Bank of Dutch banks, it has been unreliable since ancient times!

Speaking of the a few days ago, the crow took a few tulips for her mother, and the comments were very noticeable- "If you have a few good tulips more than 300 years ago, you can be in the capital Buy a suit! "

The so -called ancient and modern Chinese and foreign sun has no new things. We are no stranger to frying high -value products with high value and even sky -high price.

Just as there are various popular Pu'er tea, coffee beans, and even teething lychee in the past few years, such as people fried, such as shooting 500,000 sky -high hanging green litchi in previous years, and current bicycles with soaring second -hand prices in Beijing and other places. They are all bicycles. This nature.

However, the above is only a carnival that belongs to a few people. There are few people who buy it, but if you are in the Netherlands in the 17th century, you will find that people in the Netherlands and even Europe are indeed throwing money for a flower. Regardless of men, women, children, old and poor.

1

Although Tulip is a national flower in the Netherlands, it is not a souvenir in the Netherlands, but the "superior foreign goods" brought by the Ottoman army.

Tulips originated from a wild lily plant at the foot of Tianshan. It was a belief that the Turkish tribe man expressed his love.

In the middle of the 7th century, Turkic Turks were successively perished by the Tang Dynasty, and the Turkic tribes were raging in Persia. After the establishment of the Selzhu Turkic Khanate, Sudan also specified the tulip in the royal garden, and was given a noble symbol.

Since then, with the expansion of Turkic forces, the tulip has also begun to spread throughout West Asia.

However, Tulip really began to prevail in Europe until the middle of the 15th century.

In 1453, Osman continued to expand to the European continent after the Estate was captured. In 1529 and 1532, under the city of Linwei, the power reached extremely prosperous. One of the Habsburg dynasties was forced to call Punnan.

In this historical background, various specialties from the Ottoman Empire are also sought after by Europeans, including tulips.

In 1544, after the Mobsburg Messenger was influenced by the Osman nobles, he purchased some tulip seeds and planted it in the Royal Garden of the Hobleburg Palace in Vienna.

When the first batch of tulips bloomed, the upper -end society of Vienna immediately became popular, especially the noble ladies of Habsburg. , Will look no grade.

Soon, Tulip came out of the Habsburg noble circle, began to popularize among the middle class and civilians, and gradually began to spread to other European countries.

Until 1593, the tulip was passed to the Netherlands, and at the Habsburg dynasty, the heat of the tulip had begun to ease and showed signs of fever.

However, as soon as Tulip entered the Netherlands, it once again triggered a tide. Women across the Netherlands have joined the fashion of buying tulips.

The Dutch's obsession with tulip is more than any European country. The main reason was that the Dutch was poisoned by Catholic ascetic thoughts in the Middle Ages. This caused the Netherlands to pursue trendy fashion after breaking the imprisonment of imprisonment.

Women in the Netherlands have begun to dress themselves in various ways, especially noble women, and have created a new culture that is unprecedented in Europe -aristocratic fashion.

Thanks to the pursuit of female consumers in the Netherlands, the tulip farmers make a lot of money, and they can bring hundreds of millions of wealth in one harvest. Who is not crazy?

This naturally attracts countless speculators. However, more than two years before the tulips were introduced to the Netherlands, although the price was constantly rising, the increase has not been large. The reason is that the tulip is very special.

It turns out that the tulip seeds need to be planted for 7-12 years before getting the ideal bulb, and then the ball stems are planted in the soil after September each autumn, and the new buds are germinated in winter. Blossom, the flowering period is only about 10 days.

This makes the finished tulip flowers short, which is a consumer, and it is almost impossible to hoard.

How can the speculators soon discover that the tulip's ball stems are stored for 2-3 years, and after the plant is withered, the ball can be stored underground. When the autumn will sprout again, it can be dug out and saved. Wait until autumn will be performed again in autumn. Planting can enter a new round of growth.

As a result, the speculators acquired a lot of ball reserves from the flower and farmer's office, and made a lot of money after the shot at the right time. Slowly, the speculators of "fried flowers" began to expand. Finally, they began to form groups, and they tried to control the shipments of tulips.

The most typical is "eternal Augustus". The price of this rare tulips was 5,500 Dutch Shields in 1633, and in 1637, it exceeded 10,000 Dutch Shields.

This money was able to buy the most luxurious house on the most prosperous canal of Amsterdam at that time, including the carriage room and the 80 -foot garden. At that time, the house price of Amsterdam was already the European ceiling. Essence

At this point, the Netherlands has begun to fall into the frenzy of "tulip" of the whole people. Rare varieties are quickly snatched, and forever Augustus "is already valuable in 1630. No matter how high the price is, it will not be able to buy it. Even the Dutch king is hard to find.

As a result, people turned their attention to other superior varieties, and there were some lower -level tulips. Although these flowers are also limited, as long as you can afford the price, you can still buy it from professional planting people. Soon, the first -class goods were also swept away. By 1634, even ordinary varieties had to be used to buy multiple relationships.

Wait until the winter of 1635, even the most common price of ball stems can be doubled within a week, and the Dutch's "tulip" fanatic has swept all corners of the country.

