSF, in addition to continuing his own gryomitis virus research, Bi Xiaopu also began to study Rous Sarcoma Virus. Two years before Bi Xiaopu joined UCSF, Peton Rolls just won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering the carcinogenicity of this virus.

Chicken Tumor Picture Source caused by Rou's sarcoma virus Source: PNAS

What Pendon Rolls did not find that the reversal transcription enzymes of Lau's sarcoma virus were born. Almost at the same time of Bi Xiaopu's independence of scientific research, on the east coast of the United States, another young scientist named David Baltimore also started the research of Lao's sarcoma virus. Two years later, the scientist and Howard Temin published their great discovery on the back of Nature -reversing the enzyme. Picture source: bioninja

Bi Xiaopu, who once stood in the same starting line with David Baltimore, was annoyed when he read these two papers, because he was so close to this epoch -making discovery. As long as the discoverers who reverse the recording enzyme are likely to be Bi Xiaopu. The importance of reversing enzymes was quickly recognized by global scientists. Five years after the paper was published, David Balt Momo shared the Nobel Prize in the year with the other two discoverers.

When David Balt Momo won the Nobel Prize, he was only 37 years old, two years younger than Bi Xiaopu at the time. Although Bi Xiaopu was annoyed, the discovery of the reversal of the recording enzyme opened a brand new door for the study of virus. Bi Xiaopu also quickly saw the opportunities.

In the year when the recording enzyme was discovered, Bi Xiaopu met Harold Varmus, his most important partner. Waames was assigned to Bi Xiaopu's laboratory because he offended a big man. Two frustrated people, together, gave birth to courage. The addition of Wayson allows Bi Xiaopu's research to help. They decided to solve the puzzle of how the Laboosaosari virus converts normal cells into cancer.

Michael Pibu and Harold Vasus

They found a gene called SRC in the cells, and in the Lau's sarcoma virus, there was also a similar V-SRC gene, which attracted the attention of Bi Xiaopu's team. They want to know what the role of SRC is, and what does this gene have to do with Lagitarious virus?

After several years of research, they found that the abnormality of the SRC gene in the human genome would cause the cancer of normal cells. Among the Rou's sarcoma virus is accidentally integrated into the virus genome during the replication of the virus.

SRC is a so -called "primary cancer gene". This discovery in virus science laid the foundation for modern oncology. The research on RSV is not only for the honor of the Nobel Prize. Its more important significance is to unveil the cognitive prelude to the growth of virus infections. After the research between Bixop and Harold, the carcinogens after another were discovered, and more and more carcinogen viruses were gradually judged and studied by humans. Based on these discoveries, we have also obtained increasingly powerful anti -cancer drugs. Bi Xiaopu and Harold also won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989 for discovering the genetic cancer gene.

Image source: nobelprize.org

Bi Xiaopu was awarded the National Science Medal in 2003. In the same year, he published the book "How to get the Nobel Prize", which sounds like he thinks he wants to tell the wonderful schemes of winning the Nobel Prize. But it is really not, because the book has another subtitle: an academic life of a Nobel Prize winner. Looking back on his life and work in the book, it also involves the historical aspect of science and the knowledge environment of modern research. Fortunately, there is this subtitles, otherwise someone will really think of winning the Nobel Prize.

Although Bi Xiaopu is famous for his research, he is also a very popular teacher in UCSF and has won the school's excellent teaching award twice. In addition, he also participated in the university's promotion plan to promote scientific education in public schools. He said: "Science is the cultural force that we transcended in this era. If there is no scientific common sense, it will not keep up with the footsteps of the times. It is also the primary method of exploring and learning, so its principle is almost useful to anyone."

Bi Xiaopu's life, he can afford the words "ups and downs". But no matter how many frustrations and how many times were rejected, Bi Xiaopu never gave up his exploration on the road of scientific research. The Nobel Proter that had been missed, and finally returned to Bi Xiaopu's hands.

*Reference information

[1] Two times, the university has not done experiments, and has not posted a dissertation, but the "layman" finally won the Nobel Prize, By I played Ge Duo

[2] https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1989/bishop/biography/

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/j._michael_bishop

[4] http://www.dnaftb.org/40/bio- 2.html

[5] https://dnalc.cshl.edu/view/16852-biography-40-john-michael-bishop-1936-.html

[6] https://www.britannica.com/biography/harold-darmus

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