Exchange and mutual learning to promote the prosperity of Chinese civilization

Civilization exchanges due to diversity, mutual learning due to exchanges, and developing due to mutual learning. The communication between Chinese civilization and other civilizations has been available since the prehistoric. In the legendary "Mu Tianzi Biography", there is also the deeds of Mu Wang in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

As early as the Neolithic period, there was a period of frequent communication between Chinese and foreign civilizations on the Eurasian continent, and it can also be called the prehistoric Silk Road. The core areas of prehistoric Silk Road include China, Eurasian grasslands and Central Asia. Among them, Eurasian grassland play a bridge to connect east to west. Including silk, home raising ox, barley wheat, millet, spoke carriage, metallurgical, etc., are important communication materials on this Silk Road.

The introduction and improvement of metallurgy

According to the clues of archeological discovery and historical documents, the early bronze casting technology of China has improved due to the influence of the bronze culture of the east nomads of the Eurasian Grassland, and local technological innovation has gradually emerged.

Chen Founding, Secretary of the Party Committee and Professor of Peking University Archaeological Board College, introduced to the reporter of China Report that the copper of copper was invented in Western Asia, which has a history of seven or eight thousand years. Early bronze wares unearthed from northwestern China are small copper tools, weapons and decorations, which are very similar to the form and type of copper in Central Asia and West Asia. After the combination of metallurgical and high -temperature smelting technology in the Central Plains region, it eventually developed into a highly developed bronze container casting technology in the Xiashang Week period in the world.

Chen Jianjian said that bronze smelting technology has completed the creative transformation from simple casting technology to block method casting technology in the Central Plains region, forming a unique pottery casting technology system. It is different from the West's use of bronze for weapons and production tools in the West. In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, a brilliant bronze ritual civilization was formed in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and a large number of bronze rituals with exquisite shapes, complex craftsmanship, and superb performance were produced. Subsequently, the bronze container casting technology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Civilization spread to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese islands on the one hand, and gave birth to the bronze era in Northeast Asia; on the other hand, it is likely to be transmitted to Southeast Asia through Sanxingdui in Sichuan.

"After the Central Plains region has met metallurgy 'Chineseization', copper and copper resources gradually become the core of resources, technology and distribution control. The recognition of the ethnic group is an important force formed by the unified civilization or widespread countries. "Chen Jianli said.

In addition, iron smelting has appeared in Western Asia in the Third Chiqian BC. In our country, the earliest ironware discovered so far is not as early as 1000 BC, and the more iron in the region closer to Central Asia appears earlier, indicating that the early iron smelting technology was also introduced from West Asia. However, West Asia's iron ironmaking technology is mainly low -temperature smelting, forging formed, and the efficiency is very low. In the early mid -spring and autumn, the Central Plains region improved the smelting temperature, creatively smelting liquid raw iron and casting, transforming forging technology into the smelting and casting technology of raw iron, and using raw iron for steelmaking, which greatly improved production efficiency.

"The raw iron technology system is a unique invention in the Central Plains region of China. It is unique in the history of world metallurgy. It spreads to the surrounding areas after the invention of the raw iron technology, which has an important impact on the social progress of the introduction of regions such as Northeast Asia." Essence

The "two -way rush" of crops

In 2003, the Beijing Donghulin site was unearthed from about 10,000 years ago, and it was considered to be the earliest cultivation of millet and crickets in the world. Two cultivation crops found in the Donghulin site, which proves that these two crops originated in the northern China of China to provide vital archeological physical evidence.

The farming technology invented by the prehistoric ancestors in northern China has been spread out to Southeast Asia through Fujian and Taiwan 6500 years after 6500 years. When the rice planting technology is later, it is also widely passed through the Pacific Ocean through Fujian, Zhejiang, and Taiwan. Farming technology and silk fabric production technology have also been spread from the Shandong Peninsula, the Liaodong Peninsula to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese islands, and spread from Eurasian grasslands to West Asia and Europe.

Wheat is a crop native to Western Asia. It begins to appear in the Majiayao cultural site 5000-4500 years ago in the eastern area of ​​Qinghai, Gansu. Since then, a small amount of sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have also been discovered in the ruins 4500-4000 years ago. In the early 3500 -year -old Shang Dynasty, in the middle of the Yellow River, wheat increased significantly and became one of the main crops in the northern region. In addition, after the transmission of barley from the nearby region, the characteristics of barley cold -resistant make it quickly become the main crop on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau. At present, the high -yielding green crickets in the Qinghai -Tibet are one of the barley.

In some of the bones of the ox and sheep unearthed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the DNA, which was found in the West Asian region, found that these livestock came from Western Asia. Around 4,000 years ago, the family horses were introduced to the Xinjiang region of Eurasia and Asia; Eurasian Grassland, as the core area of ​​technology creation, found spoke carriages in archeological sites around 2000 BC. About 3300 years ago, the home horse and carriage also introduced through the Eurasian grassland to the late Shang Dynasty capital -Yinxu.

The integration of foreign civilization factors enriched the types of crops and livestock in the Central Plains region, and formed a grain agricultural system composed of millet, rice, rice, wheat, and soybeans in the Yellow River Basin and livestocks mainly based on pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, and horses. Breeding system.

Historical mark of exchanges and mutual learning

Dai Xiangming, Dean of the Archaeological Academy of the National Museum of China, emphasized the reporter of the China Report that China's bright and long jade culture also contains the historical mark of early civilization exchanges and mutual learning. Jade articles have an important position in Chinese culture. More than 8,000 years ago, the Chinese opened the "jade era". In the Shinshi Age's Hongshan Culture, Lingjia Beach Culture, Liangzhu Culture, and Shijiahe Culture, a large number of jade wares have been found, and some of them are from the Western Regions. Tooth and jade, which reflects the Chinese civilization and ceremony, were circulated to Southeast Asia through Samsung Dou -Jinsha and South China in the southwest during the Xia and Shang period.

The glass was first invented in Western Asia. The earliest glass in China appeared in the aristocratic tombs in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Its glass ingredients are sodium and lime glass. They are intermediaries of the Central Asian nomadic people and imported as trading products to the Central Plains region in my country. In the middle and late period of the war, my country has been able to create glass beads with different appearances as West Asia, and the ingredients are completely different (leading glass). Fusion.

"Before Qin, China Silk Torment was popular in the Western Regions and even West Asia, and was sold to the Mediterranean coast. In many aristocratic tombs of the same period in Central Asia and Western Asia, the exquisite silk of ancient China can often be seen. "Dai Xiangming said.

The historical context of sorting out Chinese and foreign civilization exchanges can be found that the historical axis of Chinese and foreign exchanges can be extended to a far away. The history of Chinese and foreign civilization exchanges is long and complicated, and it is becoming more frequent and deepened with the push of the times.

Wang Wei, director and researcher of the Department of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that the communication and mutual learning of different civilizations is the driving force for the development of human civilization. Because of the continuous communication with other civilizations, the Chinese civilization continues to absorb and learn from the advanced cultural factors in the surrounding areas, and innovate, so that it is always full of vitality, flourishing, and endlessness. This is also one of the important reasons for the continuous and continued Chinese civilization.

Chen Jian also said that foreign civilizations came to China, and the Chinese nation had sufficient creativity to give it new forces to give back to the world for our use. This is one of the core traits of Chinese civilization.

Written: "China News" reporter Wang Zhe

Responsible: Xu Hao

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