In this context, the Dutch government couldn't sit still.

In 1636, the Amsterdam Stock Exchange issued a notice: Tulip was listed and set up an independent trading law and notary.

At this point, Tulip was officially given financial attributes by the government. At this moment, the whole people fell into enthusiasm, and even flower farmers and flower shop owners were no longer satisfied with planting flowers and selling flowers. , Earn a high price to earn a high price difference.

Seeing this, the Dutch government immediately announced the threshold for reducing public investment tulips: the minimum investment unit changed from one plant to a strand.

Not only that, the Dutch has further invented a new financial tool: futures options.

This tool allows investors to conduct two -way transactions on future products, which can be done more and short, and at the same time allow leverage transactions. This means that Dutch investors can bet on the tulip glorious stems of 1637 in 1636, although the tulips in 1637 cannot be determined whether they will be breed.

This tool gives investors' ability to order stone, because they can quote the air in the air, and they can also obtain benefits with good luck.

From December 1636 to January 1637, the Dutch people had a brain into tulip trading, and the price of tulips continued to push to a new high. During that time, almost everyone got rich. Giant debts also have to join the speculative army.

苏格兰学者查尔斯·麦基这样描述当时荷兰人的狂热：“欧洲的富豪们云集在荷兰北部海岸，把贫穷消灭在了荷兰这个天赐宝地。贵族、市民、农夫、机械师、海员、男仆、女仆Even the cleaner and old laundry women who cleaned the chimneys have joined tulip trading. People of all strata have replaced their property with current money and invested in transactions. Real estate was sold at a very low price or mortgaged in the agreement. "

As the tulip speculation trading was in full swing, in early February 1637, the extremely expanding market bubble suddenly broke down, and the price of tulips fell continuously, and an unprecedented financial crisis broke out.

Since February 4, 1637, the market situation has changed sharply, and the price of tulips has continued to decline. The wealth of people has shrunk significantly, and even evaporates into black. The panic atmosphere shrouded the entire market, and the phenomenon of debt defaults abound. The credit foundation of the market was severely damaged, and it once affected Britain and France and other countries.

Numerous Dutch people lost their homes in this big collapse. The huge wealth they accumulated turned overnight. Many people ended their lives in despair, and caused a violent social turmoil, and the crime rate soared.

The business foundation of the Netherlands was severely impacted, and the loss caused by several years was not recovered, and the national strength was also greatly hit.

2

It is said that the Dutch has been honest for more than 100 years after tossing. But people who invest in business are difficult to change. As long as they have to make money, they will never let the opportunity to speculate.

This time the Dutch bank crisis, the responsibility is really in the United States ...

On May 28, 1754, the 22 -year -old Lieutenant Colonel George Washington led a Virginia militia to advance along the Ohio River. Their task was to search for French on the border and expel them of the British colony.

Speaking of the British and French colonists, they are also very shameless. The colonies that they originally opened in North America did not borde, but as the business deepened to the mainland, the two sides began to contact frequently in the Ohio River Basin.

Both sides said that this is my site, you roll up. The other party responded, why?

Also, since it is a robber, don't be polite, do it.

In fact, the Lieutenant Colonel that Washington had not been a few months at the time. He was temporarily promoted by the Lieutenant Colonel. Is it a soldier? You are not recruited by yourself.

Some of the Washington are money, and they have erected the flags of soldiers and have their own food. At the settlement along the way, the army developed from a bare rod commander in Washington to more than 200 people.

Washington has a troops, and the courage becomes bigger, and began to find the French on the border. And a good leader of the semi -king of the local aboriginal tribe Tana Chalinson also joined the Washington team.

This hybrid army quickly found a French troops, with about 30 people. These people came to perform diplomatic missions: warned Washington and let him withdraw from French land.

Washington said that you really have legal awareness. Look at me, what warning, Lao Tzu directly fires!

The French chief Zhu Mengli did not expect that Washington, a young man who did not talk about Wude, came to attack his 36 -year -old comrade. Coupled with the disparity between the number of two sides, Washington and Charliesen divided into combination, and the battle was resolved in 2 minutes. Zhu Mengville was killed on the spot.

The French side was very angry and dispatched more than 600 troops and rushed to the temporary fortress built in Washington. Washington said that my future Da Meili Father, where the destiny is, is the usual person. Although now the enemy is widow, this is the time when I turn the tide! So, the lightest Washington Lieutenant Colonel surrendered ...

Good guys do n’t eat before they eat, not shame.

Of course, the United States of the later generations of the "National Father" had a fledgling book special book, and for his surrender, he taboo.

Speaking of this is a small conflict, but the reason why it is remembered by later generations is not only because it is a sneak attack launched by Washington, but also because the sneak attack eventually triggered the world war.

The news came to Europe, Britain and France tried to negotiate to resolve in Europe, but it was not successful. The British began harassing French shipping since August 1755. When the two countries were in a peaceful state, hundreds of ships were seized and thousands of merchant ships and seafarers were captured.

The anger of France is ready to attack Hanover, and the Emperor of Hanover is also the king of Britain. Britain concluded a treaty, and Prussia agreed to protect Hanover.

In response, France fascinated with his long -term enemy Austria. In order to put pressure on Prussia on the Northeast Line, France and Austria pulled Russia in again. Due to the power of the British Navy, Naples and Sicily, Sisovy, who originally tended to be neutral, joined the British and Pu.

Almost all major powers in Europe were involved in the chaos of this history called the "Seven -Year War". In North America and India, the colonial troops of the powers also opened each other and played. So Churchill called this war "the real First World War."

During the war, Dutch bankers saw another chance.

The entire Northern German -will area has always relied on Russia's imported food, but now Prussia is in a war relationship with Russia, and food is not sold to them.

But people are iron, rice is steel, not hungry in a meal. Northern German countries and Prussia must buy food.

So the Dutch stood out, they acquired food from Russia, and then sold them to the will of North Germany. Well, it is much more expensive than the original, otherwise what money does the Dutch make?

In addition, the army's operations often need to hoard a large amount of grain, which makes the price of food directly into the sky.

The banks are even more lively. This sale is a profit. Is the credit business that uses food as the mortgage? Can the bill of exchange be sold?

The banks of Amsterdam are crazy. At that time, as long as you have food for mortgages, how much you want to loan will be leaned for you. And if you are a person who wants to make financial management, you will definitely have no problem to buy related bills.

It is worth mentioning that the people of Amsterdam did not believe in deposits at that time and believed that the risk of deposits was high. They also wanted to buy bills to keep it. Because the bank may fail, the deposit will not be available, but the bill can continue to be traded.

It's not easy for the Netherlands. I know that the bank will lie, but there is no way ...

However, the re -sale of the bill of exchange caused a problem that each seller served as the guarantor of the bill and hinted that the buyer of the bill was provided with breach of contract insurance.

In this way, even if there is no real food transaction, a bank may have the same exchange assets and liabilities of the same exchange. Risks cannot be ignored.

But the price of food caused by the war rose and stunned the minds of most people. The hype of the bill has made some Amsterdam Bank's leverage far exceeding their payment capacity.

In February 1763, the Paris Treaty and Hubitusburg were signed, and the seven -year war ended.

At that time, the market was not the same as today. The effect was not quickly reflected in the price of food. Dutch banker De Novville rely on the hype of the war to make a fortune. Pen.

In April 1763, De Novville purchased a large number of Russian oats and was ready to sell to Prussia. However, I never expected that Prussia's Frederick II dumped a large number of grains accumulated for the war after the war, resulting in a 75%fell by Northern Germany's will, and the Russian oats of Demonovville all smashed their hands.

At that time, Demonvir had no penny except the bill of exchange. His leverage rate was too high, and all the money was borrowed. Due to the plummeted price of the charges of the exchange, the price of grain, all these bills have become waste paper.

You asked De Novville to pay back the money, and it would be gone to sell him.

On July 29, De Novville closed the business and refused to pay debts.

The collapse of the Amsterdam banking industry.

Banks began to stop receiving bills, and creditors stopped providing loans for bill guarantee. The crowding behavior begins. The people do n’t understand. You of the bankers say that the bill of exchange is okay, and the price of food will continue to rise. Why is the price of food suddenly fell now?

Of course, it is useless to say anything. The panic of ordinary people has erupted, and the bills cannot be exchanged. The small -scale banks have closed down due to the high leverage rate, and bankruptcy strikes like a tide. On August 5, the bank closed, and all the bills issued in Amsterdam were returned.

In the end, in order to ease the crisis, the Dutch Central Bank Amsterdam Bank took additional liquidity and played the role of the last lender.

After a few months, most banks signed a reconciliation agreement with creditors and reopen. But the big bank was rescued, and the people of Amsterdam were miserable. Most of the money buying the bill of money has been drifted. Who can the truth tell? You can only recognize it by yourself.

Xiangzi in "Camel Xiangzi" feels, "This is not a scam, but also a scam; Bai Huahua's existing ocean is put in, even if the three paintings and five paintings are finished, Xiangzi is not in this fooer."

It turned out that Xiangzi was stupid. Now looking back, I am afraid that the Dutch people are like most of us. They belong to their own cleverness.

Hey, this Dutch bank has really been unreliable since ancient times.

Reference materials:

Xu Mingxing Li Yueyue Gu Zehui: The history of Romantick of Tulip, a "beautiful" degeneration

Cai Yifei: Tulip bubble, a broken daydream dream

---

Cao Yongjun: Comparison analysis of Bitcoin and Tulip Bubble

Zonghe: Tulip Bubble: The earliest speculation enthusiasm

Zhihu: Wu Xingwei VVL

Jiang Lizhou: Unusual Volkswagen Crazy: Dutch Tulip Bubble "

Chronicles of Crisis: Commercial Credit Crisis in 1763

Atlanta Federal Reserve: Copy in the shadow bank crisis, less than 1763 lessons

Bloomberg: Morgan Chase in 1763 in the financial crisis to learn lessons

- END -